Halorubrum kocurii

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Halorubrum kocurii
Scientific classification
Domain:
Archaea
Kingdom:
Euryarchaeota
Phylum:
Euryarchaeota
Class:
Halobacteria
Order:
Haloferacales
Family:
Haloferacales
Genus:
Halorubrum
Species:
H. kocurii
Binomial name
Halorubrum kocurii
Gutiérrez et al., 2008 [1]

Halorubrum kocurii is a halophilic archaean belonging to the genus Halorubrum . This genus contains a total of thirty-seven different species, all of which thrive in high-salinity environments. [2] Archaea belonging to this genus are typically found in hypersaline environments due to their halophilic nature, specifically in solar salterns. [3] Halorubrum kocurii is a rod-shaped, Gram-negative archaeon. [2] Different from its closest relatives, Halorubrum kocurii is non-motile and contains no flagella or cilia. [2] This archaeon thrives at high pH levels, high salt concentrations, and moderate temperatures. [2] It has a number of close relatives, including Halorubrum aidingense, Halorubrum lacusprofundi, and more. [2]

Contents

Discovery

Halorubrum kocurii was first discovered in 2003 by M.C. Gutierrez and their team. [2] Their aim was to isolate a halophilic archaeon that had not yet been identified. [2] To do so, a sample was taken from the saline lake Lake Bagaejinnor in Inner Mongolia, China, in September of 2003. [2] The sample was serially diluted and plated on plates with various mediums, including NaCl, MgCl₂, NaBr, etc. [2] Eventually, a pure culture of the strain BG-1 (Halorubrum kocurri) was obtained and used for testing under which conditions the strain would see optimal growth. [2] The researchers phenotypically characterized the strain following the guidelines of the minimal standards for the description of novel organisms in the order Halobacteriales. [2] These guidelines were developed by researchers Oren, Ventosa, and Grant in 1997 and include tests of motility, morphological classification, nitrate reduction, starch hydrolysis, and more. [4] Gutierrez and their team performed these tests on the BG-1 strain and its closest relatives in order to compare the results and determine the validity of Halorubrum kocurri as its own species. [2]

Taxonomy

Halorubrum kocurii belongs to the domain Archaea, the kingdom Euryarchaeota, the phylum Euryarchaeota, the class Halobacteria, the order Haloferacales, the family Halorubraceae, the genus Halorubrum, and the species Halorubrum kocurii. [1] The Halorubrum genus currently consists of thirty-seven different species, making it the largest genus belonging to the Halobacteria class. [5] Species belonging to this genus are typically rod-shaped and Gram-negative, and all species are aerobic chemoorganotrophs with some being motile. [5] These microbes tend to be red or orange in color due to the abundance of bacterioruberin carotenoids found within them, but some are observed to be colorless. [5] All species belonging to the genus Halorubrum are extremely halophilic and thrive best in environments with a concentration of NaCl between 1.0 and 5.2 M, but these microbes can grow at a variety of pH levels, with the genus containing both neutrophilic and alkaliphilic species. [5] Through 16s rRNA sequencing, Halorubrum kocurii has been documented to have many close relatives, including Halorubrum aidingense, Halorubrum saccharovorum, Halorubrum lacusprofundi, and Halorubrum lipolyticum. [2]

Relatives

The closest relative of Halorubrum kocurii is Halorubrum aidingense with 98.8% genetic similarity. [2] This organism was discovered in a saline lake called Aiding Lake in Xinjiang, China. [6] This organism is rod-shaped, Gram-negative, and motile. [6] It grows optimally at temperatures between 40 °C (104 °F) and 42 °C (108 °F), a pH level of 7.5, and a salt concentration of 15.2%. [6] Halorubrum saccharovorum is an organism that is closely related to Halorubrum kocurii with a genetic similarity of 98.6%. [2] This organism produces nitrite from nitrate without the production of gas. [7] It is motile and grows optimally at a temperature of 50 °C (122 °F). [7] The next closest relative of Halorubrum kocurri is Halorubrum lacusprofundi with a genetic similarity of 98.6%. [2] This archaeon was isolated from Deep Lake in Antarctica and is extremely halophilic. [8] The organism is unlike some in its genus due to its categorization as a haloalkaliphile and not a neutrophile. [8] Furthermore, this archaeon is considered special due to its ability to grow at low temperatures. [8] The next closest relative of Halorubrum kocurii is an archaeon called Halorubrum lipolyticum. This halophilic archaeon was first isolated from Aiby Salt Lake in Xinjiang, China. [9] This organism is rod-shaped, motile, and Gram-negative, and has been known to have the ability to hydrolyze lipids. [9] This archaeon grows optimally at NaCl concentrations of 1.7 to 4.8 M and temperatures between 45 °C (113 °F) and 48 °C (118 °F). [9]

