Hepatopancreatic parvovirus

Last updated

Hepatopancreatic parvoviruses (HPV) are viruses with single-stranded DNA genomes that are in the family Parvoviridae, and which infect shrimp, prawn and other crustaceans. [1] HPV infects the epithelial cells of the host's hepatopancreas and midgut, [2] leading to stunted growth at the early life stage. For shrimp farms, especially in Asian countries such as China, India and Indonesia, HPV can lead to economic losses in aquaculture due to the reduced production. [3]

Contents

Virology

Hepatopancreatic parvoviruses (HPV) are icosahedral particles with an average 22 nm diameter, [4] whose genomes consist of negative single-stranded DNA molecules. [4] Four complete genome sequences of HPV are available to date: [1] Thailand (Penaeus monodon densovirus (PmoDNV)), [5] Australia (Penaeus merguiensis densovirus (PmeDNV)), [6] India (Penaeus monodon densovirus (PmoDNV) [7] and South Korea (F. chinensis hepatopancreatic densovirus (FcDNV)). [8]

Different strains of HPV show genetic variance, isolated by shrimp species and/or geographical regions. [1] For example, there is a 10% sequence variation between South Korean and Chinese stains, which can be explained by the hosts' adaption to different spatial conditions in the two countries. [1]

Pathology

HPV is known to infect ten species of shrimp and freshwater prawns including Penaeus vannamei , Penaeus semisulcatus , Penaeus chinensis , Penaeus setosus , Penaeus monodon , Penaeus indicus , Penaeus cyaneus , and Penaeus japonicus . [9] [10] The virus infects shrimp at an early stage of growth. [11] It causes stunted growth, stopping growth when the shrimp reaches about 6 centimeters in length. [12] HPV infects the epithelial cells of the shrimp's hepatopancreas and midgut. [9] This results in hepatopancreatic atrophy, low growth rates, loss of appetite, reduced pre-hatching, and an increase in ectoparasites on the body surface and gills. [9] HPV can cause mortality in epizootics in P. merguiensis and P. semisulcatus after 4-8 weeks, with a mortality rate of 50-100%. [13]

Epidemiology

Hepatopancreatic parvovirus (HPV) has been found to be widely distributed in wild, cultured and hatchery reared shrimps throughout the world including Australia, China, Korea, Taiwan, the Philippines, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Kenya, Israel, Kuwait, North and South America and India. [3]

The first case of HPV was reported in 1982 by a commercial farm in Singapore where reports of increased mortalities in early larval and post larval stages of the Banana Prawn, Penaeus merguiensis , and stunted growth in juveniles were found. [3] [14] Individual shrimp with the HPV infection displayed nonspecific signs during the juvenile stages, including poor growth rate, anorexia, reduced preening activity, increased surface fouling, and occasional opacity of tail musculature. [13] These signs were accompanied by mortalities, which reached up to 50-100% of an affected population of P. merguiensis within 4-8 weeks of disease onset. [1] [13]

Soon after, cultured populations of four shrimp species from four separate culture facilities in Asia were found to be adversely affected by a disease of presumed viral etiology. [13] In 1984, samples of P. esculentus from Moreton Bay and the Gulf of Carpentaria of Australia were reported to show similar signs of the virus. [1]

In 1987, the importation of live Asian shrimp for aquaculture subsequently spread the disease to wild shrimp in North and South America. [1] In 1995, a new strain of HPV (HPVchin) was reported to be found in P. chinensis in Korea which then was then introduced into Hawaii after the importation of infected shrimp. [1] [15] In 1992, HPV infection in the black tiger shrimp ( P. monodon ) was first reported from Thailand which then was reported in India by 2002. [1] Wild stocks of P. semisulcatus were reported with the infection in 2005 in India. [16] Additional strains of HPV have been documented in P. monodon from India, Madagascar, New Caledonia and Tanzania and in P. chinensis from South Korea and China. [1]

Transmission

A giant freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) in the water tank. Macrobrachium rosenbergii.jpg
A giant freshwater prawn ( Macrobrachium rosenbergii ) in the water tank.

