Fisheries science

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The 78-metre (256-foot) Danish fisheries research vessel Dana. DANA 2004 ubt.jpeg
The 78-metre (256-foot) Danish fisheries research vessel Dana.

Fisheries science is the academic discipline of managing and understanding fisheries. [1] It is a multidisciplinary science, which draws on the disciplines of limnology, oceanography, freshwater biology, marine biology, meteorology, conservation, ecology, population dynamics, economics, statistics, decision analysis, management, and many others in an attempt to provide an integrated picture of fisheries. [2] [3] In some cases new disciplines have emerged, as in the case of bioeconomics and fisheries law. Because fisheries science is such an all-encompassing field, fisheries scientists often use methods from a broad array of academic disciplines. [4] [5] Over the most recent several decades, there have been declines in fish stocks (populations) in many regions along with increasing concern about the impact of intensive fishing on marine and freshwater biodiversity. [6]

Contents

Fisheries science is typically taught in a university setting, and can be the focus of an undergraduate, master's or Ph.D. program. Some universities offer fully integrated programs in fisheries science. Graduates of university fisheries programs typically find employment as scientists, fisheries managers of both recreational and commercial fisheries, researchers, aquaculturists, educators, environmental consultants and planners, conservation officers, and many others. [7]

Fisheries research

Because fisheries take place in a diverse set of aquatic environments (i.e., high seas, coastal areas, large and small rivers, and lakes of all sizes), research requires different sampling equipment, tools, and techniques. For example, studying trout populations inhabiting mountain lakes requires a very different set of sampling tools than, say, studying salmon in the high seas. Ocean fisheries research vessels (FRVs) often require platforms which are capable of towing different types of fishing nets, collecting plankton or water samples from a range of depths, and carrying acoustic fish-finding equipment. Fisheries research vessels are often designed and built along the same lines as a large fishing vessel, but with space given over to laboratories and equipment storage, as opposed to storage of the catch. In addition to a diverse set of sampling gear, fisheries scientists often use scientific techniques from many different professional disciplines. [8]

Other important areas of fisheries research are population dynamics, [9] economics, [10] social studies [11] and genetics. [12]

Notable contributors

Members of this list meet one or more of the following criteria: 1) Author of widely cited peer-reviewed articles on fisheries, 2) Author of major reference work in fisheries, 3) Founder of major fisheries journal, museum or other related organisation 4) Person most notable for other reasons who has also worked in fisheries science.

