Related Research Articles
The European Organization for Nuclear Research, known as CERN, is an intergovernmental organization that operates the largest particle physics laboratory in the world. Established in 1954, it is based in Meyrin, western suburb of Geneva, on the France–Switzerland border. It comprises 24 member states. Israel, admitted in 2013, is the only non-European full member. CERN is an official United Nations General Assembly observer.
The International Muon Ionization Cooling Experiment is a high energy physics experiment at the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory. The experiment is a recognized CERN experiment (RE11). MICE is designed to demonstrate ionization cooling of muons. This is a process whereby the emittance of a beam is reduced in order to reduce the beam size, so that more muons can be accelerated in smaller aperture accelerators and with fewer focussing magnets. This might enable the construction of high intensity muon accelerators, for example for use as a Neutrino Factory or Muon Collider.
The CERN Axion Solar Telescope (CAST) is an experiment in astroparticle physics to search for axions originating from the Sun. The experiment, sited at CERN in Switzerland, was commissioned in 1999 and came online in 2002 with the first data-taking run starting in May 2003. The successful detection of solar axions would constitute a major discovery in particle physics, and would also open up a brand new window on the astrophysics of the solar core.
Cadmium zinc telluride, (CdZnTe) or CZT, is a compound of cadmium, zinc and tellurium or, more strictly speaking, an alloy of cadmium telluride and zinc telluride. A direct bandgap semiconductor, it is used in a variety of applications, including semiconductor radiation detectors, photorefractive gratings, electro-optic modulators, solar cells, and terahertz generation and detection. The band gap varies from approximately 1.4 to 2.2 eV, depending on composition.
The TOTEM experiment is one of the nine detector experiments at CERN's Large Hadron Collider. The other eight are: ATLAS, ALICE, CMS, LHCb, LHCf, MoEDAL, FASER and SND@LHC. It shares an interaction point with CMS. The detector aims at measurement of total cross section, elastic scattering, and diffraction processes. The primary instrument of the detector is referred to as a Roman pot. In December 2020, the D0 and TOTEM Collaborations made public the odderon discovery based on a purely data driven approach in a CERN and Fermilab approved preprint that was later published in Physical Review Letters. In this experimental observation, the TOTEM proton-proton data in the region of the diffractive minimum and maximum was extrapolated from 13, 8, 7 and 2.76 TeV to 1.96 TeV and compared this to D0 data at 1.96 TeV in the same t-range giving an odderon significance of 3.4 σ. When combined with TOTEM experimental data at 13 TeV at small scattering angles providing an odderon significance of 3.4 - 4.6 σ, the combination resulted in an odderon significance of at least 5.2 σ.
In experimental particle physics, missing energy refers to energy that is not detected in a particle detector, but is expected due to the laws of conservation of energy and conservation of momentum. Missing energy is carried by particles that do not interact with the electromagnetic or strong forces and thus are not easily detectable, most notably neutrinos. In general, missing energy is used to infer the presence of non-detectable particles and is expected to be a signature of many theories of physics beyond the Standard Model.
T2K is a particle physics experiment studying the oscillations of the accelerator neutrinos. The experiment is conducted in Japan by the international cooperation of about 500 physicists and engineers with over 60 research institutions from several countries from Europe, Asia and North America and it is a recognized CERN experiment (RE13). T2K collected data within its first phase of operation from 2010 till 2021. The second phase of data taking is expected to start in 2023 and last until commencement of the successor of T2K – the Hyper-Kamiokande experiment in 2027.
The LHCf is a special-purpose Large Hadron Collider experiment for astroparticle physics, and one of nine detectors in the LHC accelerator at CERN. LHCf is designed to study the particles generated in the forward region of collisions, those almost directly in line with the colliding proton beams.
NA61/SHINE is a particle physics experiment at the Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS) at the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN). The experiment studies the hadronic final states produced in interactions of various beam particles with a variety of fixed nuclear targets at the SPS energies.
The NA62 experiment is a fixed-target particle physics experiment in the North Area of the SPS accelerator at CERN. The experiment was approved in February 2007. Data taking began in 2015, and the experiment is expected to become the first in the world to probe the decays of the charged kaon with probabilities down to 10−12. The experiment's spokesperson is Giuseppe Ruggiero. The collaboration involves 308 participants from 33 institutions and 16 countries around the world.
