This article needs additional citations for verification .(June 2022) |
Хьатыкъуайхэр, Хьатыкъоехэр | |
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Total population | |
5,650 (estimate)[ citation needed ] | |
Regions with significant populations | |
Turkey | ~5,000[ citation needed ] |
Syria | ~200[ citation needed ] |
Germany | ~200 (estimate)[ citation needed ] |
United States | ~100 (estimate)[ citation needed ] |
Jordan | ~100[ citation needed ] |
Israel | ~50[ citation needed ] |
Languages | |
Adyghe, Turkish, Russian, English, Arabic, Hebrew, German | |
Religion | |
Islam | |
Related ethnic groups | |
Other Adyghe tribes |
Part of a series on the |
Circassians Адыгэхэр |
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List of notable Circassians Circassian genocide |
Circassian diaspora |
Circassian tribes |
Surviving Destroyed or barely existing |
Religion |
Religion in Circassia |
Languages and dialects |
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History |
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Culture |
The Hatuqway [1] [a] are one of the twelve major Circassian tribes, representing one of the twelve stars on the green-and-gold Circassian flag. [2] [3] They were known for their art of war as a warrior tribe. After the Russo-Circassian War, their presence in the Caucasus was destroyed during the Circassian genocide, and their number was significantly decreased and today they exist only in small communities in various diasporas, and their names are not mentioned anymore in Circassian dialectology. [4]
This section needs additional citations for verification .(June 2022) |
The Hatuqway were a western Circassian tribal princedom whose homeland lay along the banks of the Kuban River. The Hatuqway people lived mostly in the mountains between the lower valleys of the Pshish River and the Belaya River. [5] Due to their small size and closeness to Temirgoy tribe, they were considered as one of the subgroups of Temirgoy. Their neighbours were Bzhedug (West), Abadzekhs (South) and, naturally, Temirgoys (East).
In the time before the Russian invasion, the Hatuqway were known as a powerful and warlike tribe that fought many wars mostly against the Crimean Tatars.
Turkish explorer Evliya Çelebi compiled the oldest detailed description of the Hatuqway tribe, he wrote:
Hatuqway province... The name of their prince is Jangiray, or Janbe Giray. This Hatuqway prince is rich, he owns many animals and eight thousand armed soldiers. Since this province was a large, fertile and beautiful homeland, its people slaughtered the son of the king of Moscow and bravely fought against the infidel Kalmyks. They are very loyal, savvy, armed and valiant soldiers. Even among the Circassian tribes, the villages are hostile to each other. So there is no shortage of constant internecine wars and strife. Nevertheless, they, communicate and trade with each other. And beyond the mountains live Abkhazians. In general, all the Abkhaz tribes are hostile towards these nomadic Circassian tribes. So, in the end, they do not have a single day free from battles and clashes – every day enemies come from different directions.
In the whole world, there are no such beauties worthy of praise and love like this people. Also there are purebred Arabian horses here. They are famous in the mountains: martens, similar to sables, wild cats, wild chickens, partridges.
They have no temples, no shopping malls and bazaars, no inns and baths. All wanderers and travelers stay with them for the night. And if you are staying as a guest in someone else's home, you will not be harmed. No matter how enemy you are for the owners, all the same, the owner of the camp, together with the neighbors living nearby, will do everything only for your well-being. You will not be blamed for a single mistake. If you ask your owner of the camp or the owner of the house for a chicken, he will show diligence, take a loan; if only he realizes that you need something, he will certainly do everything for you. If you are going to leave feeling embarrassed in something, he will give you, as if the whole world is in his hands.
I wrote and spoke very well in all one hundred and forty-seven languages, but I could not write this Circassian language, which is like a magpie shout.
After Imperial Russia's conquest of the Caucasus in the 1860s the tribe's homeland was occupied, and its members were scattered among the other Circassian tribes, resulting in the Hatuqway effectively ceasing to exist as a separate entity.
Today, the Hatuqway have several villages in various diasporas. The Hatuqway dialect is one of the Circassian languages in big danger of extinction.
The widely accepted theory is that the names derives from Prince Inal the Great's son Temruk's son Hatko, who was prince of the Taman Peninsula. His principality is called Hatuqway (Place of Hatko) and the people of the principality are described as "From Hatuqway". Thus the name of the principality became the name of the tribe.
Another outdated theory about the origin of the name 'Hatuqway' is that it is from Хьаты ("Hatti") + Къуэ ("son"); meaning "Hattic son". 'Hatti' is an ancient name, originally referring to a non-Indo-European people of ancient Anatolia. Some researchers have claimed there may be links between Circassians and Indo-European-speaking communities, [6] and some have argued that there are connections between Circassians and Hatti, who are from ancient Anatolian peoples, [7] [8] [9] but these theories have not been addressed further and are not widely accepted. This Circassian tribe may preserve this name. This name also occurs elsewhere in the Caucasus in a Nart saga wherein the hero Batraz is said to speak in Hattic.
