Crangon crangon

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Crangon crangon
Crangon crangon.jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Malacostraca
Order: Decapoda
Suborder: Pleocyemata
Infraorder: Caridea
Family: Crangonidae
Genus: Crangon
Species:
C. crangon
Binomial name
Crangon crangon
Synonyms   [1]
  • Astacus crangon(Linnaeus, 1758)
  • Cancer crangonLinnaeus, 1758
  • Crago vulgaris(Fabricius, 1798)
  • Crangon maculatusMarcusen, 1867
  • Crangon maculosa Rathke, 1837
  • Crangon rubropunctatus Risso, 1816
  • Crangon vulgarisFabricius, 1798
  • Steiracrangon orientalis Czerniavsky, 1884

Crangon crangon is a species of caridean shrimp found across the northeastern Atlantic Ocean. Its range extends from the White Sea in the north of Russia to the coast of Morocco, including the Baltic Sea, and appears also throughout the Mediterranean and Black Seas. [1] Commercially important, it is fished mainly in the southern North Sea. Common names include brown shrimp, [2] common shrimp, bay shrimp, and sand shrimp, while translation of its French name crevette grise (or its Dutch equivalent grijze garnaal) sometimes leads to the English version grey shrimp.

Contents

Description

The chelae of C. crangon from below Crangon crangon (chelae).jpg
The chelae of C. crangon from below

Adults are typically 30–50 mm (1.2–2.0 in) long, although individuals up to 90 mm (3.5 in) have been recorded. [3] The animals have cryptic colouration, being a sandy brown colour, which can be changed to match the environment. [3] They live in shallow water, which can also be slightly brackish, and feed nocturnally. [3] During the day, they remain buried in the sand to escape predatory birds and fish, with only their antennae protruding.

Crangon is classified in the family Crangonidae, and shares the family's characteristic subchelate first pereiopods (where the movable finger closes onto a short projection, rather than a similarly sized fixed finger) and short rostrum. [4]

Distribution and ecology

C. crangon has a wide range, extending across the northeastern Atlantic Ocean from the White Sea in the north of Russia to the coast of Morocco, including the Baltic Sea, as well as occurring throughout the Mediterranean and Black Seas. [5] Despite its wide range, however, little gene flow occurs across certain natural barriers, such as the Strait of Gibraltar or the Bosphorus. [6] The populations in the western Mediterranean Sea are thought to be the oldest, with the species' spread across the north Atlantic thought to postdate the Pleistocene. [6]

Adults live epibenthically (on or near the sea-floor) especially in the shallow waters of estuaries or near the coast. [7] It is generally highly abundant, and has a significant effect on the ecosystems where it lives. [7]

Lifecycle

Females reach sexual maturity at a length around 22–43 mm (0.87–1.69 in), while males are mature at 30–45 mm (1.2–1.8 in). [8] The young hatch from their eggs into planktonic larvae. These pass through five moults before reaching the postlarval stage, when they settle to the sea-floor. [8]

Fishery

Global capture of C. crangon in tonnes reported by the FAO, 1950-2010 Crangon crangon wild capture series.png
Global capture of C. crangon in tonnes reported by the FAO, 1950–2010

Historically, the commercial fishery was accomplished by horse-drawn beam trawls on both sides of the Dover straits. [10] In the sandy shallows of Morecambe Bay (Lancashire, UK) horses have been replaced by tractors. Some small fishing vessels also use beam trawls for brown shrimp. A few artisanal fishermen use hand-pushed nets. In all UK shrimp fisheries, the catch is first 'riddled' to release the young of shrimps and fish. The shrimps are then traditionally boiled on board before landing.