Physiology

Halorubrum kocurii is a flat, rod-shaped halophile with an average length between 2–5 μm (7.9×10−5–0.000197 in) and a width between .9–1.1 μm (3.5×10−5–4.3×10−5 in). [2] Halorubrum requires a high pH at around 6.0–9.0 and a hypersaline environment at 2.5–3.4 M NaCl for sustained growth. [2] To adapt to a high salt concentration, Halorubrum kocurii contains high amounts of polar lipids in its membrane structure. [10] This also provides heat protection for Halorubrum kocurii, which are found to grow in a range from 22–55 °C (72–131 °F). [2] Halorubrum kocurii also requires an aerobic environment and is capable of aerobic respiration by oxidizing organic compounds for energy. [2] Halorubrum kocurii is highly non-motile and contains no flagella or motor structures. [2] Halorubrum kocurii can produce pigment in response to using oxidase for aerobic metabolism. [2] Halorubrum kocurii also uses enzymes to protect itself from its hypersaline environment. [2] Halorubrum kocurii uses catalase to break down hydrogen peroxide and urease to break down ammonia. [11]

Genomics

The entire genome of Halorubrum kocurii has not been sequenced. From 16s rRNA gene sequencing, Halorubrum kocurii was found to be evolutionary close to other Halorubrum species. [9] From DNA–DNA hybridization studies, Halorubrum kocurii also contained high DNA–DNA similarity to these species: Halorubrum aidingense, Halorubrum lacusprofundi, and Halorubrum lipolyticum. [9] The genomic DNA of Halorubrum kocurii contains 69.4% guanine and cytosine content. [12] Halorubrum kocurii's high GC (guanine and cystone)-content protects them against hypersaline solutions. [12]  

Metabolism

Halorubrum kocurii is a chemoorganotroph and uses organic compounds for energy and carbon sources. [2] These compounds include simple sugars and amino acids. [2] Halorubrum kocurii also conducts aerobic respiration by using oxygen in its electron transport chain to produce ATP. [2] Halorubrum kocurii is capable of using urease to break down urea into ammonia and carbon dioxide for nitrogen sources. [2] Halorubrum kocurii can also break down hydrogen peroxide and other highly reactive oxygen species using catalase. [2]

Biotechnological application

Halorubrum kocurii has the potential to be adopted into many industrial applications, including the food and pharmaceutical industries. [2] Halorubrum kocurii's ability to produce oxidase, catalase, and urease can be used to stabilize and extend the shelf life of many products. [2] Halorubrum kocurii's enzymes is capable of degrading pollutants. [2] Halorubrum kocurii also has a high tolerance to temperatures, pH, and salt concentrations. [2] Halorubrum kocurii has the potential to work as fertilizers and stimulants for growth in saline agriculture environments. [2]

Related Research Articles

A halophile is an extremophile that thrives in high salt concentrations. In chemical terms, halophile refers to a Lewis acidic species that has some ability to extract halides from other chemical species.

<i>Halobacterium</i> Genus of archaea

Halobacterium is a genus in the family Halobacteriaceae.

Marinobacter hydrocarbonoclasticus is a species of bacteria found in sea water which are able to degrade hydrocarbons. The cells are rod-shaped and motile by means of a single polar flagellum.

Chromohalobacter beijerinckii is a motile, rod-like, salt-loving, Gram-negative soil bacterium, 0.4–0.6 μm by 1.8–2.5 μm.

<i>Haloarcula</i> Genus of archaea

Haloarcula is a genus of extreme halophilic Archaea in the class of Halobactaria.

Halorubrum is a genus in the family Halorubraceae. Halorubrum species are usually halophilic and can be found in waters with high salt concentration such as the Dead Sea or Lake Zabuye.