The ATLAS Forward Proton Project is a project at the ATLAS experiment at the Large Hadron Collider to detect protons in its forward area. It began with research and development in 2004 and was approved in 2015.
Stefan Janos is a Slovak-Swiss university physicist and professor, founder of very low temperature physics in Slovakia.
Hybrid pixel detectors are a type of ionizing radiation detector consisting of an array of diodes based on semiconductor technology and their associated electronics. The term “hybrid” stems from the fact that the two main elements from which these devices are built, the semiconductor sensor and the readout chip, are manufactured independently and later electrically coupled by means of a bump-bonding process. Ionizing particles are detected as they produce electron-hole pairs through their interaction with the sensor element, usually made of doped silicon or cadmium telluride. The readout ASIC is segmented into pixels containing the necessary electronics to amplify and measure the electrical signals induced by the incoming particles in the sensor layer.
The STEREO experiment investigated the possible oscillation of neutrinos from a nuclear reactor into light so-called sterile neutrinos. It was located at the Institut Laue–Langevin (ILL) in Grenoble, France. The experiment took data from November 2016 to November 2020. The final results of the experiment rejected the hypothesis of a light sterile neutrino.
MARS Bioimaging Limited (MBI) is a medical imaging company focusing on spectral photon counting computed tomography for quantitative color imaging. The company was founded in Christchurch, New Zealand to commercialize the MARS imaging system for its applications in medicine.
Teresa Rodrigo Anoro was a Spanish scientist who worked in particle physics. She worked at CERN, Fermilab and the Instituto de Física de Cantabria and was professor at the University of Cantabria. Whilst at CERN, Rodrigo worked on the Compact Muon Solenoid and research for the Higgs boson.
The Search for Hidden Particle (SHiP) is a proposed fixed-target experiment at CERN's Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS) with the goal of searching for the interactions and measurements of the weakly interacting particles. In October 2013, the Expression of Interest letter for SHiP was submitted to the SPS Council (SPSC). Following which the Technical Proposal was submitted in April 2015, describing the experimental and detector facility. The Comprehensive Design Study was completed during 2016-19. The experiment is planned to begin in 2027, and begin collecting data in 2030.
Ritchie Patterson is a physicist at Cornell University known for her research using the Large Hadron Collider to examine dark matter and the disappearance of antimatter. She is a fellow of the American Physical Society and an elected member of the American Association for the Advancement of Science.
Lindley Winslow is an experimental nuclear and particle physicist, and associate professor at MIT.
The Underground Area 9 (UA9) experiment is a high-energy physics experiment using particle beams from the Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS), at CERN. The purpose of the experiment is to investigate how using tiny bent crystals could allow the collimation of beams in modern hadron colliders to improve. UA9 was approved in 2008, and is in-progress as of 2013.
References
- ↑ Minutes of the 214th meeting of the Research Board held on Wednesday 9 December 2015 (PDF) (Report). CERN. 21 January 2016. pp. 2–3. CERN-DG-RB-2015-457 / M-19916/08/2012CERN/DG/Research Board 2012-427. Retrieved 21 February 2020.
- ↑ Nagai, A.; Alispach, C.; Barbano, A.; Coco, V.; della Volpe, D.; Heller, M.; Montaruli, T.; Ekoume, S. Njoh; Troyano-Pujadas, I.; Renier, Y. (2019). "Characterization of a large area silicon photomultiplier". Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment. 948: 162796. arXiv: 1810.02275 . Bibcode:2019NIMPA.94862796N. doi:10.1016/j.nima.2019.162796. ISSN 0168-9002. S2CID 53309732.
- ↑ Nagai, A.; Alispach, C.; Berghöfer, T.; Bonanno, G.; Coco, V.; della Volpe, D.; Haungs, A.; Heller, M.; Henjes-Kunst, K.; Mirzoyan, R.; Montaruli, T.; Romeo, G.; Renier, Y.; Schultz-Coulon, H.C.; Shen, W.; Strom, D.; Tajima, H.; Troyano-Pujadas, I. (2018). "SENSE: A comparison of photon detection efficiency and optical crosstalk of various SiPM devices". Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment. 912: 182–185. arXiv: 1712.03703 . Bibcode:2018NIMPA.912..182N. doi:10.1016/j.nima.2017.11.018. ISSN 0168-9002. S2CID 119190897.
