Gurnard's Head

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Gurnard's Head promontory from the southeast Gurnards head cornwall 01.jpg
Gurnard's Head promontory from the southeast
Gurnard's Head is in the care of the National Trust. Gurnards head cornwall 02.jpg
Gurnard's Head is in the care of the National Trust.

Gurnard's Head (Cornish : Ynyal, meaning desolate one; grid reference SW432386 ) is a prominent headland on the north coast of the Penwith peninsula in Cornwall, England. [1] The name is supposed to reflect that the rocky peninsula resembles the head of the gurnard fish. [2]

Contents

Geography and geology

Gurnard's Head is the site of basaltic pillow lavas, formed by underwater volcanic eruptions up to 400 million years ago. [3]

It is north of the hamlet of Treen in the parish of Zennor, 1 mile (1.6 km) to the west of Zennor Head. Almost entirely owned by the National Trust, the headland is within the Aire Point to Carrick Du SSSI, and the 630 mi (1,010 km) South West Coast Path crosses the southern part of the headland. The area is designated as part of the Penwith Heritage Coast and also designated as part of the Cornwall Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. A pub and hotel on the B3306 coast road shares a name with the headland. [4]

History

The Gurnard's Head Hotel, viewed from the road. The Gurnard's Head Hotel, Cornwall.jpg
The Gurnard's Head Hotel, viewed from the road.

The headland is the site of an Iron Age promontory fort known as Trereen Dinas [5] (not to be confused with Treryn Dinas). On the cliff-edge, above Treen Cove are the remains of Chapel Jane, which could have been a guild chapel of local fisherman. The earliest pottery dates from AD 1100 to 1150, but the original simple structure of the chapel is comparable with the tiny chapels of St Helen's and Teän, on the Isles of Scilly. An association with the adjoining stream which according to local, 19th-century, tradition was regarded as a holy well, could indicate an earlier, possibly 8th-century founding. [6]

To the east of the headland is an engine house belonging to a copper mine, originally known as Treen Copper Mine (before 1821) and later renamed Gurnard's Head Mine. [7]

There are two small coves to the east of, and sheltered by Gurnard's Head; Treen Cove and Rose-an-Hale Cove. [8] In 1870, the Gurnard's Head seine fishery was worth an estimated £800 per year and employed 24 men with 10 boats and two seines. [9] The pilchards (Sardina pilchardus) were sold locally as fresh pilchards rather than salted and sold as fumadoes for the Mediterranean market. [10] The Western Fishing Company was dissolved and their assets were auctioned on 28 June 1880. Included were the Account-house furniture, cellars, lofts and buildings used in the pilchard fishery as well as a launching platform in the cove. There were 14 boats (senn boats, loaders and followers), a capstan, chain blocks and gear, large crane, stage and winch, two seans (seines nets), tuck net and stop net, and circa 50 tons of French salt. [11]

The headland was popular with tourists during Queen Victoria's reign. The freehold of the Gurnard's Head Inn was put up for sale by auction on 27 May 1880, at the Western Hotel, Penzance. The Inn was part of the Nicholls' Tenement and there was also rights of common on Treen Cliff and 12 acres (4.9 ha) of "fertile arable lands and improvable enclosed Crofts and Moors". [12] The reserve was £975 and the highest bid was £730 and the property was not sold. [13]

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Zennor Head is a 750-metre (2,460 ft) long promontory on the Cornish coast of England, between Pendour Cove and Porthzennor Cove. Facing the Atlantic Ocean, it lies 1 kilometre north-west of the village of Zennor and 1.6 kilometres east of the next promontory, Gurnard's Head. The granite (Killas) cliffs rise over 200 feet (60 m) from the sea and the highest point of the headland is 314 feet (96 m) above sea level, with an Ordnance Survey triangulation station. Zennor Head is on the South West Coast Path, which follows the cliff edge closely, skirting the entire perimeter of the headland. The promontory is part of the Penwith Heritage Coast, and is the largest coastal feature in the United Kingdom that begins with the letter "Z". It gets its name from a local saint, Senara. Zennor Head was mined for copper and tin in the Victorian Era. There is no longer any residential or commercial occupancy on the headland, but it is occupied by a variety of coastal animals and plants, such as kestrels and gorse.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Promontory forts of Cornwall</span> Consumption of feces

Cornish promontory forts, commonly known in Cornwall as cliff castles, are coastal equivalents of the hill forts and Cornish "rounds" found on Cornish hilltops and slopes. Similar coastal forts are found on the north–west European seaboard, in Normandy, Brittany and around the coastlines of the British Isles, especially in Wales, Scotland and Ireland. Many are known in southwest England, particularly in Cornwall and its neighbouring county, Devon. Two have been identified immediately west of Cornwall, in the Isles of Scilly.

References

  1. OS Explorer Map 102 - Land's End (B2 ed.). Southampton: Ordnance Survey. 2010. ISBN   978 0 319 24116 5.
  2. Pool, Peter A S. The Place-Names of West Penwith (Second ed.). Heamoor: Self published. p. 89.
  3. Charlotte, Becquart (14 January 2021). "Cornwall's volcanoes that were active hundreds of millions of years ago". Cornwall Live. Retrieved 23 March 2021.
  4. "The Gurnard's Head". EATDRINKSLEEP. Retrieved 18 November 2016.
  5. Craig Weatherhill Cornovia: Ancient Sites of Cornwall & Scilly (Alison Hodge 1985; Halsgrove 1997, 2000)
  6. Charles Thomas (1974). Christian Sites in West Penwith Excursion Guide. Redruth: Institute of Cornish Studies. pp. 11–15. ISBN   0 903686 04 X.
  7. "Gurnards Head Mine". Pastscape. Historic England. Retrieved 25 November 2016.
  8. 1:10,000 Sheet Gurnard's Head. Ordnance Survey.
  9. Anon (April 1872). "Spring Meeting 1871". Journal of the Institute of Cornwall. XIII.
  10. Anon (24 October 1878). "The Harvest of the Sea". The Cornishman. No. 15. p. 4.
  11. "Sales by Auction. Gurnard's Head, Zennor, June 28". The Cornishman. No. 102. 24 June 1880. p. 1.
  12. "Gurnard's Head, Zennor". The Cornishman. No. 95. 6 May 1880. p. 1.
  13. "Penzance". The Cornishman. No. 99. 3 June 1880. p. 4.

Coordinates: 50°11′30″N5°35′57″W / 50.19160°N 5.59922°W / 50.19160; -5.59922