In taxonomy, Halovivax is a genus of the Natrialbaceae. Some species of Halovivax are halophiles and have been found in Iran's Aran-Bidgol hypersaline lake.

In taxonomy, Natrialba is a genus of the Natrialbaceae. The genus consists of many diverse species that can survive extreme environmental niches, especially they are capable to live in the waters saturated or nearly saturated with salt (halophiles). They have certain adaptations to live within their salty environments. For example, their cellular machinery is adapted to high salt concentrations by having charged amino acids on their surfaces, allowing the cell to keep its water molecules around these components. The osmotic pressure and these amino acids help to control the amount of salt within the cell.

In taxonomy, Natronococcus is a genus of the Natrialbaceae.

Natronomonas is a genus of the Halobacteriaceae.

<i>Haloquadratum walsbyi</i> Species of halotolerant archaea

Haloquadratum walsbyi is a species of Archaea in the genus Haloquadratum, known for its square shape and halophilic nature.

<i>Methanohalophilus mahii</i> Species of archaeon

Methanohalophilus mahii is an obligately anaerobic, methylotrophic, methanogenic cocci-shaped archaeon of the genus Methanohalophilus that can be found in high salinity aquatic environments. The name Methanohalophilus is said to be derived from methanum meaning "methane" in Latin; halo meaning "salt" in Greek; and mahii meaning "of Mah" in Latin, after R.A. Mah, who did substantial amounts of research on aerobic and methanogenic microbes. The proper word in ancient Greek for "salt" is however hals (ἅλς). The specific strain type was designated SLP and is currently the only identified strain of this species.

Natrinema versiforme is an extremely halophilic archaeon. It is neutrophilic, non-motile and pleomorphic, with type strain XF10T.

Halobacterium noricense is a halophilic, rod-shaped microorganism that thrives in environments with salt levels near saturation. Despite the implication of the name, Halobacterium is actually a genus of archaea, not bacteria. H. noricense can be isolated from environments with high salinity such as the Dead Sea and the Great Salt Lake in Utah. Members of the Halobacterium genus are excellent model organisms for DNA replication and transcription due to the stability of their proteins and polymerases when exposed to high temperatures. To be classified in the genus Halobacterium, a microorganism must exhibit a membrane composition consisting of ether-linked phosphoglycerides and glycolipids.

Haloferax larsenii is a gram-negative, aerobic, neutrophilic, extremely halophilic archaeon. It was named in honor of Professor Helge Larsen, who pioneered research on halophiles.

Arhodomonas aquaeolei is a species of the bacterial genus Arhodomonas noted for its ability to grow in an environment of high salinity. It is an aerobic, oval rod-shaped, gram-negative bacterium. It is motile by means a single polar flagellum.

Halostagnicola larsenii is a non-motile, aerobic, gram-negative, rod shaped archaeon. It is a halophilic, neutrophilic, chemo-organotroph and was isolated from samples taken from a saline lake in China. The etymology of the name comes from hals, halos Greek for salt, stagnum Latin for a piece of standing water, -cola Latin for inhabitant or dweller, and Larsenii named after the Norwegian microbiologist, Helge Larsen, who was a pioneer in research regarding halophiles.

<i>Halorubrum lacusprofundi</i> Species of archaeon

Halorubrum lacusprofundi is a rod-shaped, halophilic Archaeon in the family of Halorubraceae. It was first isolated from Deep Lake in Antarctica in the 1980s.

Salisediminibacterium halotolerans is a gram-positive, alkalitolerant, and halophilic bacterium from the family Bacillaceae and genus of Salisediminibacterium, which was one of three bacterial strains, and the only novel species, isolated from sediments from the Xiarinaoer soda lake in Mongolia in 2012.

Deep Lake is a small hypersaline lake in the Vestfold Hills region of Antarctica.