ContributorNationalityBornDiedContribution
Baird, Spencer F. American18231887Founding scientist of the United States Fish Commission. [13] U.S. Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries from 1871 to 1887.
Baranov, Fedor I. Russian18861965Baranov has been called the grandfather of fisheries population dynamics. The Baranov catch equation of 1918 is perhaps the most used equation in fisheries modelling. [14]
Beverton, Ray English19221985Fisheries biologist known for the Beverton–Holt model (with Sidney Holt), credited with being one of the founders of fisheries science [15]
Christensen, Villy Danish-Fisheries scientist and ecosystem modeller, known for his work on the development of Ecopath
Cobb, John N. American18681930Founder of the first college of fisheries in the United States, the University of Washington College of Fisheries, in 1919
Cooke, Steven J. Canadian1974Academic known for contributions to recreational fisheries science, inland fisheries and Conservation Physiology
Cushing, David English19202008Fisheries biologist, who is credited with the development of the match/mismatch hypothesis
Everhart, W. Harry American19181994Fisheries scientist, educator, administrator and author of several widely used fisheries texts [16]
Froese, Rainer German1950-Known for his work on the development and coordination of FishBase
Goode, G. Brown American18511896Ichthyologist who organized and administered the biological and fishery development research of the United States Fish Commission and ordered and developed the taxonomic and ichthyologic work of both the Fish Commission and the Smithsonian Institution. U.S. Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries from 1887 to 1888. [17]
Graham, Michael English18891972Known for his Great Law of Fishing, that “Fisheries that are unlimited become unprofitable.”
Green, Seth American18171888Pioneer in fish farming who established the first fish hatchery in the United States
Gunter, Gordon American19091998Pioneer in fisheries research in the northern Gulf of Mexico
Halver, John American19222012His pioneering work on the nutritional needs of fish led to modern methods of fish farming and fish feed production. He has been called the father of fish nutrition. [18] [19]
Hempel, Gotthilf German1929-Marine biologist and oceanographer, and co-founder of the Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research
Herwig, Walther German18381912Lawyer and promoter of high seas fishing and research
Chaudhuri, Hiralal Indian19212014Father of induced breeding of the Carp and also the pioneer of Blue revolution. [20] Fisheries biologist with strong contributions in fisheries management.
Hilborn, Ray Canadian1947-Fisheries biologist with strong contributions in fisheries management
Hjort, Johan Norwegian18691948Known for research to determine why northern European fish populations fluctuate in abundance [21]
Hofer, Bruno German18611916Fishery scientist credited with being the founder of fish pathology
Holt, Sidney English19262019Fisheries biologist known for the Beverton–Holt model (with Ray Beverton), credited with being one of the founders of fisheries science
Kils, Uwe German-Marine biologist specializing in planktology. Inventor of the ecoSCOPE
Kyle, H. M. Scottish18721951 Ichthyologist specializing in fisheries science and one of the earliest identifiers of the concept of overfishing [22]
Lackey, Robert T. Canadian1944-Fisheries scientist and political scientist known for his work involving the role of science in policy making [23]
Larkin, Peter A. Canadian19241996Fisheries scientist known for his critical remarks on the concept of MSY
Lee, Rosa M. Welsh18841976One of the first UK women employed as a fisheries scientist. Known for "Rosa Lee's phenomenon," in which size-selective fishing mortality reduces the average size of older age classes [24]
Lubchenco, Jane American1947Known for both her academic research in fisheries and related fields as well as policies implemented during her time as head of the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
Margolis, Leo Canadian19271997 Parasitologist and head of the Pacific Biological Station in Nanaimo, British Columbia
McDonald, Marshall American18351895Fisheries scientist and fish culturist who invented the fish ladder and of a number of fish-hatching apparatuses. U.S. Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries from 1888 to 1895.
McKay, R. J. AustralianBiologist and a specialist in translocated freshwater fishes
Murphy, Garth I. American19222001Fisheries oceanographer known for his work on the dynamics of Pacific sardine and on the importance of a broad age structure as a bed-hedging strategy in variable environments.
Myers, Ransom A. Canadian19522007Fisheries biologist best known for his work assessing the status of ocean fish populations [25]
Pauly, Daniel French / Canadian1946Prominent fisheries scientist, known for his work studying human impacts on global fisheries
Pitcher, Tony J. -Known for work on the impacts of fishing, management appraisals and the shoaling behavior of fish
Rice, Michael A. American1955-Known for work on molluscan fisheries
Ricker, Bill Canadian19082001Fisheries biologist, known for the Ricker model, credited with being one of the founders of fisheries science
Ricketts, Ed American18971948A colourful marine biologist and philosopher who introduced ecology to fisheries science. [26]
Roberts, Callum -Marine conservation biologist, known for his work on the role marine reserves play in protecting marine ecosystems
Rosenthal, Harald German1937-Hydrobiologist known for his work in fish farming and ecology
Safina, Carl American1955-Author of several writings on marine ecology and the ocean
Sars, Georg Ossian Norwegian18371927Marine biologist credited with the discovery of a number of new species and known for his analysis of cod fisheries
Schaefer, Milner Baily American19121970Notable for work on the population dynamics of fisheries
Schreck, Carl American1944-Fisheries scientist and endocrinologist known for his research on Pacific salmon
Schweder, Tore Norwegian1943- Statistician whose work includes the assessment of marine resources
Sette, Oscar Elton American19001972Pioneered the integration of fisheries biology with oceanography and meteorology to create fisheries oceanography and modern fisheries science.
Shimada, Bell M. American19221958Notable for study of tuna stocks in the equatorial Pacific Ocean.
Smith, Hugh M. American18651941Ichthyologist who directed the United States Fish Commission's scientific research from 1897 to 1903 and served as its deputy commissioner from 1903 to 1913. U.S. Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries from 1913 to 1922. First director general of Thailand′s Department of Fisheries.
Sumaila, Ussif Rashid Nigerian-Notable for his analysis of the economic aspects of fisheries
Suttkus, Royal D. American19202009Founder of the Royal D. Suttkus Fish Collection, housed at Tulane University
Utter, Fred M. American1931-Characterised by NOAA as the founding father of fishery genetics, he has been influential in marine conservation [27]
von Bertalanffy, Ludwig Austrian19011972In fisheries, best known for the von Bertalanffy function [28]
Walters, Carl American1944-Biologist known for his work involving fisheries stock assessments, the adaptive management concept, and ecosystem modeling

