Unsustainable fishing methods

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Commercial fishing showing the abundance of fish species caught using a trawling method Commercial fishing in Malawi 3.jpg
Commercial fishing showing the abundance of fish species caught using a trawling method

Unsustainable fishing methods refers to the use of various fishing methods to capture or harvest fish at a rate which is unsustainable for fish populations. [1] These methods facilitate destructive fishing practices that damage ocean ecosystems, resulting in overfishing. [2]

Contents

Unsustainable fishing methods vary in scale, ranging from commercial-grade equipment (such as bottom trawling) to consumer-grade equipment such as fishing rods and nets. [3] These fishing methods become unsustainable through sociological practices such as over-exploitation and overfishing. [4]

Defining unsustainable

Ray Hilborn stated that the unsustainable nature of fisheries can be characterized by three aspects:

Types of unsustainable fishing methods

Trawling devices depicted to operate at various ocean depths, showing the vast amount of fish species caught within the "tangles". Old Trawling Nets.jpg
Trawling devices depicted to operate at various ocean depths, showing the vast amount of fish species caught within the "tangles".

Bottom trawling

Bottom trawling is classified as an active gear that consists of a large weighted net, which trawls or "drags" along the sea floor, acting as a destructive mechanism that removes coral and other marine species. [7] [8] The Sea Fish Industry Authority [7] describes the trawl as consisting of several components that assist the catch composition of the gear:

Bottom trawling is scientifically divided into two types of trawling, demersal trawling and benthic trawling, [10] which allows trawlers to target species that live close to the seabed, or those that live on or in the seabed respectively. [7]

Cyanide fishing

The blast radius of an explosive device being set off underwater to obtain fish (dynamite fishing) toottttyittttullll mii[?] pittuttN.jpg
The blast radius of an explosive device being set off underwater to obtain fish (dynamite fishing)

Cyanide fishing is a method to capture live fish for the international aquarium trade and, more recently, to supply restaurant demand for live reef fish. [11] This method involves spraying sodium cyanide into the targeted fish's habitat as a way to stun the fish without killing them. [12] For each fish captured using sodium cyanide, one square meter of coral reef is destroyed. [13]

Dynamite fishing

Dynamite fishing or blast fishing is a technique that detonates underwater explosives to kill schools of fish and maximize yield. The dead or stunned fish float to the surface of the water where they can be easily harvested. [13] The entire ecosystem, including coral reefs and other marine organisms, can be destroyed if they are within the blast radius. In the case of coral reefs, it may take hundreds of years to rebuild the ecosystem. [14]

Ghost fishing

Sea turtle entangled in a ghost net Sea turtle entangled in a ghost net.jpg
Sea turtle entangled in a ghost net

Ghost gear is fishing gear that has been left or lost in the ocean. [7] [15] The gear can potentially continue to catch or entangle any species of marine life as it drifts through the water or snags on rocky reef, eventually killing the entangled organism through laceration, suffocation or starvation. [16]

By-catch obtained when targeting shrimps, showing the vast amount of by-catch in fisheries Shrimp bycatch.jpg
By-catch obtained when targeting shrimps, showing the vast amount of by-catch in fisheries

By-catch

By-catching is an inevitable aspect of fishing where unwanted fish or other marine organisms including turtles, dolphins and juveniles are caught. [17] This is a by-product of the unselective nature of modern fishing gear, such as bottom trawling which captures everything in the path of the net. [18] Consumer-grade gear such as fishing rods and nets are used by pirate fishers to undertake illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing which adds to the number of marine species taken from their ecosystems. [13]

Evidence that these methods are unsustainable

Examples of unsustainable fishing methods exist globally and impacts the harvest species, as well as all marine species that coexist or rely on the targeted harvest. [19]

Mitigation using sustainable methods

Concerns around unsustainable fishing methods have been identified by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea treaty. [27] According to the United Nations convention agreements in exclusive economic zones (1994): [28]

These convention agreements are recognized by global fisheries that employ harvest strategies and guidelines, such as gear restrictions and deployment limits, [29] to maintain the use of these unsustainable fishing methods. Examples of such strategies and guidelines employed by global fisheries are listed below:

Obstacles for mitigation

Parrotfish (Sparisoma viride) shown to be lined up at a market Parrot Fish (105664879).jpeg
Parrotfish ( Sparisoma viride ) shown to be lined up at a market

As fisheries are important both socially and economically, it is difficult to maintain a socioeconomic sustainable management system that considers the environmental impact of fishing methods, particularly in under-developed regions where communities rely on fisheries for their livelihood. [36] Additionally, under-developed regions tend to lack fisheries management and enforcement. When compared to more developed regions in the world, under-developed regions, on average, account for three-fold greater harvest rates. [37]

This shows an obstacle for mitigating unsustainable fishing methods, which is influenced by a social-ecological trade off. [38] In developing regions where communities are classified as low-income, fisheries are a means of both food security and income, [39] which are threatened by the enforcement of regulations and management. [38] This impact can be observed through the closed fishing season policy for sardines in the Philippines. [40] The immediate loss of income to fishery workers' low-income households had eroded the community's favorability of the policy, which also posed an implementation issue for future policies and regulations. [40]

The challenge of pursuing environmental-based objectives is the simultaneous maintenance of social sustainability. [41] Social factors, through social conception of human well-being, can potentially improve the implementation of fisheries regulation and governance. [42] This remains a difficult concept in developing fishery regions, such as Caribbean coral reef fisheries, where managing and regulating parrotfish ( Sparisoma viride ) resulted in an initial decrease in fishery workers' income, who rely heavily on the species. [38] To low income communities, this decreased income drastically undermines the management of fisheries. [43]

In particular, when there exists a high demand and price in global markets for specific fish species, low income communities who have access to those species have been observed to be the main cause of over-fishing. [11] In a region where fishermen have fewer alternatives to earn income, and where fishery regulation and management have weak control, over-fishing of highly desired fish species is observed as the best option to improve social well-being, despite its environmental impact. [44] This coincides with illegal fishing practices (pirate fishing) that is fueled by the global demand for exotic seafood. [45]

Countries highlighted in blue implement a flag of convenience for their international vessels. Flags of convenience.png
Countries highlighted in blue implement a flag of convenience for their international vessels.

Pirate fishing fostered by the flags of convenience that allow vessels to operate under a state's flag where there exists limited fisheries regulations or laws, enables fishing vessels the ability to practice illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing. [46] This U.S. $1.2 billion-dollar industry poses a drastic impact on global fish populations and blatantly undermines the international rules of conversation and management of the high seas resources, according to Ian Macdonald, Australian Minister for Fisheries, Forestry and Conservation (2003-2010). [46] Illegal and unreported fishing contributes to the reduction in fish stocks and hinders the ability for fish populations to recover. It is believed that between 10 billion and 23 billion incidents[ spelling? ] of illegal and unreported fishing happen annually, with communities in developing countries being more likely to partake in these illegal activities. [47]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Trawling</span> Method of catching fish

Trawling is an industrial method of fishing that involves pulling a fishing net through the water behind one or more boats. The net used for trawling is called a trawl. This principle requires netting bags which are towed through water to catch different species of fishes or sometimes targeted species. Trawls are often called towed gear or dragged gear.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bycatch</span> Fish or other marine species that is caught unintentionally

Bycatch, in the fishing industry, is a fish or other marine species that is caught unintentionally while fishing for specific species or sizes of wildlife. Bycatch is either the wrong species, the wrong sex, or is undersized or juveniles of the target species. The term "bycatch" is also sometimes used for untargeted catch in other forms of animal harvesting or collecting. Non-marine species that are caught but regarded as generally "undesirable" are referred to as rough fish or coarse fish.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Overfishing</span> Removal of a species of fish from water at a rate that the species cannot replenish

Overfishing is the removal of a species of fish from a body of water at a rate greater than that the species can replenish its population naturally, resulting in the species becoming increasingly underpopulated in that area. Overfishing can occur in water bodies of any sizes, such as ponds, wetlands, rivers, lakes or oceans, and can result in resource depletion, reduced biological growth rates and low biomass levels. Sustained overfishing can lead to critical depensation, where the fish population is no longer able to sustain itself. Some forms of overfishing, such as the overfishing of sharks, has led to the upset of entire marine ecosystems. Types of overfishing include growth overfishing, recruitment overfishing, and ecosystem overfishing.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fishing industry</span> Economic branch