Traditional Hatuqway culture is part of greater Circassian culture. The Hatuqway were engaged in agriculture, cattle and horse breeding. Before Islam, the Hatuqways worshipped Jesus as well as the gods of Circassians such as Shibla (god of lightning and thunder), Sozeresh (god of fertility), Yamish, Ahin, and Hakustash.[ citation needed ]
It has been suggested that this section be split out into another articletitled Hatuqwai dialect . (Discuss) (August 2024) |
The Hatuqway speak the Hatuqway dialect of Adyghe, which is in the Circassian language branch of the Northwest Caucasian languages. Nowadays, the number of speakers of this language has decreased considerably and it could not find a place in the literary language as there is no Hatuqway left in the Caucasus.[ citation needed ]
Below are some of the Hatuqway villages in Turkey.
Province | Adyghe name | Turkish name | Source |
---|---|---|---|
Kayseri | Къэйнэр, Qəynər | Kaynar | [10] |
Kayseri | Чэчэнэй, Çəçənəy | Beserek | [11] |
Kayseri | Лакхьэблэ, Lakhəblə | Tersakan | [12] |
Kayseri | Лыбыйхьэблэ, Lıbıyhəblə | Kavak/Kavakkköy | [13] |
Kayseri | Мэлак, Məlak | Malak/Malakköy | [14] |
Kayseri | Пэдысэй, Pədısəy | Akören | [15] |
Kayseri | Хаджыисхьакъ, Xacıyishaq | Demirciören | [16] |
Bolu | Пэциехьэблэ, Pətsiyehəblə | Elmalık | [17] [18] |
Bilecik | Хьатыкъуае, Hatıquaye | Poyra | [19] |
Bilecik | Адыгэчэпни, Adıgəçəpni | Çerkesçepni/Yeniçepni | [20] |
Below are some of the Hatuqway clans in Turkey.
Adyghe name | Turkish name | Russian name |
---|---|---|
Бзадж | Bzac | Бзаджов |
Джэндар | Candar | Джандаров |
Иуаныкъу | Yivanuk | Иваников |
Къокӏасэ | Koçase | Кочесеко |
ЛӀымафэкъо | Lımafko | Тлимафов |
МэфэшIукъо | Mafeşuko | Мафошов |
Пэдыс | Pedıs | Падисов |
Такъырыкъо | Takırıko | Такириков |
Шэджэрыкъо | Şacerıko | Шегероков |
Жьанэ | Jane | Жанев |
Мастыр | Mastır | Мастиров |
Шъобае | Şobaye | Собаев |
Хьатыкъо | Hatıko | Хатиков |
Хьапае | Hapaye | Хапаев |
Утыж | Vutıj | Утижов |
Еутых | Yevtıh | Еутыхов |
Брыдж | Brıc | Бриджов |
Чыназыр | Çınazır | Чиназиров |
Нэжъ | Nej | Нажев |
ЛIышъхьакъо | Lışhako | Тлишхаков |
ЦIэгъош | Tseğoş | Цегошов |
Дэбракъыкъо | Debrakıko | Дебракиков |
Бэрзэдж | Berzec | Берзеков |
Иуныхь | Yivnıh | Юнихов |
Къалэбатэ | Kalebate | Калибатов |
Хьэбатыр | Hebatır | Хабатыров |
The Northwest Caucasian languages, also called West Caucasian, Abkhazo-Adyghean, Abkhazo-Circassian, Circassic, or sometimes Pontic languages, is a family of languages spoken in the northwestern Caucasus region, chiefly in three Russian republics, the disputed territory of Abkhazia, Georgia, and Turkey, with smaller communities scattered throughout the Middle East.
Circassia, also known as Zichia, was a country and a historical region in Eastern Europe. It spanned the western coastal portions of the North Caucasus, along the northeastern shore of the Black Sea. Circassia was conquered by the Russian Empire during the Russo-Circassian War (1763–1864), after which approximately 99.5–99.8% of the Circassian people were either exiled or massacred in the Circassian genocide.
The Circassians or Circassian people, also called Cherkess or Adyghe are a Northwest Caucasian ethnic group and nation who originated in Circassia, a region and former country in the North Caucasus.
Adyghe is a Northwest Caucasian language spoken by the western subgroups of Circassians. It is spoken mainly in Russia, as well as in Turkey, Jordan, Syria and Israel, where Circassians settled after the Circassian genocide by the Russian Empire. It is closely related to the Kabardian language, though some reject the distinction between the two languages in favor of both being dialects of a unitary Circassian language.
Circassian, also known as Cherkess, is a subdivision of the Northwest Caucasian language family, spoken by the Circassian people. There are two Circassian languages, defined by their literary standards, Adyghe, with half a million speakers, and Kabardian, with a million. The languages are highly mutually intelligible with one another, but differ to a degree where they would be considered clear-cut dialects. The earliest extant written records of the Circassian languages are in the Arabic script, recorded by the Turkish traveller Evliya Çelebi in the 17th century, although the Greek and Georgian alphabets were adapted for them in ancient and medieval times.
The Ubykh are an ethnic group of the Circassian nation, represented by one of the twelve stars on the green-and-gold Circassian flag. Along with the Circassian tribes of Natukhai and Shapsug, the Ubykh formed the Circassian Assembly in 1860. Historically, they spoke a distinct Ubykh language, which never existed in written form and went extinct in 1992 when Tevfik Esenç, the last speaker, died.
