Furia (fungus)

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Furia
Snipe Fly Killer Fungus (33989146430).jpg
Furia ithacensis on a Rhagio mystaceus male. Rock Creek Park, Washington, DC, USA.
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Fungi
Division:
Entomophthoromycota
Class:
Entomophthoromycetes
Order:
Entomophthorales
Family:
Entomophthoraceae
Genus:
Furia

R. A. Humber, 1989 [1]
Synonyms

Zoophthora subgen. Furia, A. Batko, 1966

Furia is a genus of fungi within the family of Entomophthoraceae of the Zygomycota. [2] This has been supported by molecular phylogenetic analysis (Gryganskyi et al. 2012). [3]

Contents

Originally created in 1966 by Polish mycologist Andrzej Batko (1933-1997), as a subgenus of Zoophthora , The genus name of Furia is derived from the Latin furia - this is due to stress the destructive effect of the epizootic of this type species of the subgenus in populations of Lepidoptera caterpillars. [4] American mycologist Richard A. Humber raised Furia to the generic level. [1]

Distribution

It has been recorded being found mainly in America and Europe (especially in Great Britain) also Spain, [5] with a few sparse discoveries world wide, [6] such as Mexico, [7] and Brazil. [8] In Poland and Austria, and a few other parts of Europe, the presence of the fungus Furia shandongensiW.M. Wang, W.H. Lu & Z.Z. Li (1994) has been found on earwigs. [9]

Species notes

Furia ithacensis is a species of the pathogenic fungus in America that causes a fatal disease in flies, specifically snipe flies (Rhagio sp.). The infected 'zombified' fly-host makes its a journey to some vegetation, normally the underside of a leaf and most often during the evening hours. By morning, the fly will already have been dead for hours. Its fungus-ridden cadaver will be perched on the leaf with its wings spread as though ready to take flight. Its dead body is bound to the leaf by hundreds of hyphae. The hyphae are specialized so that they grab the leaf with a strong sucker-like protrusions. The cadaver attracts new fly victims, especially searching males that are prompted by their sexual attraction to these flies. During the night, the fungus had been busy producing and expelling spores. These spores showered the environment surrounding the fly cadaver like fungal bullets of death. So, as curious flies and also males inspect the cadaver, they pick up the fungal spores, and the infection cycle starts again. [10] [11]

The forest tent caterpillar (FTC), Malacosoma disstria Hubner (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae), is a cyclic defoliator (leaf eater) of North American forests, including Florida, [12] and from Maryland and New York (state). Furia crustosa is now classed as a synonym of Furia gastropachae. [13] The fungus Furia gastropachae(Racib.) S. Keller has long been associated with FTC population decline. The species of fungus rarely infects species outside the genus Malacosoma. In 2002, Resting spores were observed even within the cadavers infected by other resting spores, a phenomenon not previously observed among the Entomophthorales. This allows the fungus to initiate cycles of secondary infection via conidia'. Also, host infection by resting spores was highest at intermediate levels of soil moisture. Infection of fourth instar larvae by resting spores and conidia was maximized at cooler temperatures (of 10 to 20 °C). [14]

Furia vomitoriae affects bluebottle flies (Diptera: Calliphoridae). It forms masses of conidiophores erupting through the intersegmental areas (or clear bands) on the abdominal dorsum of the flies in Mexico. [7]

Furia virescens(Thaxt.) Humber infects moth species of Agrotis , causing black, shrivelled larva and Furia montana infects adult two-winged flies of the species Dipters. [15] [16]

Species

As accepted by Species Fungorum; [17]

Former species; (all family Entomophthoraceae) [17]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Forest tent caterpillar moth</span> Species of insect

The forest tent caterpillar moth is a moth found throughout North America, especially in the eastern regions. Unlike related tent caterpillar species, the larvae of forest tent caterpillars do not make tents, but rather, weave a silky sheet where they lie together during molting. They also lay down strands of silk as they move over branches and travel as groups along these pheromone-containing silk trails. The caterpillars are social, traveling together to feed and massing as a group at rest. Group behavior diminishes as the caterpillars increase in size, so that by the fifth instar (molt) the caterpillars are feeding and resting independently.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Entomophthorales</span> Order of fungi

The Entomophthorales are an order of fungi that were previously classified in the class Zygomycetes. A new subdivision, Entomophthoromycotina, in 2007, was circumscribed for them.