Over 37,000 t (82 million lb) of C. crangon were caught in 1999, with Germany and the Netherlands taking over 80% of this total. [1]

The UK lands an annual average of 1000 tonnes of brown shrimp, but the catch is highly variable between 500 and 1500 tonnes. [11] In the Lancashire fishery for brown shrimp it has been shown that landings in any year are related to the annual catch, average annual air temperature (inverse) and total rainfall in the previous year. That has enabled a good prediction of annual landings one year in advance. [12] Moreover, for the port of Lytham, the abundance of shrimp (annual catch per unit effort) was found to be closely correlated with the mean annual Zürich sunspot number for the period 1965-1975. [13] Given that sunspot numbers are predictable, this provides another tool for the prediction of annual shrimp catch. Sunspot cycle No. 23 (1997–2008) is a good example of the correlation between UK annual brown shrimp catch and mean annual sunspot number. [11]

Greenpeace Germany classifies the brown shrimp as an "unsustainable" choice that should be avoided. [14] Brown shrimp have been documented to contain microplastics. [15]

As food

A bowl of brown shrimp served as a snack Crevettes grises.jpg
A bowl of brown shrimp served as a snack

The consumption of brown shrimp is popular in Belgium, the Netherlands, northern Germany, and Denmark.

Shrimp in general are known as garnalen in Dutch. It is the basis of the dish tomate-crevettes , where the shrimp are mixed with mayonnaise and fresh parsley, and served in a hollowed-out uncooked tomato. The shrimp croquette is another Belgian speciality; the shrimp are in the interior of the battered croquette along with béchamel sauce. Freshly cooked, unpeeled brown shrimp are often served as a snack accompanying beer, typically a sour ale or Flemish red such as Rodenbach. [16]

In Lancashire, England, the peeled brown shrimps are mixed with butter and spices (including nutmeg or mace) to make potted shrimps, a dish traditionally eaten with bread. [17]

Related Research Articles

Aquaculture, also known as aquafarming, is the controlled cultivation ("farming") of aquatic organisms such as fish, crustaceans, mollusks, algae and other organisms of value such as aquatic plants. Aquaculture involves cultivating freshwater, brackish water, and saltwater populations under controlled or semi-natural conditions and can be contrasted with commercial fishing, which is the harvesting of wild fish. Aquaculture is also a practice used for restoring and rehabilitating marine and freshwater ecosystems. Mariculture, commonly known as marine farming, is aquaculture in seawater habitats and lagoons, as opposed to freshwater aquaculture. Pisciculture is a type of aquaculture that consists of fish farming to obtain fish products as food.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Krill</span> Order of crustaceans

Krill(Euphausiids) are small and exclusively marine crustaceans of the order Euphausiacea, found in all the world's oceans. The name "krill" comes from the Norwegian word krill, meaning "small fry of fish", which is also often attributed to species of fish.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Trawling</span> Method of catching fish

Trawling is an industrial method of fishing that involves pulling a fishing net through the water behind one or more boats. The net used for trawling is called a trawl. This principle requires netting bags which are towed through water to catch different species of fishes or sometimes targeted species. Trawls are often called towed gear or dragged gear.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bycatch</span> Fish or other marine species that is caught unintentionally

Bycatch, in the fishing industry, is a fish or other marine species that is caught unintentionally while fishing for specific species or sizes of wildlife. Bycatch is either the wrong species, the wrong sex, or is undersized or juveniles of the target species. The term "bycatch" is also sometimes used for untargeted catch in other forms of animal harvesting or collecting. Non-marine species that are caught but regarded as generally "undesirable" are referred to as rough fish or coarse fish.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Shrimp fishery</span> Fisheries for shrimp and prawns

The shrimp fishery is a major global industry, with more than 3.4 million tons caught per year, chiefly in Asia. Rates of bycatch are unusually high for shrimp fishing, with the capture of sea turtles being especially contentious.

The Sea Around Us is an international research initiative and a member of the Global Fisheries Cluster at the University of British Columbia. The Sea Around Us assesses the impact of fisheries on the marine ecosystems of the world and offers mitigating solutions to a range of stakeholders. To achieve this, the Sea Around Us presents fisheries and fisheries-related data at spatial scales that have ecological and policy relevance, such as by Exclusive Economic Zones, High Seas areas, Large Marine Ecosystems and Ecosystems.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Environmental impact of fishing</span>

The environmental impact of fishing includes issues such as the availability of fish, overfishing, fisheries, and fisheries management; as well as the impact of industrial fishing on other elements of the environment, such as bycatch. These issues are part of marine conservation, and are addressed in fisheries science programs. According to a 2019 FAO report, global production of fish, crustaceans, molluscs and other aquatic animals has continued to grow and reached 172.6 million tonnes in 2017, with an increase of 4.1 percent compared with 2016. There is a growing gap between the supply of fish and demand, due in part to world population growth.

