Gabriella Coleman

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Gabriella Coleman
Gabriella Coleman, Feb 2012.jpg
Gabriella Coleman, New Zealand, 2012
Born1973 (age 50–51)
NationalityAmerican
Occupation(s)Author, anthropologist, professor
Employer Harvard University
Known forAnthropological studies of the cultures of hacking and online activism.
Website www.gabriellacoleman.org

Enid Gabriella Coleman (usually known as Gabriella Coleman or Biella; born 1973) is an anthropologist, academic and author whose work focuses on politics and cultures of hacking and online activism, and has worked on distinct hacker communities, such as free and open-source software hackers, Anonymous and security hackers, among others. She holds the rank of full professor at Harvard University's Department of Anthropology. [1]

Contents

Education

After completing her high school education at St. John's School in San Juan, Puerto Rico, Coleman graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in religious studies from Columbia University in May 1996. [2] She moved to the University of Chicago where she completed a Master of Arts in socio-cultural anthropology in August 1999. She was awarded her PhD in socio-cultural anthropology for her dissertation The Social Construction of Freedom in Free and Open Source Software: Hackers, Ethics, and the Liberal Tradition [3] in 2005. [2]

Academic career

Coleman held positions including a postdoctoral fellowship at the Center for Cultural Analysis, Rutgers University and the Izaak Walton Killam Memorial Postdoctoral Fellowship, Program in Science, Technology & Society, University of Alberta [2] before being appointed assistant professor of media, culture and communication at New York University in September 2007. [4]

During 2010–2011, Coleman spent some time working at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton as the recipient of the "2010–11 Ginny and Robert Loughlin Founders' Circle Member in the School of Social Science". [5]

In January 2012, she moved to Montreal, Quebec, Canada to take up the Wolfe Chair in Scientific & Technological Literacy at McGill University. [6] The same year, she also spoke at Webstock 2012 in Wellington, New Zealand. [7]

Study of hackers and hacking

While Coleman is best known for her popular ethnography on the hacktivist collective Anonymous, she has published widely [8] on the ethics and politics of computer hacking [9] [10] [11] . Contesting the idea that hackers have a singular ethic, her publications theorize hacker diversity, through the concept of hacker genres [12] [13] , which refers to the multiple historical genealogies from which hackers hail today, as well as the distinct ethical lessons that emerge from these lineages [14] . Along with emphasizing differences among hackers, her work considers the elements that also bind hackers of distinct traditions together, especially through a commitment to what she calls the craft and craftiness of hacking [15] . While hackers, she argues, cultivate the social conditions to produce high quality work (the craft ethic), they also embrace a crafty sensibility, which she characterizes as follows:

What is unique to hackers is how an outward display of craftiness has surpassed mere instrumentality to take on its own, robust life; craftiness and its associated attributes, such as wit and guile, are revered as much for their form as for their function [16] .

Coleman is committed to making her scholarship more widely accessible through various experimental and traditional avenues. In 2019, she launched Hack_Curio—Decoding the Cultures of Hacking, an online museum [17] featuring short video clips on computer hacking, each accompanied by expert-written expository pieces. The goal of the site is to challenge hacker stereotypes and highlight hacking’s significance in global culture and politics. She has also appeared in many documentaries on hacker-related topics [18] , and, in 2021, she co-produced and hosted a 10-part series podcast on hackers for BBC Radio 4, entitled The Hackers [19] .

Her inaugural book Coding Freedom: The Ethics and Aesthetics of Hacking [11] , released with a creative commons license, interrogates the principles and paradoxes at the heart of contemporary liberalism from the vantage point of a community dedicated to creating free and open-source software. The book explores how hackers champion what Coleman defines as “productive freedom” in the face of Neo-liberal transformations in intellectual property legislation. This concept encompasses the engineering traditions, licensing mechanisms, and ethical guidelines that hackers have devised to ensure their autonomy. The book also examines what Coleman calls “codes of values” and includes an in-depth examination of the poetics of hacker humor, along with the complex forms of political governance created by hackers that help enable the virtual development of software.

