Grotto of Our Lady of Lourdes, Notre Dame

Last updated

Grotto of Our Lady of Lourdes
Grotto University of Notre Dame.JPG
Grotto of Our Lady of Lourdes, Notre Dame
41°42′11″N86°14′25″W / 41.7030°N 86.2404°W / 41.7030; -86.2404
Location University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, U.S.
Type Lourdes grotto
MaterialStone
Beginning dateSpring 1896
Opening dateAugust 5, 1896
Dedicated to Our Lady of Lourdes

The Grotto of Our Lady of Lourdes is located at the University of Notre Dame in Notre Dame, Indiana, United States, and is a reproduction of the Grotto of Our Lady of Lourdes in Lourdes, France. The current Grotto was built in 1896, replacing a wooden grotto built on August 22, 1878. An artificial rock cave, the Grotto is used by its visitors as a sacred space for prayer, meditation, and outdoor Mass.

Contents

Rev. Edward Sorin, C.S.C., the French Holy Cross priest who founded the University of Notre Dame in 1842 on a tract of land in Northern Indiana, had a lifelong devotion to Mary. He named several structures on the nascent campus after the Blessed Virgin Mary, and, seeking to attract Catholic pilgrims to Notre Dame, he constructed a replica of the Portiuncula—a Marian chapel located in the Papal Basilica of Saint Mary of the Angels in Assisi. After a trip to the Sanctuary of Our Lady of Lourdes in 1873, Sorin sought to create a replica of the Lourdes Grotto at the university's campus; the replica of the Grotto was constructed beginning in the spring of 1878 and was completed by the end of summertime. The replica was a wooden structure that sat atop a small rock wall, complete with several religious statues, and adjacent to the Church of the Sacred Heart. Less than three years after Sorin's death in 1893, a replacement for this first Grotto was announced.

The construction of the current Grotto began in the spring of 1896. Unlike the first replica, the current Grotto took the form of a rock cave, located downhill from the church rather than adjacent to it. Thomas Carroll, a Catholic priest, funded the construction, and the construction was overseen by local contractor John Gill. A natural spring was discovered during the construction of the Grotto, and the Grotto collapsed during construction. Construction was completed on August 5, and the Grotto was dedicated on Our Lady of Snows. Subsequent renovations have taken place, including one to fix a leak in the Grotto's ceiling and remediation following a large fire in 1985 that caused damage to the rocks composing the Grotto. A more recent renovation, in 2019, substantially re-landscaped the Grotto and involved restoration work on the statues present at the Grotto.

History

Edward Sorin and his Marian devotion

Notre Dame's replica of the Portiuncula Chapel was constructed in 1861. It was demolished in 1898. Portiuncula Chapel at Notre Dame.jpg
Notre Dame's replica of the Portiuncula Chapel was constructed in 1861. It was demolished in 1898.

Rev. Edward Sorin, C.S.C., the French Holy Cross priest who founded the University of Notre Dame, had a lifelong devotion to the Blessed Virgin Mary and named several institutions he created after her. [1] : 2  [2] : 144  In 1842, he founded the university in the midst of what was then wilderness in northern Indiana at a former Jesuit mission site that was then-named Sainte-Marie-des-Lacs (lit. "Saint Mary of the Lakes"), giving the site the French name of Notre Dame du Lac (lit. "Our Lady of the Lake") after the Mother of God. [1] : 3  He and several Holy Cross Brothers, with whom he had traveled to the New World, began to construct a chapel by Saint Mary's Lake, which they completed in 1844. On December 8, 1844, Sorin dedicated the newly built chapel to Our Lady of the Lake, naming the building the "Chapel of the Most Holy and Immaculate Heart of Mary". [1] : 4–5  Several years later, in 1855, he granted the Sisters of the Holy Cross a parcel of land along the St. Joseph River, where they would build the Academy of St. Mary's of the Immaculate Conception—an educational institution that would later become Saint Mary's College. [1] : 5–7  Sorin would also see through the construction of the Church of the Sacred Heart, named after Our Lady of the Sacred Heart. [1] : 9, 11 