Discards are the portion of a catch of fish which is not retained on board during commercial fishing operations and is returned, often dead or dying, to the sea. The practice of discarding is driven by economic and political factors; fish which are discarded are often unmarketable species, individuals which are below minimum landing sizes and catches of species which fishers are not allowed to land, for instance due to quota restrictions. Discards form part of the bycatch of a fishing operation, although bycatch includes marketable species caught unintentionally. Discarding can be highly variable in time and space as a consequence of changing economic, sociological, environmental and biological factors.

This page is a list of fishing topics.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fishing industry in the United States</span>

As with other countries, the 200 nautical miles (370 km) exclusive economic zone (EEZ) off the coast of the United States gives its fishing industry special fishing rights. It covers 11.4 million square kilometres, which is the second largest zone in the world, exceeding the land area of the United States.

<i>Palaemon serratus</i> Species of crustacean

Palaemon serratus, also called the common prawn, is a species of shrimp found in the Atlantic Ocean from Denmark to Mauritania, and in the Mediterranean Sea and Black Sea.

<i>Crangon</i> Genus of crustaceans

Crangon is a genus of shrimp.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Curled octopus</span> Species of cephalopod

The curled octopus, also known as the horned octopus, lesser octopus or northern octopus, is a species of cephalopod found in the northeast Atlantic, ranging from Norway to the Mediterranean, including the British Isles. The total length of an adult is around 50 cm, but their arms are often tightly curled. It immobilises and eats large crustaceans by drilling a hole through their shell. It is mainly by-catch in commercial fisheries of the north eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean, where the common octopus is the preferred species.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Shrimp</span> Decapod crustaceans

A shrimp is a crustacean with an elongated body and a primarily swimming mode of locomotion – typically belonging to the Caridea or Dendrobranchiata of the order Decapoda, although some crustaceans outside of this order are also referred to as "shrimp".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Prawn</span> Common name applied to some types of crustaceans

Prawn is a common name for small aquatic crustaceans with an exoskeleton and ten legs, some of which are edible.

<i>Crangon allmani</i> Species of crustacean

Crangon allmani, also spelled Crangon allmanni, is a species of shrimp in the genus Crangon. It is at home in the northeast Atlantic Ocean. Its specific name, allmani, honours the Irish natural historian George J. Allman. According to J. A. Allen, the spelling allmanni is a writing error and the correct spelling is allmani.

<i>Crangon franciscorum</i> Species of crustacean

Crangon franciscorum is a species of shrimp in the family Crangonidae which is endemic to the brackish estuaries of California, and found from Puget Sound in the north to San Diego, California in the south. The species is especially abundant in San Francisco Bay, despite population fluctuations due to environmental stresses. Its common names include bay shrimp, sand shrimp, common shrimp, grass shrimp, black shrimp, California shrimp and black tailed shrimp. The species has been commercially fished from 1869 to the present.

<i>Melicertus kerathurus</i> Species of crustacean

Melicertus kerathurus, the striped prawn or caramote prawn is a species of tiger prawn from the family Penaeidae which occurs in the eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea which is an important species in commercial fisheries. It is the type species for the genus Melicertus.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Blonde ray</span> Species of cartilaginous fish

The blonde ray or blonde skate is a species of ray fish in the family Rajidae.

Metapenaeus bennettae is a species of small prawn found in eastern Australia, where it is called the greentail or greasyback prawn.