The fishing industry includes any industry or activity that takes, cultures, processes, preserves, stores, transports, markets or sells fish or fish products. It is defined by the Food and Agriculture Organization as including recreational, subsistence and commercial fishing, as well as the related harvesting, processing, and marketing sectors. The commercial activity is aimed at the delivery of fish and other seafood products for human consumption or as input factors in other industrial processes. The livelihood of over 500 million people in developing countries depends directly or indirectly on fisheries and aquaculture.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Commercial fishing</span> Catching seafood for commercial profit

Commercial fishing is the activity of catching fish and other seafood for commercial profit, mostly from wild fisheries. It provides a large quantity of food to many countries around the world, but those who practice it as an industry must often pursue fish far into the ocean under adverse conditions. Large-scale commercial fishing is called industrial fishing.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bottom trawling</span> Fishing method by towing a net along the seafloor

Bottom trawling is trawling along the seafloor. It is also referred to as "dragging". The scientific community divides bottom trawling into benthic trawling and demersal trawling. Benthic trawling is towing a net at the very bottom of the ocean and demersal trawling is towing a net just above the benthic zone. Bottom trawling can be contrasted with midwater trawling, where a net is towed higher in the water column. Midwater trawling catches pelagic fish such as anchovies and mackerel, whereas bottom trawling targets both bottom-living fish (groundfish) and semi-pelagic species such as cod, squid, shrimp, and rockfish.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Blast fishing</span> Using bombs underwater to kill fish

Blast fishing, fish bombing, dynamite fishing or grenade fishing is a destructive fishing practice using explosives to stun or kill schools of fish for easy collection. This often illegal practice is extremely destructive to the surrounding ecosystem, as the explosion often destroys the underlying habitat that supports the fish. The frequently improvised nature of the explosives used, and undetonated charges, means danger for fishermen and divers as well, with accidents and injuries.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing</span>

Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing (IUU) is an issue around the world. Fishing industry observers believe IUU occurs in most fisheries, and accounts for up to 30% of total catches in some important fisheries.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Environmental impact of fishing</span>

The environmental impact of fishing includes issues such as the availability of fish, overfishing, fisheries, and fisheries management; as well as the impact of industrial fishing on other elements of the environment, such as bycatch. These issues are part of marine conservation, and are addressed in fisheries science programs. According to a 2019 FAO report, global production of fish, crustaceans, molluscs and other aquatic animals has continued to grow and reached 172.6 million tonnes in 2017, with an increase of 4.1 percent compared with 2016. There is a growing gap between the supply of fish and demand, due in part to world population growth.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fishing techniques</span> Methods for catching sea creatures, especially fish

Fishing techniques are methods for catching fish. The term may also be applied to methods for catching other aquatic animals such as molluscs and edible marine invertebrates.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Wild fisheries</span> Area containing fish that are harvested commercially

A wild fishery is a natural body of water with a sizeable free-ranging fish or other aquatic animal population that can be harvested for its commercial value. Wild fisheries can be marine (saltwater) or lacustrine/riverine (freshwater), and rely heavily on the carrying capacity of the local aquatic ecosystem.

This is a glossary of terms used in fisheries, fisheries management and fisheries science.

Destructive fishing practices are fishing practices which easily result in irreversible damage to habitats and the sustainability of the fishery ecosystems. Such damages can be caused by direct physical destruction of the underwater landform and vegetation, overfishing, indiscriminate killing/maiming of aquatic life, disruption of vital reproductive cycles, and lingering water pollution.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fishing industry in the United States</span>

As with other countries, the 200 nautical miles (370 km) exclusive economic zone (EEZ) off the coast of the United States gives its fishing industry special fishing rights. It covers 11.4 million square kilometres, which is the second largest zone in the world, exceeding the land area of the United States.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Climate change and fisheries</span>