<i>Entomophthora</i> Genus of fungi

Entomophthora is a fungal genus in the family Entomophthoraceae. Species in this genus are parasitic on flies and other two-winged insects. The genus was circumscribed by German physician Johann Baptist Georg Wolfgang Fresenius (1808–1866) in 1856.

<i>Entomophthora muscae</i> Type of pathogenic fungus

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<i>Hesperomyces</i> Genus of fungi

Hesperomyces is a genus of fungi in the family Laboulbeniaceae. The genus contains ten species, including the type species, the Green Beetle Hanger. H. virescens is a complex of species. It is an ectoparasite of an invasive species to Europe and the Americas, the harlequin ladybird. Laboratory bioassays pointed out that Hesperomyces-infected ladybirds suffered increased mortality rates.

The friendly fly or large flesh fly, Sarcophaga aldrichi, is a fly that is a parasitoid of the forest tent caterpillar. It strongly resembles the house fly but is in a different family, the Sarcophagidae, or flesh-flies. It is a little larger than the house fly, and has the same three black stripes on its thorax. It has red eyes, a grayish body, and a checkered abdomen.

<i>Entomophaga maimaiga</i> Species of fungus

Entomophaga maimaiga is a Japanese fungus which has shown striking success in managing spongy moth populations in North America.

<i>Entomophaga</i> (fungus) Genus of fungi

Entomophaga is a genus of entomopathogenic fungi in the Entomophthoraceae family and also the order Entomophthorales. This has been supported by molecular phylogenetic analysis.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Entomophthoromycota</span> Division of fungi

Entomophthoromycota is a division of kingdom fungi. In 2007, it was placed at the taxonomic rank of subphylum in the most recent revision of the entire fungus kingdom. In 2012, it was raised to the rank of phylum as "Entomophthoromycota" in a scientific paper by Richard A. Humber 2012. Divided into three classes and six families, it contains over 250 species that are mostly arthropod pathogens or soil- and litter-borne saprobes.

<i>Pandora</i> (fungus) Genus of fungi

Pandora is a genus of fungi within the order Entomophthorales of the Zygomycota. This has been supported by molecular phylogenetic analysis.

Zoophthora is a genus of fungi in the family Entomophthoraceae. Like other taxa in this family, Zoophthora species cause disease in insects and as such are considered entomopathogenic fungi.

Entomophaga grylli is a fungal pathogen which infects and kills grasshoppers. It is the causal agent of one of the most widespread diseases affecting grasshoppers. This is sometimes known as summit disease because infected insects climb to the upper part of a plant and grip the tip of the stem as they die; this ensures widespread dispersal of the fungal spores. The fungus is a species complex with several different pathotypes, each one of which seems to be host-specific to different subfamilies of grasshoppers. The pathogen is being investigated for its possible use in biological pest control of grasshoppers.

Erynia is a genus of fungi within the family of Entomophthoraceae and order Entomophthorales of the Zygomycota. This has been supported by molecular phylogenetic analysis.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Entomophthoraceae</span> Family of fungi

Entomophthoraceae is a family of fungi in the order Entomophthorales. This has been supported by molecular phylogenetic analysis. Most species in the family are obligately entomopathogenic. There are two subfamilies, Erynioideae and Entomophthoroideae, which were proposed in 2005.

Batkoa major is a naturally occurring fungus.

Strongwellsea is a genus of fungi within the order Entomophthorales of the Zygomycota. They are known to infect insects. Infected adult dipteran hosts develop a large hole in their abdomens, through which conidia (spores) are then actively discharged while the hosts are still alive.

Tarichium is a genus of fungi within the order Entomophthorales of the Zygomycota. This has been supported by molecular phylogenetic analysis.

Batkoa is a genus of fungi within the family of Entomophthoraceae and order Entomophthorales of the Zygomycota. This has been supported by molecular phylogenetic analysis.