Sorin sought to encourage Catholic pilgrims to make trips to Notre Dame. [1] : 8  To do so, he first ordered the construction of a replica of the Portiuncula Chapel, a chapel dedicated to Mary within the Church of Saint Mary of the Angels in Assisi, on a thin strip of land by Saint Mary's Lake. [1] : 7  This replica chapel, which replaced the Chapel of the Most Holy and Immaculate Heart of Mary that had been destroyed in 1858, was the first religious site at Notre Dame to be composed as a copy of a European Catholic site, but it would not be the last. [1] : 7 

Sorin and Our Lady of Lourdes

In the 1870s, Sorin and Mother Angela Gillespie, a Holy Cross Sister, who had become in charge of Saint Mary's, began to take a particular interest in Our Lady of Lourdes, an 1858 Marian apparition that occurred in Lourdes, France. [1] : 11–15  Lourdes water was shipped across the Atlantic to Notre Dame, and an office was established to handle requests related to obtaining the water that Catholics had begun to consider holy. [1] : 12–13  In 1873, Sorin and Mother Angela both made a pilgrimage to the Sanctuary of Our Lady of Lourdes; the two later described their experiences on the pilgrimage positively, and each brought back religious statues from Europe that depicted individuals involved in the Lourdes apparition. [1] : 13  Following their return from Europe, Lourdes-related imagery and replicas began to proliferate on the campuses of Notre Dame and Saint Mary's; a replica of the Grotto at which Bernadette Soubirous is said to have seen apparitions in Lourdes was constructed inside of a building at Saint Mary's in 1874, while the sanctuary lamp in Notre Dame's Church of the Sacred Heart was replaced in 1875 with a newly ordered exact replica of the sanctuary lamp present in the Sanctuary of Our Lady of Lourdes. [1] : 17–18 

The first grotto at Notre Dame

A photograph of the top portion of the front of the octagonal first grotto, taken in 1886. No photographs of the bottom portion of the first grotto are known to exist. Sorin's Grotto (1886).jpg
A photograph of the top portion of the front of the octagonal first grotto, taken in 1886. No photographs of the bottom portion of the first grotto are known to exist.

In September 1877, Sorin stated that he would make a replica shrine at Notre Dame in every respect a facsimile of the original, with the exception of not having a copy of the 200-foot (61 m) high wall of rock that is present at the Lourdes Grotto. [3] Work on the Grotto began by April in the following springtime, [4] and it was dedicated on the Feast of the Assumption that summer in a ceremony that involved over 200 Holy Cross brothers and 400 Holy Cross sisters. [5] Rather than being a large rock cave, however, Sorin's Grotto was a wooden octagonal structure with glass panes, fifteen feet (4.6 m) in height by seven feet (2.1 m) in diameter with a three-foot (0.91 m) pedestal, and located at the northwest of the church, between the sacristy and the apse chapels. [6] : 155  It featured a statue of Mary and stood atop a small rock wall with a fountain and garden, and a statue of Bernadette Soubirous. [1] : 24  Sorin's Grotto would remain in place throughout his life; he died on Halloween in 1893 and Rev. William Corby, C.S.C. succeeded him in leading Notre Dame's priests. [1] : 55–57  Sorin's Grotto did not persist long after his death; two-and-a-half years after Sorin's death, Corby announced that Sorin's Grotto would be replaced. [1] : 57–58 

Construction and dedication of the current Grotto

The Grotto of Our Lady of Lourdes in 1896. This is the oldest known photograph of the current Grotto. Grotto of Our Lady of Lourdes in 1896.jpg
The Grotto of Our Lady of Lourdes in 1896. This is the oldest known photograph of the current Grotto.