- ↑ Iacobucci, G.; Cardarelli, R.; Débieux, S.; Bello, F.A. Di; Favre, Y.; Hayakawa, D.; Kaynak, M.; Nessi, M.; Paolozzi, L.; Rücker, H.; Sultan, D.M.S.; Valerio, P. (2019). "A 50 ps resolution monolithic active pixel sensor without internal gain in SiGe BiCMOS technology". Journal of Instrumentation. 14 (11): P11008. arXiv: 1908.09709 . Bibcode:2019JInst..14P1008I. doi:10.1088/1748-0221/14/11/P11008. ISSN 1748-0221. S2CID 202152954.
- ↑ Lakshmprabha, N. S.; Kasderidis, Stathis; Mousouliotis, Panagiotis; Petrou, Loukas; Beltramello, Olga (2015). "Augmented reality for maintenance application on a mobile platform". 2015 IEEE Virtual Reality (VR). pp. 355–356. doi:10.1109/VR.2015.7223442. ISBN 978-1-4799-1727-3. S2CID 35615705.
- ↑ Alberto Crivellaro (2016). Robust 3D Object pose estimation and tracking from monocular images in industrial environments (Thesis). Lausanne, EPFL. doi:10.5075/epfl-thesis-7282.
- ↑ Alam, Md. Fasiul; Katsikas, Serafeim; Hadjiefthymiades, Stathes (2015). "An advanced system architecture for the maintenance work in extreme environment". 2015 IEEE International Symposium on Systems Engineering (ISSE). pp. 406–411. doi:10.1109/SysEng.2015.7302790. ISBN 978-1-4799-1920-8. S2CID 7441034.
- ↑ Itoh, Yuta; Klinker, Gudrun (2014). "[DEMO] INDICA : Interaction-free display calibration for optical see-through head-mounted displays based on 3D eye localization". 2014 IEEE International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality (ISMAR). pp. 345–346. doi:10.1109/ISMAR.2014.6948481. ISBN 978-1-4799-6184-9.
- ↑ Alam, Md Fasiul; Katsikas, Serafeim; Beltramello, Olga; Hadjiefthymiades, Stathes (2017). "Augmented and virtual reality based monitoring and safety system: A prototype IoT platform". Journal of Network and Computer Applications. 89: 109–119. doi:10.1016/j.jnca.2017.03.022. ISSN 1084-8045.
- ↑ Alam, Md. Fasiul; Katsikas, Serafeim; Hadjiefthymiades, Stathes (2015). "An intelligent and modular sensing system for Augmented Reality application". 2015 9th International Conference on Sensing Technology (ICST). pp. 850–855. doi:10.1109/ICSensT.2015.7438515. ISBN 978-1-4799-6314-0. S2CID 31441675.
- ↑ Nattamai Sekar, Lakshmi Prabha; Santos, Alexander; Beltramello, Olga (2015). "IMU Drift Reduction for Augmented Reality Applications". Augmented and Virtual Reality. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 9254. pp. 188–196. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-22888-4_14. ISBN 978-3-319-22887-7. ISSN 0302-9743.
- ↑ Romano, S.; Caresana, M.; Curioni, A.; Silari, M. (2019). "RaDoM2: an improved radon dosimeter". Journal of Instrumentation. 14 (10): P10019. Bibcode:2019JInst..14P0019R. doi: 10.1088/1748-0221/14/10/P10019 . hdl: 11311/1165380 . ISSN 1748-0221.
- ↑ Leidner, J.; Ciocca, M.; George, S.P.; Mirandola, A.; Murtas, F.; Rimoldi, A.; Silari, M.; Tamborini, A. (2018). "3D energy deposition measurements with the GEMPix detector in a water phantom for hadron therapy". Journal of Instrumentation. 13 (8): P08009. Bibcode:2018JInst..13P8009L. doi: 10.1088/1748-0221/13/08/P08009 . ISSN 1748-0221.
| Large Hadron Collider (LHC) | |
|---|---|
| Large Electron–Positron Collider (LEP) | |
| Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS) | |
| Proton Synchrotron (PS) | |
| Linear accelerators | |
| Other accelerators | |
| ISOLDE facility | |
| Non-accelerator experiments | |
| Future projects | |
| Related articles | |