Study of Anonymous

Coleman's work on Anonymous has led to her becoming a regular media commentator in addition to her academic publications. In July 2010, Coleman made reference to the Anonymous "project" or "operation" Chanology against the Church of Scientology and uses what would become a central motif in her descriptions of the group, the "trickster archetype", which she argues is "often not being a very clean and savory character, but perhaps vital for social renewal". [20] Coleman states that she had "been thinking about the linkages between the trickster and hackers" for "a few years" before a stay in hospital led her to read Trickster Makes This World: Mischief, Myth, and Art by Lewis Hyde:

Within the first few pages, it was undeniable: there are many links to be made between the trickster and hacking. Many of these figures, push boundaries of all sorts: they upset ideas of propriety and property; they use their sharpened wits sometimes for play, sometimes for political ends; they get trapped by their cunning (which happens ALL the time with tricksters! That is how they learn); and they remake the world, technically, socially, and legally and includes software, licensing and even forms of literature. [21]

Coleman's theory concerning Anonymous (and associated groups such as 4chan) as the trickster has moved from academia to the mainstream media. Recent references include the three-part series on Anonymous in Wired magazine [22] and The New York Times . [23] Coleman has also been critical of some of the mainstream coverage of Anonymous. In Is it a Crime? The Transgressive Politics of Hacking in Anonymous (with Michael Ralph), Coleman responds to an article on the group by Joseph Menn in the Financial Times , [24] noting:

Instead of merely depicting hackers as virtual pamphleteers for free speech or as digital outlaws, we need to start asking more specific questions about why and when hackers embrace particular attitudes toward different kinds of laws, explore in greater detail what they are hoping to achieve, and take greater care in examining the consequences. [25]

Our Weirdness Is Free: The logic of Anonymous — online army, agent of chaos, and seeker of justice, Triple Canopy 2012 January, is Coleman's first major piece of length on the group and draws from a range of observations of those she describes as "everything and nothing at once". [26] Even Coleman admits she does not fully understand Anonymous, she told the BBC:

You can never have complete certainty as to what's going on, who's involved, "not being able to fully understand who's behind the mask" is what gives Anonymous political power. [27]

Coleman's multi-year ethnographic research on Anonymous culminated in the publication of Hacker Hoaxer Whistleblower Spy: The Many Faces of Anonymous. [28] Awarded the American Anthropological Association's Diane Forsythe prize and described by Alan Moore, the co-author of V for Vendetta as "brilliantly lucid", [29] the book charts the history, rise, and impact of the Anonymous movement. Even though the book deploys journalistic writing conventions, Coleman continues to analytically frame the activity of trolling and Anonymous in terms of tricksterism. She argues in her book that tricksters "are well positioned to impart lessons—regardless of their intent.". [28] And continues to note: 

Their actions need not be accepted, much less endorsed, to extract positive value. We may see them as edifying us with liberating or terrifying perspectives, symptomatic of underlying problems that deserve scrutiny, functioning as a positive force toward renewal, or as distorting and confusing shadows. [28]

The white nationalist troll weev, also treated as a foil to Anonymous, is presented as an example of the terrifying side of trickstermism, while Anonymous, argues Coleman, represents a more positive side, a force for political hope and renewal.

The issues of tricksters, trolls and Anonymous was further explored by a group of anthropologists in special issue of the Journal Hau [30] that reviewed Coleman's book.

In 2023, Hau also published her Lewis Morgan Henry Lecture [31] comparing and contrasting Anonymous with the anonymous far right and QAnon, highlighting the subtle yet fundamental—and often overlooked—differences among these three formations, despite their origins on similar image boards.

Professionalization of hacking and security

In 2019, Data & Society, a research institute based in New York City, commissioned Coleman for a piece that eventually became “Wearing Many Hats: The Rise of the Professional Security Hacker” [32] . The study covers the transformative period from 1990 to 2000, during which hackers undertook initiatives to validate their professional standing. Based on archival and interview-based research with former underground hackers, Coleman and her co-author Matt Goerzen explore how these hackers transitioned from being viewed as dangerous anarchists by the government and media to becoming advocates of computer security.

The piece highlights hackers’ pioneering of full-disclosure security research practices, where vulnerabilities were openly shared to promote transparency and accountability within the security community. It also delves into their efforts to shape their public image through strategic maneuvers such as publicity stunts, media collaborations, and rhetorical interventions. A central aspect of their rebranding involved conceptualizing “imaginary hats”—black, white, and gray—symbolizing different attitudes toward legality and ethical boundaries. This symbolic representation allowed hackers to communicate their willingness to operate within established legal frameworks and influenced perceptions of their trustworthiness.

A condensed version of “Wearing Many Hats” [32] was published by the cybersecurity publication ReadMe later in 2022 with the title “From Subversives to CEOs: How Radical Hackers Built Today’s Cybersecurity Industry.” [33]