Fisheries are affected by climate change in many ways: marine aquatic ecosystems are being affected by rising ocean temperatures, ocean acidification and ocean deoxygenation, while freshwater ecosystems are being impacted by changes in water temperature, water flow, and fish habitat loss. These effects vary in the context of each fishery. Climate change is modifying fish distributions and the productivity of marine and freshwater species. Climate change is expected to lead to significant changes in the availability and trade of fish products. The geopolitical and economic consequences will be significant, especially for the countries most dependent on the sector. The biggest decreases in maximum catch potential can be expected in the tropics, mostly in the South Pacific regions.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Environmental issues with coral reefs</span> Factors which adversely affect tropical coral reefs

Human activities have substantial impact on coral reefs, contributing to their worldwide decline. Damaging activities encompass coral mining, pollution, overfishing, blast fishing, as well as the excavation of canals and access points to islands and bays. Additional threats comprise disease, destructive fishing practices, and the warming of oceans.[2] Furthermore, the ocean's function as a carbon dioxide sink, alterations in the atmosphere, ultraviolet light, ocean acidification, viral infections, the repercussions of dust storms transporting agents to distant reefs, pollutants, and algal blooms represent some of the factors exerting influence on coral reefs. Importantly, the jeopardy faced by coral reefs extends far beyond coastal regions. The ramifications of climate change, notably global warming, induce an elevation in ocean temperatures that triggers coral bleaching—a potentially lethal phenomenon for coral ecosystems.

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to fisheries:

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Western Pacific Regional Fishery Management Council</span>

The Western Pacific Regional Fishery Management Council (WPRFMC) is one of eight regional councils established under the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act (MSA) in 1976 to manage offshore fisheries. The WPRFMC's jurisdiction includes the US exclusive economic zone (EEZ) waters around the State of Hawaii; US Territories of American Samoa and Guam; the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (CNMI); and the US Pacific remote island areas of Johnston, Midway, Palmyra and Wake Atolls; Baker, Howland and Jarvis Islands; and Kingman Reef. This area of nearly 1.5 million square miles is the size of the continental United States and constitutes about half of the entire US EEZ. It spans both sides of the equator and both sides of the dateline. The WPRFMC also manages domestic fisheries based in the US Pacific Islands that operate on the high seas.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fisheries in the Philippines</span> Capture fisheries and aquaculture

Fisheries in the Philippines consist of both capture fisheries and aquaculture. The Philippines is an archipelagic country with a large coastal population. In many areas, communities rely heavily on fisheries for subsistence and livelihoods. Both capture fisheries and aquaculture occur inland and at sea, producing various fish, shellfish, other invertebrates, and seaweed.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Municipal fisheries in the Philippines</span> Fisheries within 15km of the shore

The municipal fisheries in the Philippines are the Philippine fisheries that fall under the jurisdiction of local governments, namely cities and municipalities. This includes all fisheries on inland waters, and in waters within 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) of the coast. While the term may technically include aquaculture activities, it is usually used to discuss capture fisheries. Municipal fisheries are restricted to boats of 3 gross tonnes or smaller, and commercial fishing vessels are generally prohibited from fishing in these waters.

References

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  2. ↑ McManus, John (2017-06-14). "Offshore Coral Reef Damage, Overfishing, and Paths to Peace in the South China Sea". The International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law. 32 (2): 199–237. doi:10.1163/15718085-12341433.
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  44. ↑ Barclay, Kate; Fabinyi, Michael; Kinch, Jeff; Foale, Simon (2019). "Governability of High-Value Fisheries in Low-Income Contexts: a Case Study of the Sea Cucumber Fishery in Papua New Guinea". Human Ecology. 47 (3): 381–396. doi: 10.1007/s10745-019-00078-8 . hdl: 10453/135381 . ISSN   0300-7839.
  45. ↑ Starin, Dawn (27 May 2020). "How pirate fishing is fuelling a human exodus from Africa to Europe". Ecologist. 40 (17): 3–5.
  46. 1 2 Burton, Adrian (2005). "Flags of Convenience Foster Pirate Fishing". Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment. 3 (10): 521. Bibcode:2005FrEE....3..521B. JSTOR   3868598.
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