In 1896, Corby sought to build a larger Grotto that more accurately copied the Grotto in Lourdes. [1] : 57–58  Construction on the new Grotto began in the spring of that year after an Irish-American priest by the name of Thomas Carroll donated a sum of $2,500 (equivalent to $67,919in 2020) to fund its construction. [1] : 60  [6] : 157  Rather than building the new Grotto between the sacristy and the apse chapels of the Church of the Sacred Heart, the new Grotto was constructed down the hill from the church closer to Saint Mary's Lake; it was built atop the location that the charred remains of the main building had been spread after it had burned down in 1879, which itself had been built atop to hold a garden of Sorin's. [1] : 64–65 

The Grotto was built that spring and summer from boulders and stones collected from local farms. [1] : 67–68  The construction was performed by contractor John Gill, who provided stone for the construction of the Grotto alongside a farmer by the name of O. P. Stuckey. [1] : 67–68  Brickmasons who worked on the Grotto included Charles McCoy, Boleslaus Lunzay, Nick Kowalski, Laislaf Kowalski, and Victor Callicrate. [1] : 71–74  During construction, the Grotto collapsed and Robert Braunsdorf, an architect, was brought in to solve engineering issues with the Grotto's stonework. The work continued on thereafter. [1] : 70–78, 86  Also during construction, a natural spring beneath the Grotto was discovered; [6] : 157  [7] the spring's location relative to the Grotto at Notre Dame was similar to the relative position of the spring from which Lourdes water is drawn to the Grotto at Lourdes. [1] : 81–82  However, the spring at Notre Dame was covered up and replaced with a hand water pump shortly after its discovery. [1] : 81–82 

The group completed the construction of the Grotto by August of that year, and the Grotto was blessed on August 5, 1896, ten days ahead of schedule—and the 55th anniversary of the beginning of Sorin's voyage from France to the New World. [1] : 83  [6] : 157  The dedication ceremony was described by contemporaneous sources as extremely ornate; The Annals of Our Lady of Lourdes described the dedication as containing "a simple grandeur that is not usually seen outside of Catholic countries" and stated that over five hundred priests, brothers, and sisters were in attendance. [1] : 83  [8] : 126  Minor renovations and repairs, such as to fix a leak in the roof of the Grotto left during construction, would continue in the years after the Grotto's creation. [1] : 85  [9]

The Grotto's early years

After the completion of the new Grotto in 1896, the Grotto quickly became a pilgrimage site for American Catholics. [1] : 84  The design of the Grotto allowed for pilgrims to sit and attend religious services in an area in front of the Grotto, [10] and many of those who were on pilgrimage fetched water from the Grotto's installed water pump. [1] : 85  Early pilgrims to the Grotto took interest in the spring water, with some even attributing miracles to the water at Notre Dame—just as miracles are attributed to the water at Lourdes—though the interest in the Grotto's spring water by pilgrims died down in the Grotto's early years. [11] : 32 

The Grotto soon became a site frequented by students at Notre Dame, with organized evening song and prayer at the Grotto becoming a tradition in the late 1920s. [1] : 124–125  Two black stones once part of the Grotto of Our Lady of Lourdes in France [1] : 148–151  would arrive at Notre Dame in the mid-twentieth century; the smaller of the two stones first arrived in 1939, while the large stone arrived in 1958. [12]

1985 fire

Following a football game between the Notre Dame Fighting Irish and the Michigan Wolverines, visitors began to leave burning candles on the ground after the iron racks typically used to hold the candles were completely filled up; [6] : 516–517  the total number of candles placed at the Grotto that weekend numbered about fifteen hundred. [12] On the morning of Monday, September 23, 1985, the Grotto was engulfed in flames; before the flames were doused, the fire damaged the rocks inside the grotto and the statue of the Blessed Virgin Mary, while many plants situated atop the grotto were killed in the fire. The Grotto would re-open one week later after it had been cleaned and inspected for structural integrity. [6] : 516–517 

Recent history

The grotto underwent an extensive renovation in the summer of 2019. The renovation re-landscaped the area around the Grotto and involved restoration work on the statues at the Grotto. [13] [14]

Description

The modern grotto is a replica of the Lourdes Grotto in France, scaled down to be about one-third the size of the original rock cave. [11] : 32  While the use of the Grotto as a Lourdes-like pilgrimage site has diminished over the years, the Grotto has taken on a life of its own as a key part and symbol of religious life at the University of Notre Dame. [11] : 35–36  It is one of the quietest and most serene spots on the campus and is used for reflection, prayer, meditation, and outdoor masses. It is a popular spot for wedding proposals and photoshoots. The grotto is also popular with campus visitors and tourists and is quite busy during football weekends. [15]