Journals

Some journals about fisheries are

Professional societies

See also

Categories:

Notes

  1. ↑ Lackey, Robert (2005). "Fisheries: History, Science, and Management". In Lehr, Jay; Keeley, Jack (eds.). Water Encyclopedia. Wiley. pp. 121–129. doi:10.1002/047147844X.sw249. ISBN   047147844X.
  2. ↑ Leal, Donald; Maharaj, Vishwanie (2009). Evolving approaches to managing marine recreational fisheries. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books. ISBN   978-0-7391-2802-2. OCLC   232358037.
  3. ↑ Hubert, Wayne A.; Quist, Michael C. (2010). Inland fisheries management in North America (3rd ed.). Bethesda, Md.: American Fisheries Society. ISBN   978-1-934874-16-5. OCLC   650960010.
  4. ↑ Schreck, Carl B.; Moyle, Peter B., eds. (2002). Methods for Fish Biology (Reprinted ed.). Bethesda, MD: American Fisheries Society. p. 704. ISBN   091323558X.
  5. ↑ Sass, Greg S.; Allen, Micheal S., eds. (2014). Foundations of Fisheries Science. Bethesda, MD: American Fisheries Society. p. 801. ISBN   978-1-934874-37-0.
  6. ↑ Hart, Paul J.B.; Reynolds, John D., eds. (2002). Handbook of Fish Biology and Fisheries: Fish Biology, Volume 1. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 432. ISBN   9780632054121.
  7. ↑ "Careers in Fisheries". American Fisheries Society. 2004. Retrieved May 19, 2020.
  8. ↑ Zale, Alexander; Parrish, Donna; Sutton, Trent, eds. (2012). Fisheries Techniques (Third ed.). Bethesda, MD: American Fisheries Society. p. 1009. ISBN   978-1934874295.
  9. ↑ Lorenzen, Kai (2005-01-29). Beddington, J. R.; Kirkwood, G. P. (eds.). "Population dynamics and potential of fisheries stock enhancement: practical theory for assessment and policy analysis". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 360 (1453): 171–189. doi:10.1098/rstb.2004.1570. ISSN   0962-8436. PMC   1636107 . PMID   15713596.
  10. ↑ Anderson, Lee G. (2004). The economics of fisheries management (Rev. social studies enl. ed.). Caldwell, N.J.: Blackburn Press. ISBN   1-930665-98-9. OCLC   57533583.
  11. ↑ Briand, F., ed. (2018). Engaging marine scientists and fishers to share knowledge and perceptions - Early lessons. Paris, Monaco: CIESM Publishers. p. 218. ISSN   1726-5886.
  12. ↑ Hallerman, Eric M. (2003). Population genetics : principles and applications for fisheries scientists. Bethesda, Md.: American Fisheries Society. ISBN   1-888569-27-1. OCLC   51979755.
  13. ↑ "NOAA History - Giants of History - Spencer Fullerton Baird". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2020.
  14. ↑ Quinn, Terrance J. II (2003). "Ruminations on the development and future of population dynamics models in fisheries". Natural Resource Modeling. 16 (4): 341–392. CiteSeerX   10.1.1.473.3765 . doi:10.1111/j.1939-7445.2003.tb00119.x. S2CID   153420994.
  15. ↑ Cushing, D. H.; Edwards, R.W. (1996). "Raymond John Heaphy Beverton, C. B. E. 29 August 1922-23 July 1995". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 42: 24–38. doi: 10.1098/rsbm.1996.0003 . JSTOR   770195.
  16. ↑ Baer, Richard; Youngs, William; Oglesby, Ray (1994). "Watson Harry Everhart - June 5, 1918 - October 1, 1994" (PDF). Cornell University Faculty Memorial Statement.
  17. ↑ NOAA 200th Top Tens: History Makers: George Brown Goode: Eminent 19th Century Fish Scientist Accessed 13 November 2022
  18. ↑ American Fisheries Society, National Fish Culture Hall of Fame, Spearfish, S.D. 2000
  19. ↑ "SAFS Newsletter Spring-Summer 2013: In Memoriam-John e. Halver and Dayton Lee Alverson". Archived from the original on 2014-07-15. Retrieved 2014-07-17..
  20. ↑ Sharma, Anil; Mohanty, Bimal (2015-01-25). "Hiralal Chaudhuri (1921-2014) - PERSONAL NEWS". Current Science. 108: 286–287.
  21. ↑ Aksnes, Dag W.; Browman, Howard I. (2014). "Johan Hjort's impact on fisheries science: a bibliometric analysis". ICES Journal of Marine Science. 71 (8): 2012–2016. doi: 10.1093/icesjms/fsu147 .
  22. ↑ Paul J.B. Hart; John D. Reynolds, eds. (2008). Handbook of Fish Biology and Fisheries: Fisheries. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 78–79. ISBN   978-0470693131.
  23. ↑ Krisch, Joshua A. (2017). "The Science of Science Advocacy". The Scientist.
  24. ↑ Kraak, Sarah B. M.; Haase, Stefanie; Minto, Cóilín; Santos, Juan (2019). "The Rosa Lee phenomenon and its consequences for fisheries advice on changes in fishing mortality or gear selectivity". ICES Journal of Marine Science. 76 (7): 2179–2192. doi: 10.1093/icesjms/fsz107 .
  25. ↑ Sullivan, Patricia (2007). "Biologist Ransom A. Myers, 54; Warned of Overfishing in Oceans". Washington Post.
  26. ↑ Eric Enno Tamm (13 October 2005). "Ed Ricketts' death, 50 years ago last week, preceded that of Cannery Row by only a few months" (PDF). Monterey County Weekly.
  27. ↑ History Makers: Honorable Mentions NOAA. Updated: 19 July 2012. Retrieved 20 August 2014.
  28. ↑ Katsanevakis, Stelios; Maravelias, Christos D. (2008). "Modelling fish growth: multi‐model inference as a better alternative to a priori using von Bertalanffy equation". Fish and Fisheries. 9 (2): 178–187. doi:10.1111/j.1467-2979.2008.00279.x.
  29. ↑ "Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences". Canadian Science Publishing.

