Haemulon chrysargyreum

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Haemulon chrysargyreum
Haemulon chrysargyreum.JPG
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Perciformes
Family: Haemulidae
Genus: Haemulon
Species:
H. chrysargyreum
Binomial name
Haemulon chrysargyreum
Günther, 1859
Synonyms [2]
  • Brachygenys chrysargyreus(Günther, 1859)
  • Haemulon taeniatum Poey, 1860
  • Brachygenys taeniata(Poey, 1860)

Haemulon chrysargyreum, the smallmouth grunt, bronze grunt, or yellowstripe grunt, is a species of marine ray-finned fish, a grunt belonging to the family Haemulidae. It is found in the western Atlantic Ocean.

Contents

Description

H. chrysargyreum is a small fish that can reach a maximum length of 23 cm, but a length of 17 cm is typical. [3] [4] It has a short snout with an almost horizontal mouth which is small, the jaws normally not extending as far as the front margin of the pupil. [2] The inside of the mouth is red. It has a laterally compressed body with a forked caudal fin. Its background color is silver with five bronze-yellow horizontal lines on its sides.All fins, other than the pectoral fins are partially or completely yellow. [5] The dorsal fin contains 12 spines and 13 soft rays while the anal fin has 3 spines and 9-10 soft rays. [2]

Distribution and habitat

H. chrysargyreum is widespread throughout the western Atlantic Ocean from south Florida to the cost of Brazil, including the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea. [3]

The adults inhabit exposed areas of coral reefs and rocky coasts up to 25 m deep. [3] Juveniles prefer hard substrates and around coral reefs or Thalassia sea grass beds. [1]

Biology

H. chrysargyreum is nocturnal, spending the daytime in schools near reefs or rocks and disperse at night to feed at the open sea. Their diet consists mainly of plankton, but also small crustaceans and other mollusks. [6] Off the Fernando de Noronha Islands of northeastern Brazil it has been observed that this species and the yellow goatfish (Mulloidichthys martinicus) mimic each other in colour and shape, allowing them to form mixed schools, which improves their ability to avoid predators that rely on vision for hunting. [1]

Systematics

H. chrysargyreum was first formally described in 1859 by German-born British ichthyologist and herpetologist Albert Günther (1830-1914), with the type locality given as Trinidad. [7] The specific name is a compound of the Greek chrysos meaning “gold” and argyreum meaning “silvery” a reference to the silvery background colour marked with gold streaks and stripes. [8]

Cuban zoologist Felipe Poey (1799-1891) described a species of grunt he named Haemulon taeniatum in 1860. He placed this species in the new genus Brachygenys in 1868. Poey’s taxon was later ascertained to be a junior synonym of Günther's. [9] Molecular studies have suggested that Haemulon sensu lato is polyphyletic because they showed that H. chrysargyreum clustered with Xenistius californiensis , rendering Haemulon as polyphyletic if Xenistius was not included. [10] The genus Brachygenys, was revived to include Xenistius californiensis, Haemulon chrysargyreum, Xenistius peruanus and Xenocys jessiae . [11] As Brachygenys is feminine the specific name is feminised to chrysargyrea. [9]

Uses

H. chrysargyreum is caught as bycatch in traps, the fish caught being sold fresh. [12] It is rare in the aquarium trade but is commoner in public aquarium displays. [13]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Haemulidae</span> Family of fishes

Haemulidae is a family of fishes in the order Perciformes known commonly as grunts. It is made up of the two subfamilies Haemulinae (grunters) and Plectorhynchinae (sweetlips), which in turn contain about 133 species in 19 genera. These fish are found in tropical fresh, brackish, and salt waters around the world. They are bottom-feeding predators, and named for the ability of Haemulinae to produce sound by grinding their teeth. They also engage in mutualistic relationship with cleaner gobies of genus Elacatinus, allowing them to feed on ectoparasites on their bodies.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Caesar grunt</span> Species of fish

The Caesar grunt, also known as the black grunt, blacktail grunt, or redmouth grunt is a species of marine ray-finned fish, a grunt in the family Haemulidae. It is native to the western Atlantic Ocean

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Brownstriped grunt</span> Species of fish

The brownstriped grunt, also known as the burro, is a species of marine ray-finned fish, a grunt belonging to the family Haemulidae. It is native to the western Atlantic Ocean.