The Kabardians or Kabardinians are one of the twelve major Circassian tribes, representing one of the twelve stars on the green-and-gold Circassian flag. They are also commonly known by the plural terms Kabardin, Kebertei, or Kabarday. Along with the Besleney tribe, they speak a distinctive dialect of Circassian. Historically the Kabardians lived in Kabardia, a region of the north Caucasus. In modern times the Kabardians live mostly in the Russian republic of Kabardino-Balkaria, which partly corresponds to the historic region.
Hakuchi is a variety of the Shapsug sub-dialect of West Adyghe dialect of the Adyghe language spoken in Turkey. It is considered to be the most archaic variety of Adyghe.
The Shapsug are one of the twelve major Circassian tribes. Historically, the Shapsug tribe comprised one of the largest groups of the Black Sea Adyghe. They inhabited the region between the Dzhubga River and the Shakhe Rivers and high-altitude mountainous areas of the northern slopes of the Caucasus range along the Antkhir, Abin, Afips, Bakan, Ships, and other rivers . In Russia, the remaining Shapsug population mainly live in the Tuapsinsky District (Tuapse) of Krasnodar Krai, Lazarevsky City District of Sochi, and in the Republic of Adygea, which were a small part of historical Circassia.
The Abzakh are one of the twelve major Circassian tribes, representing one of the twelve stars on the green-and-gold Circassian flag. Historically, they lived in the mountainous part of the modern Russian republics of Adygea and Krasnodar Krai. Major settlements or villages were located in the river valleys Kurdzhips, Psheha, Pshish, and Psekups.
The Circassian flag is the national flag of the Circassians. It consists of a green field charged with twelve gold stars, nine forming an arc resembling a bow and three horizontal, also charged with three crossed arrows in the center. Seferbiy Zaneqo, a Circassian diplomat, is the designer of the flag. Every year, April 25 is celebrated as the Circassian flag day by Circassians. Another version of the flag is currently officially used by the Republic of Adygea of the Russian Federation as its national flag.
The Bzhedugh are one of the twelve major Circassian tribes.
The Natukhaj are one of the twelve major Circassian tribes, representing one of the twelve stars on the green-and-gold Circassian flag. Their areas historically extended along the Black Sea coast from Anapa in the north to Tsemes Bay in the south and from the north side of the mountains to the lower Kuban River.
The Chemirgoy or Temirgoy are one of the twelve major Circassian tribes, representing one of the twelve stars on the green-and-gold Circassian flag. They lived between the lower flows of the Belaya and Laba Rivers and their lands extended north to the Kuban. After the end of the Caucasian War, most Temirgoys resettled in other Circassian villages, as well as in Turkey and in other parts of the Middle East. In Turkey, the majority of the population of the village Hadzhimukohabl are Temirgoy.
The Besleney are one of the twelve major Circassian tribes, representing one of the twelve stars on the green-and-gold Circassian flag. By character, culture and language, the Besleney are closest to Kabardians. The noble families of the Besleney were Kanoko and Shaloho, ancestors of Kabardian Prince Beslan,, who established his own tribe of the same name.
The Mamkhegh or Mamheg were one of the twelve major Circassian tribes, representing one of the twelve stars on the green-and-gold Circassian flag.
The Zhaney, or Jane, were one of the twelve major Circassian tribes, representing one of the twelve stars on the green-and-gold Circassian flag. Modern descendants live in Adygea.
The Shapsug dialect is a dialect of Adyghe. The Shapsug dialect is spoken by the Shapsugs, which are one of the largest Circassian population in the diaspora outside Republic of Adygea, alongside Abzakhs. The Shapsug dialect is very similar to the Natukhai dialect and together, they make the Black Sea coast dialects of Adyghe. The Shapsug dialect consists of three main sub dialects: Great Shapsug, Small Shapsug and Hakuchi. The Shapsug dialect is best known as the dialect with palatalized velar stops.
The Yegeruqway were one of the twelve major Circassian tribes, representing one of the twelve stars on the green-and-gold Circassian flag. There is also a small town with a form of the same name Egerukhay in the Koshekhablsky District, Adygea, Russia. The Yegeruqway currently reside in said town, other places of habitation include Khatazhukay and Dzherokay.
Shuwpagwe Qalawebateqo was a Circassian politician and military commander who served as the 1st leader of the Circassian Confederation from 1807 to 1827. He took part in the Russo-Circassian War. Not much is recorded about Qalawebateqo.
... or Pontic branch, consisting of Abkhaz, Ubykh, and Circassian proper (or Adyghe). The Circassians themselves are divided into some fifteen different clans, including the Abadsakh, Besliney, Bjedoogh, Hatukay, Kabardey, Kamurggoi, Shapsoogh, and Ubykh.
The 12 Circassian tribes: Abadzeh Besleney Bzhedug Yegeruqay Zhaney Kabarday Mamheg Natuhay Temirgoy Ubyh Shapsug Hatukay. The twelve stars on the Adyghe Flag also refers to the twelve tribes.