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">FishBase</span> Biological database about fish

FishBase is a global species database of fish species. It is the largest and most extensively accessed online database on adult finfish on the web. Over time it has "evolved into a dynamic and versatile ecological tool" that is widely cited in scholarly publications.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fishery</span> Raising or harvesting fish

Fishery can mean either the enterprise of raising or harvesting fish and other aquatic life or, more commonly, the site where such enterprise takes place. Commercial fisheries include wild fisheries and fish farms, both in freshwater waterbodies and the oceans. About 500 million people worldwide are economically dependent on fisheries. 171 million tonnes of fish were produced in 2016, but overfishing is an increasing problem, causing declines in some populations.

Bioeconomics is closely related to the early development of theories in fisheries economics, initially in the mid-1950s by Canadian economists Scott Gordon and Anthony Scott (1955). Their ideas used recent achievements in biological fisheries modelling, primarily the works by Schaefer in 1954 and 1957 on establishing a formal relationship between fishing activities and biological growth through mathematical modelling confirmed by empirical studies, and also relates itself to ecology and the environment and resource protection.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sustainable fishery</span> Sustainable fishing for the long term fishing

A conventional idea of a sustainable fishery is that it is one that is harvested at a sustainable rate, where the fish population does not decline over time because of fishing practices. Sustainability in fisheries combines theoretical disciplines, such as the population dynamics of fisheries, with practical strategies, such as avoiding overfishing through techniques such as individual fishing quotas, curtailing destructive and illegal fishing practices by lobbying for appropriate law and policy, setting up protected areas, restoring collapsed fisheries, incorporating all externalities involved in harvesting marine ecosystems into fishery economics, educating stakeholders and the wider public, and developing independent certification programs.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fisheries management</span> Regulation of fishing

The goal of fisheries management is to produce sustainable biological, environmental and socioeconomic benefits from renewable aquatic resources. Wild fisheries are classified as renewable when the organisms of interest produce an annual biological surplus that with judicious management can be harvested without reducing future productivity. Fishery management employs activities that protect fishery resources so sustainable exploitation is possible, drawing on fisheries science and possibly including the precautionary principle.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cutthroat trout</span> Species of fish