<i>Haemulon vittatum</i> Species of fish

Haemulon vittatum, the boga, is an ocean-going species of grunt native to the western Atlantic Ocean. Bogas are also known as the snit in Jamaica, and bonnetmouth in the Bahamas. It was first described by Cuban zoologist Felipe Poey. This species used to be classified as Inermia vittata, but genetic data revealed that it belongs to the genus Haemulon.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bluestriped grunt</span> Species of fish

The bluestriped grunt, also known as the boar grunt, golden grunt, humpback grunt, redmouth grunt, or yellow grunt, is a species of marine ray-finned fish, a grunt belonging to the family Haemulidae. It is found in the western Atlantic Ocean.

<i>Haemulon flavolineatum</i> Species of fish

Haemulon flavolineatum, the French grunt, banana grunt, gold laced grunt, open-mouthed grunt, redmouth grunt, or yellow grunt, is a species of marine ray-finned fish, a grunt belonging to the family Haemulidae. It is native to the western Atlantic Ocean.

<i>Haemulon</i> Genus of fishes

Haemulon is a genus of fish in the grunt family known as the scaled-fin grunts. Most are found in the western Atlantic Ocean, with a few species known from the eastern Pacific Ocean. This genus is considered to be one of the most important fish groups of the coral reefs of Brazil due to its commercial value and crucial ecological role.

<i>Genyatremus luteus</i> Species of fish

Genyatremus luteus, the Torroto grunt, is a species of marine ray-finned fish, a sweetlips belonging to the subfamily Plectorhinchinae of the family Haemulidae. It is native to the Atlantic coast of South America from Colombia to Brazil.

The dara is a species of marine ray-finned fish, a grunt belonging to the family Haemulidae. It is native to the Atlantic coast of Africa. It is the only species in the monospecific genus Parakuhlia.

<i>Xenistius</i> Genus of fishes

Xenistius is a genus of grunts native to the eastern Pacific Ocean.

<i>Xenocys</i> Species of fish

Xenocys jessiae, the black-striped salema, is a species of marine ray-finned fish, a grunt belonging to the family Haemulidae. It is endemic to the eastern Pacific Ocean.

<i>Pristipomoides</i> Genus of fishes

Pristipomoides is a genus of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Lutjanidae, the snappers. They are found in the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific oceans.

<i>Haemulon scudderii</i> Species of fish

Haemulon scudderii, the grey grunt, golden-eye grunt, or mojarra grunt, is a species of marine ray-finned fish, a grunt belonging to the family Haemulidae. It is found in the eastern Pacific Ocean.

Plectorhinchus ceylonensis, the Sri Lanka sweetlips, is a species of marine ray-finned fish, a sweetlips belonging to the subfamily Plectorhinchinae, one of two subfamilies in the family Haemulidae, the grunts. It is native to the Indian Ocean around Sri Lanka. It inhabits waters over coral reefs at depths from 5 to 20 m. This species is rarely found in the aquarium trade.

<i>Pomadasys kaakan</i> Species of fish

Pomadasys kaakan, the javelin grunter or barred javelin is a species of marine ray-finned fish, a grunt belonging to the family Haemulidae. It is native to the Indian and Pacific Oceans, from Africa to Australia.

<i>Orthopristis chrysoptera</i> Species of fish

Orthopristis chrysoptera, the pigfish, hogfish, piggy perch, redmouth grunt or sailor's choice, is a species of marine ray-finned fish, a grunt belonging to the family Haemulidae. It is found in the western Atlantic Ocean. This name derives from the grunting or chattering noise these fish make by rubbing their pharyngeal teeth together.