Publications

Related Research Articles

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References

  1. ↑ "Gabriella Coleman". anthropology.fas.harvard.edu. Retrieved 9 November 2021.
  2. 1 2 3 "Curriculum Vitae" (PDF). New York University. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 22 January 2012.
  3. ↑ "Abstract of 'The social construction of freedom in free and open source software: Hackers, ethics, and the liberal tradition'". FlossHub. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 22 January 2012.
  4. ↑ "Faculty page for Gabriella Coleman". New York University. Archived from the original on 7 January 2012. Retrieved 22 January 2012.
  5. ↑ "Spring 2011 Issue". Institute for Advanced Studies. Archived from the original on 6 January 2013. Retrieved 17 February 2012.
  6. ↑ "Faculty page for Department Professors". McGill University. Retrieved 22 January 2012.
  7. ↑ Gabriella Coleman | Speakers | Webstock 2012 – 13–17 February 2012
  8. ↑ "February 2022". Harvard Gazette. 28 February 2022. Retrieved 19 June 2024.
  9. ↑ Parsons, Lian (23 February 2022). "Wading into culture of computer hackers". Harvard Gazette. Retrieved 19 June 2024.
  10. ↑ "Geeks are the New Guardians of Our Civil Liberties". MIT Technology Review. Retrieved 19 June 2024.
  11. 1 2 Coleman, Gabriella (2013). Coding Freedom. Princeton_University_Press. ISBN   9780691144610.
  12. ↑ Coleman, Gabriella (21 September 2010). "The Anthropology of Hackers". The Atlantic. Retrieved 19 June 2024.
  13. ↑ Coleman, E. Gabriella; Golub, Alex (September 2008). "Hacker practice: Moral genres and the cultural articulation of liberalism". Anthropological Theory. 8 (3): 255–277. doi:10.1177/1463499608093814. ISSN   1463-4996.
  14. ↑ Coleman, Gabriella (21 September 2010). "The Anthropology of Hackers". The Atlantic. Retrieved 19 June 2024.
  15. ↑ Coleman, Gabriella (1 February 2017). "From Internet Farming to Weapons of the Geek". Current Anthropology. 58 (S15): S91–S102. doi:10.1086/688697. ISSN   0011-3204.
  16. ↑ Coleman, Gabriella (2017). "From Internet Farming to Weapons of the Geek". Current_Anthropology . 58 (S15): S92.
  17. ↑ "HackCurio: Decoding the Cultures of Hacking" . Retrieved 19 June 2024.
  18. ↑ "Gabriella Coleman | Producer, Additional Crew". IMDb. Retrieved 19 June 2024.
  19. ↑ "BBC Radio 4 - The Hackers - Available now". BBC. Retrieved 19 June 2024.
  20. ↑ Norton, Quinn (18 July 2010). "Why Do Anonymous Geeks Hate Scientologists?". Gizmodo.com. Retrieved 22 January 2012.
  21. ↑ Coleman, Gabriella. "Hacker and Troller as Trickster". SocialText Journal. Archived from the original on 17 January 2012. Retrieved 22 January 2012.
  22. ↑ Norton, Quinn (8 November 2011). "Anonymous 101: Introduction to the Lulz". Wired.com. Retrieved 22 January 2012.
  23. ↑ Walker, Rob (16 July 2010). "When Funny Goes Viral". The New York Times. Retrieved 22 January 2012.
  24. ↑ Menn, Joseph (23 September 2011). "They're watching. And they can bring you down". Financial Times . Retrieved 22 January 2012.
  25. ↑ Coleman, Gabriella. "Is it a Crime? The Transgressive Politics of Hacking in Anonymous". SocialText Journal. Archived from the original on 1 February 2012. Retrieved 22 January 2012.
  26. ↑ Coleman, Gabriella. "Our Weirdness Is Free: The logic of Anonymous — online army, agent of chaos, and seeker of justice". canopycanopycanopy.com. Triple Canopy. Retrieved 22 January 2012.
  27. ↑ Cox, Simon (26 November 2012). "Anonymous, hacktivism and the rise of the cyber protester". bbc.co.uk. BBC Radio 4. Retrieved 26 February 2024.
  28. 1 2 3 Coleman, E. Gabriella (2014). Hacker, hoaxer, whistleblower, spy : the many faces of Anonymous . London: Verso. ISBN   9781781685839. OCLC   890807781.
  29. ↑ "Alan Moore: By the Book". The New York Times. 8 September 2016. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved 8 September 2019.
  30. ↑ Coleman, Gabriella (Autumn 2015). "The anthropological trickster". HAU: Journal of Ethnographic Theory. 5 (2). University of Chicago. Retrieved 26 February 2024– via journals.uchicago.edu.
  31. ↑ Coleman, E. Gabriella (1 September 2023). "From busting cults to breeding cults: Anonymous h/acktivism vs. the (a)nonymous far right and QAnon". HAU: Journal of Ethnographic Theory. 13 (2): 248–263. doi:10.1086/727758. ISSN   2575-1433.
  32. 1 2 "Wearing Many Hats: The Rise of the Professional Security Hacker". Data & Society. Retrieved 19 June 2024.
  33. ↑ Coleman, Gabriella (11 May 2022). "From subversives to CEOs: How radical hackers built today's cybersecurity industry". README_. Retrieved 19 June 2024.
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