Surroundings

The Superstition Tree, as seen from the Grotto Superstition Tree.jpg
The Superstition Tree, as seen from the Grotto

The Grotto is located down a hill adjacent to the Basilica of the Sacred Heart. [11] : 32  Nearby the Grotto is an approximately 230-year-old Sycamore tree whose girth measured 20.33 feet (6.20 m) as of 2006, also known as Vengeance Tree or Superstition Tree. [1] : 94  [16]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Shrines to the Virgin Mary</span> Typically Catholic shrines

A shrine to the Virgin Mary, or Marian shrine, is a shrine marking an apparition or other miracle ascribed to the Blessed Virgin Mary, or a site on which is centered a historically strong Marian devotion. Such locales are often the destinations of Christian pilgrimages.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lourdes</span> Commune in Occitania, France

Lourdes is a market town situated in the Pyrenees. It is part of the Hautes-Pyrénées department in the Occitanie region in southwestern France. Prior to the mid-19th century, the town was best known for its Château fort, a fortified castle that rises up from a rocky escarpment at its center.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bernadette Soubirous</span> French Roman Catholic saint (1844–1879)

Bernadette Soubirous, also known as Bernadette of Lourdes, was the firstborn daughter of a miller from Lourdes, in the department of Hautes-Pyrénées in France, and is best known for experiencing apparitions of a "young lady" who asked for a chapel to be built at the nearby cave-grotto. These apparitions occurred between 11 February and 16 July 1858, and the woman who appeared to her identified herself as the "Immaculate Conception".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Black Madonna</span> Artistic depiction of the Virgin Mary and Jesus

The term Black Madonna or Black Virgin tends to refer to statues or paintings in Western Christendom of the Blessed Virgin Mary and the Infant Jesus, where both figures are depicted with dark skin. Examples of the Black Madonna can be found both in Catholic and Orthodox countries.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sanctuary of Our Lady of Lourdes</span> Marian shrine in Hautes-Pyrénées, France

The Sanctuary of Our Lady of Lourdes is a Catholic Marian shrine and pilgrimage site dedicated to Our Lady of Lourdes in the town of Lourdes, Hautes-Pyrénées, France. The sanctuary includes several religious buildings and monuments around the grotto of Massabielle, the place where the events of the Lourdes apparitions occurred in 1858, among them are three basilicas, the Basilica of Our Lady of the Immaculate Conception, the Rosary Basilica and the Basilica of St. Pius X, respectively known as the upper, lower and underground basilica.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Carfin Grotto</span> Christian shrine in Scotland

Carfin Lourdes Grotto, a Roman Catholic shrine in Scotland dedicated to Our Lady of Lourdes, was created in the early twentieth century. The "Carfin Grotto", as the shrine is locally referred to, was the brainchild of Father, later Canon Thomas N. Taylor, parish priest of St. Francis Xavier's Parish in the small, mining village of Carfin, which lies two miles east of Motherwell, in the West of Scotland. Following a trip to France's principal Marian shrine at Lourdes, Canon Taylor's vision was to build a religious memorial in honour of Our Blessed Lady based on the template of the Grotto of Massabielle. To realize this vision became his life's work. Since its opening in the early 1920s, the "grotto" has attracted pilgrims in the hundreds of thousands and its environs have been modified and enhanced with rich Catholic symbols and buildings. The grotto shrine offers a pilgrimage season with Sunday processions, rosaries, outdoor Masses and dedicated Feast Day events which run annually from early May until late September.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Basilica of the Sacred Heart (Notre Dame)</span> Church in Indiana, United States

The Basilica of the Sacred Heart in Notre Dame, Indiana, is a Catholic church on the campus of the University of Notre Dame, also serving as the mother church of the Congregation of Holy Cross (C.S.C.) in the United States. The neo-gothic church has 44 large stained glass windows and murals completed over a 17-year period by the Vatican painter Luigi Gregori. The basilica bell tower is 230 feet (70 m) high, making it the tallest university chapel in America. It is a contributing building in Notre Dame's historic district listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The basilica is a major tourist attraction in Northern Indiana, and is visited annually by more than 100,000 tourists.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Our Lady of Lourdes</span> A title of Mary, mother of Jesus