The natural host range of HPV includes a number of cultured and captured shrimp species from all around the world, including Penaeus merguiensis , Penaeus semisulcatus , Penaeus chinensis (=orientalis), Penaeus esculentus , Penaeus monodon , Penaeus indicus , Penaeus penicillatus , Penaeus japonicus , Penaeus stylirostris and Penaeus vannamei . A HPV-like agent was found in Macrobrachium rosenbergii . To date, ten strains of HPV have been described. [1] HPV is observed to transmit vertically and horizontally. Feeding experiments show that P. monodon post-larvae can be infected by the HPV carried by Artemia, which implies the risk of rearing system contamination. [17] Parents-offspring transmissions are both reported by aquaculture farms in China and India, confirming the vertical transmission of HPV. [18] [19]

HPV first attaches to the microvilli of host cells and then enters them through pinocytosis. Parvovirus particles can infected by exposure to infected water or by cannibalism of tissues of infected hosts. [1] Cannibalism is ordinary among crustacean species and can intensify as the pressure increases in the communities, such as high density, low oxygen, and low food availability, which are commonly found in shrimp farms. [20]

Treatment and control

Currently, there are no targeted antiviral therapies or vaccines for HPV, underscoring the continued importance of preventive measures in mitigating outbreaks of the disease. [1]

Therefore, prioritizing research into the prevention and management of HPV infections is crucial. [1] [10] Additionally, advancing studies on viral proteins and their functions in replication should serve as the cornerstone for future investigations in this field. Maintaining optimal water quality parameters, such as temperature, pH, and dissolved oxygen levels, to reduce stress on shrimp and support their immune system function. [1] [20]

Evolution

Atomic model of the external structure Pexels-cdc-3992933.jpg
Atomic model of the external structure

HPV has been found to have greater genetic diversity than other shrimp viruses. The variation in HPV is a reflection of its wide geographic distribution, as it has been found in samples of penaeid shrimp collected from Africa, Australia, and Asia. [1]

The genetic variation among geographic isolates of HPV can be divided into 4 well-separated genotypes: Tanzania, Korea, Thailand, and Australia. [21] Isolates from Tanzania and Madagascar form one subclade, Thailand, Indonesia, and India form the second subclade, Australia and New Caledonia form the third, and Korea and China form the forth subclade. The viral etiology of HPV varies amongst shrimp. HPV has been linked to growth reduction of farmed P. monodon in Thailand; however, in Madagascar, HPV infection appears to have no negative effect on shrimp growth. [21] It is speculated that the different effects may be related to differences among viral genotypes, host populations and/or farming practices. [21]

Economic impact

A shrimp farm in Madura, Indonesia. Shrimp farm, Madura, Indonesia.jpg
A shrimp farm in Madura, Indonesia.

HPV poses environmental and economical challenges in the aquaculture industry. Aquaculture is one of the fastest growing food producing sectors in the world where the reported global production of food from aquaculture comprised 87.5 million tonnes of aquatic animals mostly for use as human food. [22] Shrimp farming has rapidly expanded in Asia and generated substantial income for farmers in many developing countries. [23] The increased occurrence of devastating viral diseases in shrimp culture systems threatens the sustainability of both the aquaculture industry and the commercial shrimp fishery.

HPV is associated with reduced growth rates of juvenile shrimp without showing any gross signs of disease and can lead to mass mortalities in shrimp populations. [21] Therefore, outbreaks can result in substantial losses for shrimp farmers due to decreased yields, increased mortality rates, and costly disease management measures such as quarantine protocols and treatment regimens. [9] [1] These impacts reverberate through the entire aquaculture supply chain, affecting livelihoods and food security in regions dependent on shrimp farming. [23] In India, the shrimp aquaculture industry started only during the mid-eighties, flourished well and proved lucrative initially until the sector was affected by diseases. Ecologically, infected shrimp may shed the virus into surrounding waters, potentially spreading the disease to wild crustacean populations. [18] [19]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Whiteleg shrimp</span> Species of crustacean

Whiteleg shrimp, also known as Pacific white shrimp or King prawn, is a species of prawn of the eastern Pacific Ocean commonly caught or farmed for food.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Indian prawn</span> Species of crustacean

The Indian prawn is one of the major commercial prawn species of the world. It is found in the Indo-West Pacific from eastern and south-eastern Africa, through India, Malaysia and Indonesia to southern China and northern Australia. Adult shrimp grow to a length of about 22 cm (9 in) and live on the seabed to depths of about 90 m (300 ft). The early developmental stages take place in the sea before the larvae move into estuaries. They return to the sea as sub-adults.