<i>Haemulon album</i> Species of fish

Haemulon album, the white margate, grey grunt, grunt, Margaret fish, Margaret grunt, margate, margate fish, ronco blanco, viuda, white grunt, white pogret, or yellow grunt is a species of ray-finned fish, a large grunt belonging to the family Haemulidae. It is native to the western Atlantic Ocean.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Haemulinae</span> Subfamily of fishes

Haemulinae is a subfamily of the Haemulidae and consists of the genera of that family which are regarded as being of New World origin, although they are now widespread. The subfamily is distinguished from the Plectorhynchinae by having a short dorsal fin which contains 13-16 soft rays, as opposed to the long dorsal fin with 17-26 soft rays of the subfamily Plectorhynchinae.

<i>Conodon nobilis</i> Species of fish

Conodon nobilis, the barred grunt, is a species of marine ray-finned fish, a grunt belonging to the family Haemulidae. It is found in the Western Atlantic Ocean where it is a target species for some commercial fisheries.

<i>Brachygenys</i> Genus of fishes

Brachygenys is a genus of marine ray-finned fish, grunts belonging to the family Haemulidae. The species within the genus are found in the eastern Pacific Ocean and western Atlantic Ocean. It is not yet recognised by Fishbase but is by the Catalog of Fishes.

References

  1. 1 2 3 Anderson, W.; Claro, R.; Cowan, J.; et al. (2017) [errata version of 2015 assessment]. "Haemulon chrysargyreum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2015: e.T194417A115335430. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T194417A2333728.en . Retrieved 30 March 2021.
  2. 1 2 3 Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2019). "Haemulon chrysargyreum" in FishBase. December 2019 version.
  3. 1 2 3 Robins, C.R. & G.C. Ray (1986). A field guide to Atlantic coast fishes of North America. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, U.S.A. p. 354.
  4. Courtenay, W.R. & H.F. Sahlman (1978). "Pomadasyidae". In W. Fischer (ed.). FAO species identification sheets for fishery purposes. Western Central Atlantic (Fishing Area 31), Volume 4. FAO, Rome.
  5. "Species: Brachygenys chrysargyreum, Smallmouth grunt". Shorefishes of the Greater Caribbean online information. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
  6. Cervigón, F. (1993). Los peces marinos de Venezuela. Volume 2 (in Spanish). Fundación Científica Los Roques, Caracas,Venezuela. p. 497.
  7. Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Species in the genus Haemulon". Catalog of Fishes . California Academy of Sciences . Retrieved 30 March 2021.
  8. Christopher Scharpf; Kenneth J. Lazara, eds. (5 January 2021). "Order LUTJANIFORMES: Families HAEMULIDAE and LUTJANIDAE". The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database. Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara. Archived from the original on 12 April 2021. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
  9. 1 2 Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Species in the genus Brachygenys". Catalog of Fishes . California Academy of Sciences . Retrieved 30 March 2021.
  10. Tavera, J.J.P; A.A., Balart; E.F.; et al. (2012). "Molecular phylogeny of grunts (Teleostei, Haemulidae), with an emphasis on the ecology, evolution, and speciation history of New World species". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 12 (57). doi: 10.1186/1471-2148-12-57 . PMC   3472276 .
  11. Paolo Parenti (2019). "An annotated checklist of the fishes of the family Haemulidae (Teleostei: Perciformes)" (PDF). Iranian Journal of Ichthyology. 6 (3): 150–196.
  12. Lindeman, K.C. (2002). "Haemulidae". In Kent E. Carpenter (ed.). The living marine resources of the Western Central Atlantic. Vol. 3: Bony fishes part 2 (Opistognathidae to Molidae) (PDF). FAO Species Identification Guides for Fisheries Purposes. American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists Special Publication No. 5. FAO of the U.N., Rome. pp. 1522–1550.
  13. "Haemulon chrysargyreum". Saltcorner!. Bob Goemans. 2012. Retrieved 30 March 2021.