Our Lady of Lourdes is a title of the Virgin Mary. She is venerated under this title by the Roman Catholic Church due to her apparitions that occurred in Lourdes, France. The first apparition of 11 February 1858, of which Bernadette Soubirous told her mother that a "Lady" spoke to her in the cave of Massabielle while she was gathering firewood with her sister and a friend. Similar apparitions of the "Lady" were reported on 18 occasions that year, until the climax revelation in which she introduced herself as: "the Immaculate Conception". On 18 January 1862, the local Bishop of Tarbes Bertrand-Sévère Laurence endorsed the veneration of the Blessed Virgin Mary in Lourdes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Basilica of Notre-Dame de Fourvière</span> Minor basilica in Lyon

The Basilica of Notre-Dame de Fourvière is a minor basilica in Lyon, France. It was built with private funds between 1872 and 1896 in a dominant position overlooking the city. The site it occupies was once the Roman forum of Trajan, the forum vetus, thus its name.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Our Lady of Awaiting</span> Melkite Greek Catholic Marian shrine in Maghdouché, Lebanon

Our Lady of Mantara is a Melkite Greek Catholic Marian shrine in Maghdouché, Lebanon, discovered on 8 September 1721 by a young shepherd. The grotto, which according to a legend dates to ancient times, was subsequently cared after by Monsignor Eftemios Saïfi, Melkite Catholic bishop of the Melkite Greek Catholic Archeparchy of Sidon. The shrine consists of a tower crowned with the statue of the Virgin and Child, a cathedral, a cemetery and a sacred cave believed to be the one where the Virgin Mary rested while she waited for Jesus while he was in Tyre and Sidon. Since its discovery, it has been steadily visited by families particularly each year on the occasion of the feast of the Nativity of Mary on 8 September.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lourdes apparitions</span> 1858 reported supernatural activity in Lourdes, France

The Lourdes apparitions are several Marian apparitions reported in 1858 by Bernadette Soubirous, the 14-year-old daughter of a miller, in the town of Lourdes in Southern France.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Saint-Étienne-le-Laus</span> Commune in Provence-Alpes-Côte dAzur, France

Saint-Étienne-le-Laus is a commune in the Hautes-Alpes department in southeastern France.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lourdes water</span> Water which flows from a spring in Lourdes, France

Lourdes water is water which flows from a spring in the Grotto of Massabielle in the Sanctuary of Our Lady of Lourdes, France. According to Catholic tradition, the location of the spring was described to Bernadette Soubirous by an apparition of Our Lady of Lourdes on 25 February 1858. Since that time, many millions of pilgrims to Lourdes have followed the instruction of the Blessed Virgin Mary to "drink at the spring and bathe in it".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lourdes grotto</span> Replicas of the Massabielle Grotto

A Lourdes grotto is a replica of the grotto where the Lourdes apparitions occurred in 1858, in the town of Lourdes in France, now part of the sanctuary of Our Lady of Lourdes. Some Lourdes grottos are almost identical reproductions of the scene of the apparitions, with statues of Our Lady of Lourdes and Bernadette Soubirous in a natural or artificial cave, while others may differ from the original in size, shape or style.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">National Shrine of the Divine Mercy (Philippines)</span> Roman Catholic church in Bulacan, Philippines

The National Shrine and Parish of the Divine Mercy is a Roman Catholic church dedicated to the Divine Mercy in Marilao, Bulacan, the Philippines. It was elevated to the status of National Shrine by Archbishop Orlando Quevedo of the Catholic Bishops Conference of the Philippines. The first Mass was held at the site on February 2, 1992, the Feast of the Presentation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">National shrine</span> Catholic designation of a sacred place

A national shrine is a Catholic church or other sacred place which has met certain requirements and is given this honor by the national episcopal conference to recognize the church's special cultural, historical, and religious significance.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Our Lady of Lourdes Shrine, Villianur</span> Church in Puducherry, India