<i>Carnivore protoparvovirus 1</i> Species of parvovirus

Carnivore protoparvovirus 1 is a species of parvovirus that infects carnivorans. It causes a highly contagious disease in both dogs and cats separately. The disease is generally divided into two major genogroups: FPV containing the classical feline panleukopenia virus (FPLV), and CPV-2 containing the canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2) which appeared in the 1970s.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Marine shrimp farming</span> Aquaculture of shrimp or prawns

Marine shrimp farming is an aquaculture business for the cultivation of marine shrimp or prawns for human consumption. Although traditional shrimp farming has been carried out in Asia for centuries, large-scale commercial shrimp farming began in the 1970s, and production grew steeply, particularly to match the market demands of the United States, Japan and Western Europe. The total global production of farmed shrimp reached more than 1.6 million tonnes in 2003, representing a value of nearly 9 billion U.S. dollars. About 75% of farmed shrimp is produced in Asia, in particular in China and Thailand. The other 25% is produced mainly in Latin America, where Brazil, Ecuador, and Mexico are the largest producers. The largest exporting nation is India.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Yellowhead disease</span> Viral infection caused by Yellow Head Virus

Yellowhead disease (YHD) is a viral infection of shrimp and prawn, in particular of the giant tiger prawn, one of the two major species of farmed shrimp. The disease is caused by the Yellow head virus genotype 1 (YHV1), a positive-strand RNA virus related to coronaviruses and arteriviruses.

White spot syndrome (WSS) is a viral infection of penaeid shrimp. The disease is highly lethal and contagious, killing shrimp quickly. Outbreaks of this disease have wiped out the entire populations of many shrimp farms within a few days, in places throughout the world.

Taura syndrome (TS) is one of the more devastating diseases affecting the shrimp farming industry worldwide. It was first described in Ecuador during the summer of 1992. In March 1993, it returned as a major epidemic and was the object of extensive media coverage. Retrospective studies have suggested a case of Taura syndrome might have occurred on a shrimp farm in Colombia as early as 1990 and the virus was already present in Ecuador in mid-1991. Between 1992 and 1997, the disease spread to all major regions of the Americas where whiteleg shrimp is cultured. The economic impact of TS in the Americas during that period might have exceeded US$2 billion by some estimates.

Infectious hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis (IHHN) is a parvoviral disease of penaeid shrimp that causes mass mortality among the Western blue shrimp and severe deformations in the Pacific white shrimp. It occurs in Pacific farmed and wild shrimp, but not in wild shrimp on the Atlantic coast of the Americas. The shrimp-farming industry has developed several broodstocks of both P. stylirostris and P. vannamei that are resistant against IHHN infection.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Shrimp farming</span>

Shrimp farming is an aquaculture business that exists in either a marine or freshwater environment, producing shrimp or prawns for human consumption.

<i>Penaeus monodon</i> Species of crustacean

Penaeus monodon, commonly known as the giant tiger prawn, Asian tiger shrimp, black tiger shrimp, and other names, is a marine crustacean that is widely reared for food.

<i>Marnaviridae</i> Family of viruses

Marnaviridae is a family of positive-stranded RNA viruses in the order Picornavirales that infect various photosynthetic marine protists. Members of the family have non-enveloped, icosahedral capsids. Replication occurs in the cytoplasm and causes lysis of the host cell. The first species of this family that was isolated is Heterosigma akashiwo RNA virus (HaRNAV) in the genus Marnavirus, which infects the toxic bloom-forming Raphidophyte alga, Heterosigma akashiwo. As of 2021, there are twenty species across seven genera in this family, as well as many other related virus sequences discovered through metagenomic sequencing that are currently unclassified.

<i>Penaeus esculentus</i> Species of crustacean

Penaeus esculentus is a species of prawn which is widely fished for consumption around Australia.

Densovirinae is a subfamily of single-stranded DNA viruses in the family Parvoviridae. The subfamily has 11 recognized genera and 21 species. Densoviruses are known to infect members of insect orders Blattodea, Diptera, Hemiptera, Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera, and Orthoptera, while some viruses infect and multiply in crustaceans such as shrimp or crayfish, or sea stars from phylum Echinodermata.