References

  1. 1 2 3 "Crangon crangon (Linnaeus, 1758)". Species Fact Sheets. Food and Agriculture Organization. Archived from the original on May 27, 2020. Retrieved June 24, 2011.
  2. ↑ Lagardère, J. P. (1982). "Effects of noise on growth and reproduction of Crangon crangon in rearing tanks". Marine Biology. 71 (2): 177–185. doi:10.1007/BF00394627. S2CID   80913454.
  3. 1 2 3 "Crangon crangon". ARKive. Archived from the original on 2008-05-17. Retrieved June 24, 2011.
  4. ↑ Joana Campos; Cláudia Moreira; Fabiana Freitas & Henk W. van der Veer (2012). "Short review of the eco-geography of Crangon". Journal of Crustacean Biology . 32 (2): 159–169. doi: 10.1163/193724011X615569 .
  5. ↑ Joana Campos; Vânia Freitas; Cindy Pedros; Rita Guillot & Henk W. van der Veer (2009). "Latitudinal variation in growth of Crangon crangon (L.): does counter-gradient growth compensation occur?". Journal of Sea Research . 62 (4): 229–237. Bibcode:2009JSR....62..229C. doi:10.1016/j.seares.2009.04.002.
  6. 1 2 Pieternella C. Luttikhuizen; Joana Campos; Judith van Bleijswijk; Katja T.C.A. Peijnenburg & Henk W. van der Veer (2008). "Phylogeography of the common shrimp, Crangon crangon (L.) across its distribution range". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution . 46 (3): 1015–1030. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2007.11.011. PMID   18207428.
  7. 1 2 Joana Campos; Cindy Pedrosa; Joana Rodrigues; Sílvia Santos; Johanses I. J. Witte; Paulo Santos & Henk W. van der Veer (2009). "Population zoogeography of brown shrimp Crangon crangon along its distributional range based on morphometric characters". Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom . 89 (3): 499–507. doi:10.1017/S0025315408002312. S2CID   86803810.
  8. 1 2 Joana Campos & Henk W. van der Veer (2008). R. N. Gibson; R. J. A. Atkinson & J. D. M. Gordon (eds.). Autecology of Crangon crangon (L.) with an emphasis on latitudinal trends. Vol. 46. CRC Press. pp. 65–104. doi:10.1201/9781420065756.ch3 (inactive 2024-11-11). ISBN   978-1-4200-6575-6.{{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (link)
  9. ↑ Based on data sourced from the FishStat database, FAO.
  10. ↑ Charlier, Roger H (2012). "Crangon crangon, endangered or merely on a via dolorosa?" (PDF). Academy of Romanian Scientists Annals Series on Biology Sciences. 1 (1): 31–58. ISSN   2285-4177. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-04-02. Retrieved 2015-03-14.
  11. 1 2 Catchpole, Tom L.; Revill, Andrew S.; Innes, James; Pascoe, Sean (2008). "Evaluating the efficacy of technical measures: A case study of selection device legislation in the UK Crangon crangon (Brown shrimp) fishery". ICES Journal of Marine Science. 65 (2): 267–275. doi: 10.1093/icesjms/fsn016 .
  12. ↑ Driver, Paul A. (1976). "Prediction of fluctuations in the landings of brown shrimp ( Crangon crangon) in the Lancashire and Western Sea Fisheries District". Estuarine and Coastal Marine Science. 4 (5): 567. Bibcode:1976ECMS....4..567D. doi:10.1016/0302-3524(76)90031-1.
  13. ↑ Driver, P. A. (1978). "The prediction of shrimp landings from sunspot activity". Marine Biology. 47 (4): 359–361. doi:10.1007/BF00388927. S2CID   83763670.
  14. ↑ "Fisch Einkaufsratgeber" [Fish Shopping Advisor](PDF). Greenpeace (in German). January 2016. Retrieved 3 January 2023.
  15. ↑ Devriese, L. I.; Van Der Meulen, M. D.; Maes, T.; Bekaert, K.; Paul-Pont, I.; Frère, L.; Robbens, J.; Vethaak, A. D. (2015). "Microplastic contamination in brown shrimp (Crangon crangon, Linnaeus 1758) from coastal waters of the Southern North Sea and Channel area". Marine Pollution Bulletin. 98 (1–2): 179–187. doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.06.051. PMID   26456303.
  16. ↑ "Les crevettes grises" (in French). Eating.be. Archived from the original on October 11, 2012. Retrieved September 13, 2012.
  17. ↑ Paston-Williams, Sara (2005). "Morecambe Bay shrimps". Fish: Recipes from a Busy Island. London: National Trust. p. 140. ISBN   0-7078-0357-8.
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