References

  1. 1 2 "IRMNG - Halorubrum McGenity & Grant, 1996 emend. Oren, Arahal & Ventosa, 2009". Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera. 7 May 2024. Archived from the original on 7 February 2023.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 Gutierrez, M. C.; Castillo, A. M.; Pagaling, E.; Heaphy, S.; Kamekura, M.; Xue, Y.; Ma, Y.; Cowan, D. A.; Jones, B. E.; Grant, W. D.; Ventosa, A. (1 September 2008). "Halorubrum kocurii sp. nov., an archaeon isolated from a saline lake". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 58 (9): 2031–2035. doi: 10.1099/ijs.0.65840-0 .
  3. ↑ Trigui, Hana; Masmoudi, Salma; Brochier-Armanet, Céline; Maalej, Sami; Dukan, Sam (2011). "Characterization of Halorubrum sfaxense sp. nov., a New Halophilic Archaeon Isolated from the Solar Saltern of Sfax in Tunisia". International Journal of Microbiology. 2011: 1–8. doi: 10.1155/2011/240191 . PMC   3132631 . PMID   21754938.
  4. ↑ Oren, A.; Ventosa, A.; Grant, W. D. (1 January 1997). "Proposed Minimal Standards for Description of New Taxa in the Order Halobacteriales". International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology. 47 (1): 233–238. doi: 10.1099/00207713-47-1-233 .
  5. 1 2 3 4 Oren, Aharon (14 September 2015). Whitman, William B. (ed.). Bergey's Manual of Systematics of Archaea and Bacteria. doi:10.1002/9781118960608. ISBN   978-1-118-96060-8.
  6. 1 2 3 Podstawka, Adam. "Halorubrum aidingense 31-hong | Type strain | DSM 23496, CGMCC 1.2670, JCM 13560, KCTC 4073 | BacDiveID:5952". bacdive.dsmz.de. Archived from the original on 17 December 2021.
  7. 1 2 Tomlinson, GA; Hochstein, LI (April 1976). "Halobacterium saccharovorum sp. nov., a carbohydrate-metabolizing, extremely halophilic bacterium" . Canadian Journal of Microbiology. 22 (4): 587–91. doi:10.1139/m76-087. PMID   1260548.
  8. 1 2 3 Anderson, Iain J.; DasSarma, Priya; Lucas, Susan; Copeland, Alex; Lapidus, Alla; Del Rio, Tijana Glavina; Tice, Hope; Dalin, Eileen; Bruce, David C.; Goodwin, Lynne; Pitluck, Sam; Sims, David; Brettin, Thomas S.; Detter, John C.; Han, Cliff S.; Larimer, Frank; Hauser, Loren; Land, Miriam; Ivanova, Natalia; Richardson, Paul; Cavicchioli, Ricardo; DasSarma, Shiladitya; Woese, Carl R.; Kyrpides, Nikos C. (10 September 2016). "Complete genome sequence of the Antarctic Halorubrum lacusprofundi type strain ACAM 34". Standards in Genomic Sciences. 11 (1). doi: 10.1186/s40793-016-0194-2 . PMC   5018182 . PMID   27617060.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 Cui, Heng-Lin; Tohty, Dilbr; Zhou, Pei-Jin; Liu, Shuang-Jiang (1 July 2006). "Halorubrum lipolyticum sp. nov. and Halorubrum aidingense sp. nov., isolated from two salt lakes in Xin-Jiang, China". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 56 (7): 1631–1634. doi: 10.1099/ijs.0.64305-0 . PMID   16825640.
  10. ↑ Zhang, Wen-Jiao; Cui, Heng-Lin (June 2014). "Halorubrum salinum sp. nov., isolated from a marine solar saltern" . Archives of Microbiology. 196 (6): 395–400. doi:10.1007/s00203-014-0975-1. PMID   24643450.
  11. ↑ Gonzalez, Carmen; Gutierrez, Carmen; Ramirez, C. (1 June 1978). "Halobacterium vallismortis sp. nov. An amylolytic and carbohydrate-metabolizing, extremely halophilic bacterium" . Canadian Journal of Microbiology. 24 (6): 710–715. doi:10.1139/m78-119. PMID   667737.
  12. 1 2 Marmur, J.; Doty, P. (2 November 1961). "Determination of the base composition of deoxyribonucleic acid from its thermal denaturation temperature". Journal of Molecular Biology. 5 (1). Massachusetts, United States: Harvard University (published 6 May 2009): 109–118. doi:10.1016/s0022-2836(62)80066-7. PMID   14470099.
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