<i>Marsupenaeus</i> Genus of crustaceans

Marsupenaeus is a monotypic genus of prawn. It contains a single species, Marsupenaeus japonicus, known as the kuruma shrimp, kuruma prawn, or Japanese tiger prawn. It occurs naturally in bays and seas of the Indo-West Pacific, but has also reached the Mediterranean Sea as a Lessepsian migrant. It is one of the largest species of prawns, and is accordingly one of the most economically important species in the family.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Eyestalk ablation</span> The removal of one or both eyestalks from a crustacean

Eyestalk ablation is the removal of one (unilateral) or both (bilateral) eyestalks from a crustacean. It is routinely practiced on female shrimps in almost every marine shrimp maturation or reproduction facility in the world, both research and commercial. The aim of ablation under these circumstances is to stimulate the female shrimp to develop mature ovaries and spawn.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chinese white shrimp</span> Species of crustacean

The Chinese white shrimp, oriental shrimp, or fleshy prawn is a species of shrimp. It is cultivated at an industrial level off mainland China. Production was devastated by a series of epidemics in the 1990s and early 2000s. Its wild capture has since recovered and expanded, but it is now farmed at lower levels than previously.

Black gill disease, also known as black spot disease or black death, is a disease affecting various species of marine animals, including shellfish and crustaceans, across the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. The disease is characterized by the visibly noticeable black melanated gills, speculated to be caused by a fungus called Fusarium solani or a similarly shaped ciliate. Human consumption of fish affected by black gill disease is harmless.

<i>Penaeus semisulcatus</i> Species of crustacean

Penaeus semisulcatus, the green tiger prawn or grooved tiger prawn, is a commercially important species of prawn in the genus Penaeus.

