Whiteleg shrimp | |
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Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Arthropoda |
Class: | Malacostraca |
Order: | Decapoda |
Suborder: | Dendrobranchiata |
Family: | Penaeidae |
Genus: | Litopenaeus |
Species: | L. vannamei |
Binomial name | |
Litopenaeus vannamei | |
Synonyms | |
Penaeus vannameiBoone, 1931 |
Whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei, synonym Penaeus vannamei), also known as Pacific white shrimp or King prawn, is a species of prawn of the eastern Pacific Ocean commonly caught or farmed for food.
Litopenaeus vannamei grows to a maximum length of 230 mm (9.1 in), with a carapace length of 90 mm (3.5 in). [3] Adults live in the ocean, at depths to 72 m (236 ft), while juveniles live in estuaries. [3] The rostrum is moderately long, with 7–10 teeth on the dorsal side and two to four teeth on the ventral side. [3]
Whiteleg shrimp are native to the eastern Pacific Ocean, from the Mexican state of Sonora to as far south as northern Peru. [3] It is restricted to areas where the water temperatures remain above 20 °C (68 °F) throughout the year. [4]
During the 20th century, L. vannamei was an important species for Mexican inshore fishermen, as well as for trawlers further offshore. [3] In the late 20th century, the wild fishery was overtaken by the development of aquaculture production; this began in 1973 in Florida using prawns captured in Panama, that were used in hatcheries for larvae production. [4]
In Latin America, the culture of L. vannamei started to develop with the availability of hatchery larvae, the development of feeds, the technification of the growth processes, the freezing installations and market channels, among others.
From Mexico to Peru, most countries developed large production areas in the 70s and 80s. Ecuador became one of the world leaders producers of this type of shrimp.
Around the beginning of the millennium, Asia introduced this species in their aquaculture operations (changing from Penaeus monodon ). China, Vietnam, India and others have become major packers as well.
The packing of shrimp from aquaculture origin has surpassed the quantity of ocean caught wild shrimp in recent years. Both origins, ocean caught and aquaculture, are subject to weather changes and diseases.
By 2004, global production of L. vannamei approached 1,116,000 t, and exceeded that of Penaeus monodon . [4]
Litopenaeus vannamei have been cultivated indoors through a recirculating aquaculture systems at TransparentSea Farm, a startup in Downey, California. [5]
Normally, there are peaks of production during the warm El Niño years, and reduced production during the cooler La Niña years. The effect is on ocean caught as well as on aquaculture origin.
There are several known diseases. [4] Production of L. vannamei is limited by its susceptibility to white spot syndrome, Taura syndrome, infectious hypodermal and haematopoietic necrosis, baculoviral midgut gland necrosis, and Vibrio infections. [4]
In 2010, Greenpeace International added the whiteleg shrimp to its seafood red list. This lists fish that are commonly sold in supermarkets around the world, and which have a very high risk of being sourced from unsustainable fisheries. [6] The reasons given by Greenpeace were "destruction of vast areas of mangroves in several countries, overfishing of juvenile shrimp from the wild to supply shrimp farms, and significant human rights abuses". [6] In 2016, L. vannamei accounted for 53% of the total production of farmed crustaceans globally. [7]
Dendrobranchiata is a suborder of decapods, commonly known as prawns. There are 540 extant species in seven families, and a fossil record extending back to the Devonian. They differ from related animals, such as Caridea and Stenopodidea, by the branching form of the gills and by the fact that they do not brood their eggs, but release them directly into the water. They may reach a length of over 330 millimetres (13 in) and a mass of 450 grams (1.0 lb), and are widely fished and farmed for human consumption.
The Indian prawn is one of the major commercial prawn species of the world. It is found in the Indo-West Pacific from eastern and south-eastern Africa, through India, Malaysia and Indonesia to southern China and northern Australia. Adult shrimp grow to a length of about 22 cm (9 in) and live on the seabed to depths of about 90 m (300 ft). The early developmental stages take place in the sea before the larvae move into estuaries. They return to the sea as sub-adults.
Marine shrimp farming is an aquaculture business for the cultivation of marine shrimp or prawns for human consumption. Although traditional shrimp farming has been carried out in Asia for centuries, large-scale commercial shrimp farming began in the 1970s, and production grew steeply, particularly to match the market demands of the United States, Japan and Western Europe. The total global production of farmed shrimp reached more than 1.6 million tonnes in 2003, representing a value of nearly 9 billion U.S. dollars. About 75% of farmed shrimp is produced in Asia, in particular in China and Thailand. The other 25% is produced mainly in Latin America, where Brazil, Ecuador, and Mexico are the largest producers. The largest exporting nation is India.
White spot syndrome (WSS) is a viral infection of penaeid shrimp. The disease is highly lethal and contagious, killing shrimp quickly. Outbreaks of this disease have wiped out the entire populations of many shrimp farms within a few days, in places throughout the world.
Taura syndrome (TS) is one of the more devastating diseases affecting the shrimp farming industry worldwide. It was first described in Ecuador during the summer of 1992. In March 1993, it returned as a major epidemic and was the object of extensive media coverage. Retrospective studies have suggested a case of Taura syndrome might have occurred on a shrimp farm in Colombia as early as 1990 and the virus was already present in Ecuador in mid-1991. Between 1992 and 1997, the disease spread to all major regions of the Americas where whiteleg shrimp is cultured. The economic impact of TS in the Americas during that period might have exceeded US$2 billion by some estimates.
Shrimp farming is a form of aquaculture that takes place in marine or freshwater environments, producing shrimp or prawns for human consumption. However, the industry has raised concerns about environmental damage to mangrove ecosystems, reliance on slave labor, and animal welfare issues.
Penaeus is a genus of prawns, including the giant tiger prawn, the most important species of farmed crustacean worldwide.
Penaeus monodon, commonly known as the giant tiger prawn, Asian tiger shrimp, black tiger shrimp, and other names, is a marine crustacean that is widely reared for food.
Fishing in India is a major sector within the economy of India contributing 1.07% of its total GDP. The fishing sector in India supports the livelihood of over 28 million people in the country, especially within the marginalized and vulnerable communities. India is the third largest fish producing country in the world accounting for 7.96% of the global production and second largest producer of fish through aquaculture, after China. The total fish production during the FY 2020-21 is estimated at 14.73 million metric tonnes. According to the National Fisheries Development Board the Fisheries Industry generates an export earnings of Rs 334.41 billion. Centrally sponsored schemes will increase exports by Rs 1 lakh crore in FY25. 65,000 fishermen have been trained under these schemes from 2017 to 2020. Freshwater fishing consists of 55% of total fish production.
This page is a list of fishing topics.
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Litopenaeus is a genus of prawns, formerly included in the genus Penaeus. It contains five species:
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to fisheries:
A shrimp is a crustacean with an elongated body and a primarily swimming mode of locomotion – typically belonging to the Caridea or Dendrobranchiata of the order Decapoda, although some crustaceans outside of this order are also referred to as "shrimp".
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Biofloc technology (BFT) is a system of aquaculture that uses "microbial biotechnology to increase the efficacy and utilization of fish feeds, where toxic materials such as nitrogen components are treated and converted to a useful product, like a protein for using as supplementary feeds to the fish and crustaceans."
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