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Radon is a chemical element; it has symbol Rn and atomic number 86. It is a radioactive noble gas and is colorless and odorless. Of the three naturally occurring radon isotopes, only radon-222 has a sufficiently long half-life for it to be released from the soil and rock, where it is generated. Radon isotopes are the immediate decay products of radium isotopes. Radon's most stable isotope, radon-222, has a half-life of only 3.8 days, making radon one of the rarest elements. Radon will be present on Earth for several billion more years, despite its short half-life, because it is constantly being produced as a step in the decay chain of uranium-238, and that of thorium-232, each of which is an extremely abundant radioactive nuclide with a half-life of several billion years. The decay of radon produces many other short-lived nuclides, known as "radon daughters", ending at stable isotopes of lead. Radon-222 occurs in significant quantities as a step in the normal radioactive decay chain of uranium-238, also known as the uranium series, which slowly decays into a variety of radioactive nuclides and eventually decays into lead-206, which is stable. Radon-220 occurs in minute quantities as an intermediate step in the decay chain of thorium-232, also known as the thorium series, which eventually decays into lead-208, which is stable.
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Roel Vermeulen is a Dutch scientist and professor at Utrecht University and University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands in the field of environmental epidemiology and exposome. His scientific research focuses on environmental risk factors for cancer and neurological diseases, with a strong emphasis on the integration of epidemiology, high-quality exposure assessment and molecular biology in multidisciplinary studies.
Francine Laden is an American epidemiologist who is Professor of Environmental Epidemiology at the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health. Her research has investigated the environmental epidemiology of chronic disease. She serves as co-director of the Harvard University and Boston University center for research on environmental and social stressors in housing across the life course. Laden has also served on the United States Environmental Protection Agency advisory board.
References
- ↑ "UK Health Protection Agency entry". hpa.org.uk. Archived from the original on 2006-11-27.
- ↑ Darby, S. C.; Whitely, E.; Howe, G. R.; Hutchings, S. J.; Kusiak, R. A.; Lubin, J. H.; Morrison, H. I.; Tirmarche, M.; Tomasek, L.; Radford, E. P.; Roscoe, R. J.; Samet, J. M.; Yao, S. X. (1995). "Radon and Cancers Other Than Lung Cancer in Underground Miners: a Collaborative Analysis of 11 Studies". JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 87 (5): 378–384. doi:10.1093/jnci/87.5.378. ISSN 0027-8874. PMID 7853419.
- ↑ Sarah Darby publications from Europe PubMed Central
- ↑ Darby, Sarah C; Ewart, David W; Giangrande, Paul LF; Spooner, Rosemary JD; Rizza, Charles R; Dusheiko, Geoffrey M; Lee, Christine A; Ludlam, Christopher A; Preston, F Eric (1997). "Mortality from liver cancer and liver disease in haemophilic men and boys in UK given blood products contaminated with hepatitis C". The Lancet. 350 (9089): 1425–1431. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(97)05413-5. ISSN 0140-6736. PMID 9371165. S2CID 20692603.
- ↑ Darby, Sarah C.; Kan, Sau Wan; Spooner, Rosemary J.; Giangrande, Paul L. F.; Hill, Frank G. H.; Hay, Charles R. M.; Lee, Christine A.; Ludlam, Christopher A.; Williams, Michael (2007). "Mortality rates, life expectancy, and causes of death in people with hemophilia A or B in the United Kingdom who were not infected with HIV". Blood. 110 (3): 815–825. doi: 10.1182/blood-2006-10-050435 . ISSN 0006-4971. PMID 17446349.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Anon (2019). "Sarah Darby". royalsociety.org. London: Royal Society. Archived from the original on 2019-04-24. One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from the royalsociety.org website where:
“All text published under the heading 'Biography' on Fellow profile pages is available under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.” --Royal Society Terms, conditions and policies at the Wayback Machine (archived 2016-11-11)
- ↑ Darby, Sarah C. (1977). A Bayesian Approach to Parallel Line Bioassay. jisc.ac.uk (PhD thesis). London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (University of London). OCLC 1124248683. EThOS uk.bl.ethos.452976.
- ↑ Darby, Sarah C.; Ewertz, Marianne; McGale, Paul; Bennet, Anna M.; Blom-Goldman, Ulla; Brønnum, Dorthe; Correa, Candace; Cutter, David; Gagliardi, Giovanna; Gigante, Bruna; Jensen, Maj-Britt; Nisbet, Andrew; Peto, Richard; Rahimi, Kazem; Taylor, Carolyn; Hall, Per (2013). "Risk of Ischemic Heart Disease in Women after Radiotherapy for Breast Cancer" (PDF). New England Journal of Medicine. 368 (11): 987–998. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1209825. hdl:10616/41712. ISSN 0028-4793. PMID 23484825. S2CID 31409740.
- ↑ Darby, Sarah C; McGale, Paul; Taylor, Carolyn W; Peto, Richard (2005). "Long-term mortality from heart disease and lung cancer after radiotherapy for early breast cancer: prospective cohort study of about 300 000 women in US SEER cancer registries". The Lancet Oncology. 6 (8): 557–565. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(05)70251-5. ISSN 1470-2045. PMID 16054566.
- ↑ Mathews, J. D.; Forsythe, A. V.; Brady, Z.; Butler, M. W.; Goergen, S. K.; Byrnes, G. B.; Giles, G. G.; Wallace, A. B.; Anderson, P. R.; Guiver, T. A.; McGale, P.; Cain, T. M.; Dowty, J. G.; Bickerstaffe, A. C.; Darby, S. C. (2013). "Cancer risk in 680 000 people exposed to computed tomography scans in childhood or adolescence: data linkage study of 11 million Australians". BMJ. 346 (1): f2360. doi:10.1136/bmj.f2360. ISSN 1756-1833. PMC 3660619 . PMID 23694687.
- ↑ Royal Statistical Society Guy Medal in Bronze, MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive
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