Viral gametocytic hypertrophy is a pathological condition observed in the Pacific oyster.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Safeena, Muhammed P.; Rai, Praveen; Karunasagar, Indrani (2012) [2009]. "Molecular Biology and Epidemiology of Hepatopancreatic parvovirus of Penaeid Shrimp". Indian Journal of Virology. 23 (2): 191–202. doi:10.1007/s13337-012-0080-5. ISSN   0970-2822. PMC   3550755 . PMID   23997443.
  2. Anderson, I. G.; Law, A. T.; Shariff, M.; Nash, G. (1990-05-01). "A parvo-like virus in the giant freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii". Journal of Invertebrate Pathology. 55 (3): 447–449. doi:10.1016/0022-2011(90)90093-L. ISSN   0022-2011.
  3. 1 2 3 Dhar, Arun K.; Cruz-Flores, Roberto; Bateman, Kelly S. (2022-02-08), "Viral diseases of crustaceans", Invertebrate Pathology, Oxford University Press, pp. 368–399, doi:10.1093/oso/9780198853756.003.0014, ISBN   978-0-19-885375-6 , retrieved 2024-03-18
  4. 1 2 Safe commodity assessments for OIE listed aquatic animal diseases (Report). O.I.E (World Organisation for Animal Health). 2016-04-11. doi:10.20506/trade.2016.2510.
  5. Sukhumsirichart, Wasana; Attasart, Pongsopee; Boonsaeng, Vichai; Panyim, Sakol (2006). "Complete nucleotide sequence and genomic organization of hepatopancreatic parvovirus (HPV) of Penaeus monodon". Virology . 346 (2): 266–277. doi:10.1016/j.virol.2005.06.052. PMID   16356523.
  6. La Fauce, Kathy A.; Elliman, Jennifer; Owens, Leigh (2007). "Molecular characterisation of hepatopancreatic parvovirus (PmergDNV) from Australian Penaeus merguiensis". Virology. 362 (2): 397–403. doi:10.1016/j.virol.2006.11.033. PMID   17275056.
  7. Safeena, Muhammed P.; Tyagi, Anuj; Rai, Praveen; Karunasagar, Iddya; Karunasagar, Indrani (2010). "Complete nucleic acid sequence of Penaeus monodon densovirus (PmDNV) from India". Virus Research. 150 (1–2): 1–11. doi:10.1016/j.virusres.2010.02.005. PMID   20156496.
  8. Jeeva, Subbiah; Kang, Se-Won; Lee, Yong-Seok; Jang, In Kwon; Seo, Hyung Chel; Choi, Tae-Jin (2012). "Complete nucleotide sequence analysis of a Korean strain of hepatopancreatic parvovirus (HPV) from Fenneropenaeus chinensis". Virus Genes. 44 (1): 89–97. doi:10.1007/s11262-011-0675-8. ISSN   0920-8569. PMID   21948006.
  9. 1 2 3 4 Anderson, I. G.; Law, A. T.; Shariff, M.; Nash, G. (1990-05-01). "A parvo-like virus in the giant freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii". Journal of Invertebrate Pathology. 55 (3): 447–449. doi:10.1016/0022-2011(90)90093-L. ISSN   0022-2011.
  10. 1 2 Government of Canada, Fisheries and Oceans Canada (2018-12-04). "Hepatopancreatic Parvovirus (HPV) Disease of Shrimp and Prawns". www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca. Retrieved 2024-04-02.
  11. Madan, N.; Sundar Raj, N.; Farook, M. A.; Vimal, S.; Venkatesan, C.; Abdul Majeed, S.; Nambi, K. S. N.; Sahul Hameed, A. S. (2013-12-01). "Partial cloning and production of polyclonal antiserum against recombinant capsid protein of Hepatopancreatic Parvovirus (HPV) and its application for diagnostics in penaeid shrimp". Process Biochemistry. 48 (12): 1893–1898. doi:10.1016/j.procbio.2013.09.014. ISSN   1359-5113.
  12. Flegel, T. W. (2006-08-31). "Detection of major penaeid shrimp viruses in Asia, a historical perspective with emphasis on Thailand". Aquaculture. 258 (1): 1–33. Bibcode:2006Aquac.258....1F. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2006.05.013. ISSN   0044-8486.
  13. 1 2 3 4 Lightner, D. V.; Redman, R. M. (1985-01-01). "A parvo-like virus disease of penaeid shrimp". Journal of Invertebrate Pathology. 45 (1): 47–53. doi:10.1016/0022-2011(85)90048-5. ISSN   0022-2011.
  14. Vega-Villasante, F.; Puente, M.E. (1993-11-01). "A review of viral diseases of cultured shrimp". Preventive Veterinary Medicine. 17 (3–4): 271–282. doi:10.1016/0167-5877(93)90035-r. ISSN   0167-5877.
  15. Bonami, J.-R.; Mari, J.; Poulos, B. T.; Lightner, D. V. (1995-04-01). "Characterization of hepatopancreatic parvo-like virus, a second unusual parvovirus pathogenic for penaeid shrimps". Journal of General Virology. 76 (4): 813–817. doi:10.1099/0022-1317-76-4-813. ISSN   0022-1317. PMID   9049326.
  16. Manjanaik, B; Umesha, Kr; Karunasagar, I; Karunasagar, I (2005). "Detection of hepatopancreatic parvovirus (HPV) in wild shrimp from India by nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR)". Diseases of Aquatic Organisms. 63: 255–259. doi:10.3354/dao063255. ISSN   0177-5103. PMID   15819441.
  17. Sivakumar, V.K.; Sarathi, M.; Venkatesan, C.; Sivaraj, A.; Hameed, A.S. Sahul (2009). "Experimental exposure of Artemia to Hepatopancreatic parvo-like Virus and Subsequent transmission to post-larvae of Penaeus monodon". Journal of Invertebrate Pathology. 102 (3): 191–195. doi:10.1016/j.jip.2009.08.001. PMID   19666028.
  18. 1 2 Durand, S; Lightner, DV; Nunan, LM; Redman, RM; Mari, J; Bonami, JR (1996). "Application of gene probes as diagnostic tools for White Spot Baculovirus (WSBV) of penaeid shrimp". Diseases of Aquatic Organisms. 27: 59–66. doi:10.3354/dao027059. ISSN   0177-5103.
  19. 1 2 Manivannan, S; Otta, Sk; Karunasagar, I; Karunasagar, I (2002). "Multiple viral infection in Penaeus monodon shrimp postlarvae in an Indian hatchery". Diseases of Aquatic Organisms. 48 (3): 233–236. doi:10.3354/dao048233. ISSN   0177-5103. PMID   12033710.
  20. 1 2 Moreira, Cláudia; Reis, João; Costa-Dias, Sérgia; Bio, Ana; Campos, Joana (2019). "Cannibalism behavior in the brown shrimp Crangon crangon". Frontiers in Marine Science. 6. doi: 10.3389/conf.fmars.2019.08.00107 . ISSN   2296-7745.
  21. 1 2 3 4 Tang, Kathy F. J.; Pantoja, Carlos R.; Lightner, Donald V. (2008-07-07). "Nucleotide sequence of a Madagascar hepatopancreatic parvovirus (HPV) and comparison of genetic variation among geographic isolates". Diseases of Aquatic Organisms. 80 (2): 105–112. doi:10.3354/dao01928. ISSN   0177-5103. PMID   18717063.
  22. Aquaculture production. 2022. doi:10.4060/cc0461en. hdl:10535/3776. ISBN   978-92-5-136364-5 . Retrieved 2024-04-08.{{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)
  23. 1 2 "World aquaculture 2010". www.fao.org. Retrieved 2024-04-02.