Our Lady of Lourdes Shrine is a Catholic Marian shrine and a parish church in Villianur, Puducherry, India. The shrine is dedicated to the Blessed Virgin Mary under the title of Our Lady of Lourdes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pilgrimage church</span> Church to which pilgrimages are regularly made

A pilgrimage church is a church to which pilgrimages are regularly made, or a church along a pilgrimage route, like the Way of St. James, that is visited by pilgrims.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Campus of the University of Notre Dame</span> Overview

The campus of the University of Notre Dame is located in Notre Dame, Indiana, and spans 1,250 acres comprising around 170 buildings. The campus is consistently ranked and admired as one of the most beautiful university campuses in the United States and around the world, particularly noted for the Golden Dome, the Basilica and its stained glass windows, the quads and the greenery, the Grotto, Touchdown Jesus, its collegiate gothic architecture, and its statues and museums. Notre Dame is a major tourist attraction in northern Indiana; in the 2015–2016 academic year, more than 1.8 million visitors, almost half of whom were from outside of St. Joseph County, visited the campus.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 Dorothy V., Corson (2006). A Cave of Candles: The Story Behind Notre Dame's Grotto. Nappanee, IN: Evangel Press. ISBN   978-1-933858-11-1. LCCN   2006908917.
  2. ↑ O'Connell, Marvin R. (2001). Edward Sorin. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press. ISBN   9780268027599.
  3. ↑ "Local Items" (PDF). The Notre Dame Scholastic . September 29, 1877. p. 75. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 9, 2022. Retrieved December 9, 2022.PD-icon.svg This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain .
  4. ↑ "Local Items" (PDF). The Notre Dame Scholastic . April 6, 1978. p. 506. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 9, 2022. Retrieved December 9, 2022.PD-icon.svg This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain .
  5. ↑ "Feast of the Assumption at Notre Dame" (PDF). The Notre Dame scholastic . August 22, 1878. p. 13. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 9, 2022. Retrieved December 9, 2022.PD-icon.svg This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain .
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Blantz, Thomas E. (2020). The University of Notre Dame : a history. [Notre Dame, Indiana]. ISBN   978-0-268-10824-3. OCLC   1182853710.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  7. ↑ "Grotto of Lourdes". South Bend Daily Tribune . August 28, 1896. p. 1. Archived from the original on December 10, 2022. Retrieved December 10, 2022– via Newspapers.com.
  8. ↑ "Grotto of Lourdes at Notre Dame, Indiana". The Annals of Our Lady of Lourdes. XII (8). Notre Dame, IN. August 1896.PD-icon.svg This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain .
  9. ↑ "Local Items" (PDF). The Notre Dame Scholastic . August 1897. p. 24. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 10, 2022. Retrieved December 10, 2022.
  10. ↑ "Visit to Notre Dame". The Herald-Palladium. Vol. 11, no. 94. Benton Harbor, Michigan. August 19, 1896. p. 4. Archived from the original on December 10, 2022. Retrieved December 10, 2022– via Newspapers.com.
  11. 1 2 3 4 Karst, Layla A. (April 21, 2017). "A New Creation: Translating Lourdes in America". Liturgy . 32 (3): 29–37. doi:10.1080/0458063X.2017.1295721. S2CID   151828388 – via Taylor and Francis Online.
  12. 1 2 Grotto stories : from the heart of Notre Dame. Mary Pat Dowling Beal, University of Notre Dame. Alumni Association. Notre Dame, IN: Mary Sunshine Books. 1996. ISBN   0-9652337-0-7. OCLC   35124964.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  13. ↑ "Notre Dame spends summer, fall renovating Grotto". ABC57. Archived from the original on December 9, 2022. Retrieved December 9, 2022.
  14. ↑ Daly, Mike. "Beautification projects to take place at Grotto and outside the Basilica". Notre Dame News. Archived from the original on December 9, 2022. Retrieved December 9, 2022.
  15. ↑ "Grotto of Our Lady of Lourdes". www.visitsouthbend.com. Archived from the original on December 9, 2022. Retrieved December 9, 2022.
  16. ↑ "A Cave of Candles 20". www3.nd.edu. Retrieved February 24, 2023.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.