Gobionotothen gibberifrons | |
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Illustration | |
Specimen caught off Grikurov Point, King George Island (South Shetland Islands), Antarctica | |
Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Chordata |
Class: | Actinopterygii |
Order: | Perciformes |
Family: | Nototheniidae |
Genus: | Gobionotothen |
Species: | G. gibberifrons |
Binomial name | |
Gobionotothen gibberifrons (Einar Lönnberg, 1905) | |
Synonyms [1] | |
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Gobionotothen gibberifrons, the humped rockcod or the humphead notothen, is a species of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Nototheniidae, the notothens or cod icefishes. It is native to the islands of the Scotia Arc (the South Shetland, South Orkney, South Sandwich and South Georgia islands), the northern part of the Antarctic Peninsula, and Heard Island in the Southern Ocean. This species inhabits depths of 6-429 m (20-1,407 ft), but is most abundant at depths of 100-400 m (328-1,312 ft), at least around Elephant Island. [2] [3]
Gobionotothen gibberifrons was first formally described in 1905 as Notothenia gibberifrons by the Swedish zoologist Einar Lönnberg with the type locality given as the seven locations around South Georgia in the Southern Ocean. [4] The specific name gibberifrons is a compound of gibber which means "humpbacked" and frons meaning "forehead", an allusion to the convex forehead. [5]
This species is distinguished by its steep snout profile, narrow interorbital region (or the interorbital space) and humped forehead (the head is depressed behind the eyes). 1-2 series of small, conical teeth are present on each jaw, and the gill rakers are short. [3]
The general body color is yellowish with irregular dark spots and blotches present on the upper part of the head and body. Juveniles have irregular cross-bars on the body (broken up into three or four series of alternating spots) that are rarely present in adults. The fins are greenish (with the only exception being the anal fin which is pale with 2-3 horizontal bands). The dorsal, caudal and pectoral fins have a series of brown spots present that form transverse bands. The maximum recorded length of this species is 55 cm (21.7 inches), but a length of 40 cm (15.7 inches) is more common. [3] [2]
This species is a benthopelagic predator that feeds on polychaetes, echiurans, sipunculids, priapulids, bivalves and crustaceans. If krill is abundant, this species will feed heavily on it. Fish eggs are also taken when available. This species reaches sexual maturity at 36 cm (14.2 inches) TL for both sexes. Males first spawn at 36 cm TL and females first spawn at 38.6 cm (15.2 inches) TL. Mature females may spawn for the first time at 6-8 years of age, and up to 143,620 eggs of up to 2.5 mm diameter may be laid. Spawning occurs from late winter to early spring (the exact months are different from place to place: i.e. August-September around Elephant Island and July-August at South Georgia). Hatching takes place in spring and early summer, and length at hatching is around 7 mm SL. The larvae appear in the water column in September around South Georgia and in November around Elephant Island. The larvae only end their pelagic phase at the end of summer and change to a benthopelagic lifestyle from that time on. [3] [2] [1] Predators include the marbled rockcod (Notothenia rossii), South Georgia icefish (Pseudochaenichthys georgianus), blackfin icefish (Chaenocephalus aceratus), imperial shag (Phalacrocorax atriceps) and the Antarctic fur seal (Arctocephalus gazella). [1]
This species is of minor importance to commercial fisheries at present, but it once was heavily fished (total catches amounted to 21,800 tonnes (24,030 tons) in the year 1978 alone). [1] [3]
Nototheniidae, the notothens or cod icefishes, is a family of ray-finned fishes, part of the suborder Notothenioidei which is traditionally placed within the order Perciformes. They are largely found in the Southern Ocean.
The marbled rockcod is a species of marine ray-finned fish, belonging to the family Nototheniidae, the notothens or cod icefishes. It is native to the Southern Ocean, where it can be found at depths from 5 to 350 m. This is a commercially important species.
The bald notothen, also known as the bald rockcod, is a species of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Nototheniidae, the notothens or cod icefishes. It is native to the Southern Ocean.
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The emerald rockcod, also known as the emerald notothen is a species of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Nototheniidae, the notothens or cod icefishes. It is native to the Southern Ocean where it is a commercially important species.
Trematomus is a genus of marine ray-finned fishes, belonging to the family Nototheniidae, the notothens or cod icefishes. These fishes occur in the Southern Ocean.
Gobionotothen is a genus of marine ray-finned fishes belonging to the family Nototheniidae, the notothens or cod icefishes. They are native to the Southern Ocean.
The grey rockcod, also known as the grey notothen, stripe-eyes notothen or stripe-eyed rockcod, is a species of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Nototheniidae, the notothens or cod icefishes. It is native to the Southern Ocean,The grey rockcod feed mainly on macrozooplankton and is of minor importance to commercial fisheries. It is the only species in the genus Lepidonotothen
Patagonotothen is a genus of marine ray-finned fishes, belonging to the family Nototheniidae, the notothens or cod icefishes. They are native to the southeast Pacific Ocean, southern Atlantic Ocean and the Southern Ocean.
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Notothenia neglecta, the yellowbelly rockcod, is a species of marine ray-finned fish, belonging to the family Nototheniidae, the notothens or cod icefishes. It is found in the Southern Ocean in Antarctica. They are omnivorous, and are found in both benthic and pelagic regions of the ocean. Their diet includes krill, bivalves, and gastropods. They have evolved unique behaviors and morphological features in order to thrive in the cold and harsh Antarctic climate. N. neglecta is also commercially fished, although not in high numbers.
Lindbergichthys nudifrons, the yellowfin rockcod, also known as the yellow notie or the gaudy notothen, is a species of marine ray-finned fish, belonging to the family Nototheniidae, the notothens or cod icefishes. It is native to the Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean.
Patagonotothen guntheri, the yellowfin notothen, is a species of notothen found in the Argentinian region of Patagonia, the Falkland Islands, the Burdwood Bank and the Shag Rocks west of South Georgia on the continental shelf at depths of 120-250 m, but may be found in waters deeper than 250 m in the Argentinian region.
Gobionotothen marionensis, the lobe-lip notothen, is a species of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Nototheniidae, the notothens or cod icefishes. It is native to the South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands in the Atlantic Ocean, and the Crozet and Prince Edward Islands in the Indian Ocean.>
Gobionotothen acuta, the triangular rockcod or the triangular notothen, is a species of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Nototheniidae, the notothens or cod icefishes. It is native to the French Southern and Antarctic Lands, the Heard Islands and the Kerguelen Plateau in the Southern Ocean.
Notothenia cyanobrancha, the blue rockcod, bluegillnotothen, or bluegill rockcod, is a species of marine ray-finned fish, belonging to the family Nototheniidae, the notothens or cod icefishes. It is native to the Kerguelen and Heard Islands in the Southern Ocean.
The stocky rockcod, also known as the bandtail notothen, is a species of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Nototheniidae, the notothens or cod icefishes. It is found in the Southern Ocean.