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Rheology is the study of the flow of matter, primarily in a fluid state, but also as "soft solids" or solids under conditions in which they respond with plastic flow rather than deforming elastically in response to an applied force. Rheology is a branch of physics, and it is the science that deals with the deformation and flow of materials, both solids and liquids.
A non-Newtonian fluid is a fluid that does not follow Newton's law of viscosity, i.e., constant viscosity independent of stress. In non-Newtonian fluids, viscosity can change when under force to either more liquid or more solid. Ketchup, for example, becomes runnier when shaken and is thus a non-Newtonian fluid. Many salt solutions and molten polymers are non-Newtonian fluids, as are many commonly found substances such as custard, toothpaste, starch suspensions, corn starch, paint, blood, melted butter, and shampoo.
A rheometer is a laboratory device used to measure the way in which a dense fluid flows in response to applied forces. It is used for those fluids which cannot be defined by a single value of viscosity and therefore require more parameters to be set and measured than is the case for a viscometer. It measures the rheology of the fluid.
Rheometry generically refers to the experimental techniques used to determine the rheological properties of materials, that is the qualitative and quantitative relationships between stresses and strains and their derivatives. The techniques used are experimental. Rheometry investigates materials in relatively simple flows like steady shear flow, small amplitude oscillatory shear, and extensional flow.
Manfred Hermann Wagner is the author of Wagner model and the molecular stress function theory for polymer rheology. He is a Professor for Polymer engineering and Polymer physics at the Technical University of Berlin.
Edward John Hinch is a Professor of fluid dynamics at the University of Cambridge, and fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge.
Arthur B. Metzner was a Canadian born United States professor of chemical engineering and noted rheologist.
Leslie Gary Leal is the Warren & Katharine Schlinger Professor of Chemical Engineering at the University of California, Santa Barbara. He is known for his research work in the dynamics of complex fluids.
Michael Elmhirst Cates is a British physicist. He is the 19th Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at the University of Cambridge and has held this position since 1 July 2015. He was previously Professor of Natural Philosophy at the University of Edinburgh, and has held a Royal Society Research Professorship since 2007.
Jesper deClaville Christiansen is a Danish professor in Materials Science and Technology. Professor Christiansen is known for his work in the field of mechanics of polymers, diffusion, rheology and micro and nano composites especially.
Thomas Charles Buckland McLeish, is a theoretical physicist.
Howard Brenner was a professor emeritus of chemical engineering at Massachusetts Institute of Technology. His research profoundly influenced the field of fluid dynamics, and his research contribution to fundamental principles of fluid dynamics has been deeply honored. His first textbook, Low Reynolds Number Hydrodynamics, earned him a reputation lasting several decades. His profession though fundamental research is on microfluidics, complex liquids, interfacial transport process, emulsion rheology, and multiphase flows.
Helen Jane Wilson,, is a British mathematician and the first female Head of Mathematics at University College London (UCL).
Ashish Kishore Lele is an Indian chemical engineer, rheologist and the Director of the National Chemical Laboratory, Pune. He is known for his researches on micro and mesostructure of polymers and is an elected fellow of the Indian Academy of Sciences, and the Indian National Academy of Engineering. The Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, the apex agency of the Government of India for scientific research, awarded him the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology, one of the highest Indian science awards for his contributions to Engineering Sciences in 2006. He received the Infosys Prize in 2012.
Alan Jeffrey Giacomin is a professor of chemical engineering at Queen's University in Kingston, Ontario, and cross-appointed in the Department of Mechanical & Materials Engineering, and of Physics, Engineering Physics, and Astronomy. He has been editor-in-chief of Physics of Fluids since 2016. He holds the Tier 1 Canada Research Chair in Rheology from the Canadian government's Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council. Since 2017, Giacomin has been President of the Canadian Society of Rheology.
Capillary breakup rheometry is an experimental technique used to assess the extensional rheological response of low viscous fluids. Unlike most shear and extensional rheometers, this technique does not involve active stretch or measurement of stress or strain but exploits only surface tension to create a uniaxial extensional flow. Hence, although it is common practice to use the name rheometer, capillary breakup techniques should be better addressed to as indexers.
Robert Calvin Armstrong is the director of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Energy Initiative and the Chevron Professor of Chemical Engineering. He has been a member of the MIT faculty since 1973, and served as head of the Department of Chemical Engineering from 1996 to 2007. He was elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering in 2008 for conducting outstanding research on non-Newtonian fluid mechanics, co-authoring landmark textbooks, and providing leadership in chemical engineering education. In 2020, he became a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
Ronald G. Larson is George G. Brown Professor of Chemical Engineering and Alfred H. White Distinguished University Professor at the University of Michigan, where he holds joint appointments in Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Biomedical Engineering, and Mechanical Engineering. He is internationally recognized for his research contributions to the fields of polymer physics and complex fluid rheology, especially in the development of theory and computational simulations. Notably, Larson and collaborators discovered new types of viscoelastic instabilities for polymer molecules and developed predictive theories for their flow behavior. He has written numerous scientific papers and two books on these subjects, including a 1998 textbook, “The Structure and Rheology of Complex Fluids”.
Morton Mace Denn is an Albert Einstein Professor of Science and Engineering Emeritus at the City College of New York (CCNY). He is a member of the National Academy of Engineering and a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
Lynn Walker is a Professor of Chemical Engineering at Carnegie Mellon University. Her research considers the rheology of complex fluids and how nanostructure impacts the behavior of complex systems. She is a Fellow of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers, the Society of Rheology, and the American Physical Society.
References
- 1 2 Gareth H. McKinley publications indexed by Google Scholar
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Anon (2019). "Professor Gareth McKinley FRS". London: Royal Society. Archived from the original on 2019-04-24. One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from the royalsociety.org website where:
“All text published under the heading 'Biography' on Fellow profile pages is available under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.” --Royal Society Terms, conditions and policies at the Wayback Machine (archived 2016-11-11)
- ↑ Gareth H. McKinley publications indexed by the Scopus bibliographic database. (subscription required)
- ↑ "Gareth McKinley | Non-Newtonian Fluid Dynamics Group". Nnf.mit.edu. Retrieved 2019-10-28.
- ↑ McKinley, Gareth Huw (1991). Nonlinear dynamics of viscoelastic flows in complex geometries (PhD thesis). Massachusetts Institute of Technology. hdl:1721.1/13921. OCLC 24882667.
- ↑ Tuteja, A.; Choi, W.; Ma, M.; Mabry, J. M.; Mazzella, S. A.; Rutledge, G. C.; McKinley, G. H.; Cohen, R. E. (2007). "Designing Superoleophobic Surfaces". Science. 318 (5856): 1618–1622. Bibcode:2007Sci...318.1618T. doi:10.1126/science.1148326. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 18063796. S2CID 36967067.
- ↑ Roberts, Gareth W.; McKinley, Gareth H. (2006). "Special issue of JNNFM on extensional flow". Journal of Non-Newtonian Fluid Mechanics. 137 (1–3): v–viii. doi:10.1016/j.jnnfm.2006.07.001. ISSN 0377-0257.
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