Eryniopsis is a genus of fungi within the family of Entomophthoraceae and order Entomophthorales of the Zygomycota. This has been supported by molecular phylogenetic analysis.

Meristacrum is a fungal genus in the monotypic family Meristacraceae, of the order Entomophthorales. They are parasites of soil invertebrates, they typically infect nematodes, and tardigrades.

References

  1. 1 2 Humber, R. A. 1989. Mycotaxon 34, 441-460.
  2. ↑ Elya, Carolyn; De Fine Licht, Henrik H. (12 November 2021). "The genus Entomophthora: bringing the insect destroyers into the twenty-first century &". IMA Fungus. 12 (34): 34. doi: 10.1186/s43008-021-00084-w . PMC   8588673 . PMID   34763728.
  3. ↑ Gryganskyi AP, Humber RA, Smith ME et al (2012) Molecular phylogeny of the Entomophthoromycota. Mol Phylogenet Evol 65:682–694. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2012.07.026
  4. ↑ Batko, A. 1966. Acta Mycologica, 2, 15-21.
  5. ↑ H.R. Engelmann (J. Cramer, Editor) Nova Hedwigia, Volume 73; Volume 73 (2001) , p. 167, at Google Books
  6. ↑ "Furia (A.Batko) Humber, 1989". www.gbif.org. Retrieved 30 December 2022.
  7. 1 2 3 Sanchez-Pena, Sergio R. (April 2000). "Entomopathogens from two Chihuahuan desert localities in Mexico, Projects: Fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda, in north-eastern Mexico". BioControl. 45 (1): 63–78. doi:10.1023/A:1009915308907. S2CID   6876392.
  8. ↑ Leite, Luis G.; Alves, Sérgio B.; Batista Filho, Antonio; Roberts, Donald W. (July 2003). "Effect of salts, vitamins, sugars and nitrogen sources on the growth of three genera of Entomophthorales: Batkoa, Furia, and Neozygites". Mycol Res. 107 (7): 872–8. doi:10.1017/s0953756203007974. PMID   12967215.
  9. ↑ Tkaczyk, Cezary; Bałazy, Stanisław; Krzyczkowski, Tomasz; Wegensteiner, Rudolf (2011). "Extended studies on the diversity of arthropod-pathogenic fungi in Austria and Poland". Acta Mycologica. 46 (2): 211–222. doi: 10.5586/am.2011.014 .
  10. 1 2 Young, Christine. "Furia ithacensis - Pathogenic Fungus on Snipe Fly (Rhagio sp.) - by Christine Young - JungleDragon". www.jungledragon.com. Retrieved 30 December 2022.
  11. ↑ "Snipe fly infected by a fungus, Furia ithacensis". YouTube . Retrieved 30 December 2022.
  12. ↑ Samson, Robert A.; Nigg, Herbert N. (June 1992). "Furia crustosa, Fungal Pathogen of Forest Tent Caterpillar in Florida". The Florida Entomologist. 75 (2): 280–284. doi:10.2307/3495633. JSTOR   3495633.
  13. ↑ Filotas, Melanie J.; Hajek, Ann E.; Humber, Richard A. (2 April 2012). "Prevalence and biology of Furia gastropachae (Zygomycetes: Entomophthorales) in populations of forest tent caterpillar (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae)". The Canadian Entomologist. Cambridge University Press. 135 (3): 359–378. doi:10.4039/n02-004. S2CID   85393118.
  14. 1 2 Filotas, Melanie Jacqueline (2002). "Biology and Ecology of Furia Gastropachae a Fungal Pathogen of the Forest Tent Caterpillar Malacosoma Disstria" . Retrieved 30 December 2022.
  15. 1 2 "Furia virescens (an entomophagous fungus)". www.bioinfo.org.uk. Retrieved 30 December 2022.
  16. ↑ Waterhouse, G.M.; Brady, B.L. (1982). "Key to the Species of Entomophthora sensu lato". Bull. Br. Mycol. Soc. 16 (2): 113–143. doi:10.1016/S0007-1528(82)80006-0.
  17. 1 2 "Furia - Search Page". www.speciesfungorum.org. Species Fungorum. Retrieved 29 December 2022.
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