The cutthroat trout is a group of four fish species of the family Salmonidae native to cold-water tributaries of the Pacific Ocean, Rocky Mountains, and Great Basin in North America. These four species are the Coastal, Westslope, Lahontan, and the Rocky Mountain. As a member of the genus Oncorhynchus, it is in the Pacific trout group, which includes the widely distributed rainbow trout. Cutthroat trout are popular gamefish, especially among anglers who enjoy fly fishing. The common name "cutthroat" refers to the distinctive red coloration on the underside of the lower jaw. The specific name clarkii was given to honor explorer William Clark, coleader of the Lewis and Clark Expedition.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Westslope cutthroat trout</span> Species and nominate of fish

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Environmental impact of fishing</span>

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Population dynamics of fisheries</span>

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Tony J Pitcher is a fisheries scientist, well known for his work on the impacts of fishing, the management appraisal of fisheries, and how shoaling behaviour impacts fisheries.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ray Hilborn</span> Canadian marine biologist and fisheries scientist

Ray Hilborn is a marine biologist and fisheries scientist, known for his work on conservation and natural resource management in the context of fisheries. He is currently professor of aquatic and fishery science at the University of Washington. He focuses on conservation, natural resource management, fisheries stock assessment and risk analysis, and advises several international fisheries commissions and agencies.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rainer Froese</span> German marine ecologist (born 1950)

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ray Beverton</span>

Raymond (Ray) John Heaphy Beverton CBE FRS was an important founder of fisheries science. He is best known for the book On the Dynamics of Exploited Fish Populations (1957) which he wrote with Sidney Holt. The book is a cornerstone of modern fisheries science and remains much used today. Beverton's life and achievements are described in detail in several obituaries written by prominent figures in fisheries science.

Sidney J. Holt was a British biologist who was a founder of fisheries science. He was best known for the book On the Dynamics of Exploited Fish Populations which he published with Ray Beverton in 1957. The book is a cornerstone of modern fisheries science and remains much used today. Holt served with the FAO in 1953 and with other UN agencies for another 25 years. After his retirement in 1979, Holt remained active in work related to the International Whaling Commission and conservation of whales in general, also publishing his views about whaling and fisheries management in academic journals.

Frederick Ernest Joseph Fry was a Canadian ichthyologist and aquatic ecologist. He is known for his early research in physiological ecology and population dynamics in fishes. In the late 1940s, he became the first scientist to model how environmental factors affect the activity of fish. He was a 1959 Guggenheim Fellow, and served as president of several organizations including the American Society of Limnology and Oceanography (1951) American Fisheries Society (1966) and American Institute of Fishery Research Biologists (1972).

The American Fisheries Society, is the "world’s oldest and largest organization dedicated to strengthening the fisheries profession, advancing fisheries science, and conserving fisheries resources." It is a member-driven 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization governed by an executive director, a governing board, and officers who are guided by the AFS's organizational documents, a constitution, and a set of rules. Their stated mission is "to improve the conservation and sustainability of fishery resources and aquatic ecosystems by advancing fisheries and aquatic science and promoting the development of fisheries professionals." AFS publishes five peer-reviewed fish journals, books, and the magazine Fisheries, organizes seminars and workshops that promote scientific research and fisheries management, and encourages fisheries education through 58 university-based student subunits. AFS has 48 chapters comprising four geographic regions in North America — North Central, Northeastern, Southern, and Western — and includes two "bi-national" chapters and a Mexico chapter.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Beverton Medal</span> Award

The Beverton Medal is a prestigious. international fish biology and/or fisheries science prize awarded annually. It is awarded to a distinguished scientist for a lifelong contribution to all aspects of the study of fish biology and/or fisheries science, with a focus on ground-breaking research. The medal was established as the highest award of the Fisheries Society of the British Isles (FSBI) to recognize distinction in the field of fish biology and fisheries science, to raise the profile of the discipline and of the Society in the wider scientific community. Medals are awarded to individuals who have made an outstanding contribution to fish biology and/or fisheries. The Beverton Medal is traditionally awarded in July at the Fisheries Society of the British Isles annual international conference.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Steven Campana</span> Canadian fisheries scientist, academic and author

Steven E. Campana is a Canadian fisheries scientist, academic and author. He is best known for his research on otolith-based age and growth applications, shark biology, and fish population dynamics. He is currently a professor of Life and Environmental Science at the University of Iceland.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rocky Mountain cutthroat trout</span> Species of fish

The Rocky Mountain cutthroat trout(Oncorhynchus virginalis), formerly lumped in with the cutthroat trout as one species with multiple subspecies, is a fish species of the family Salmonidae native to cold-water tributaries of the northern and southern Rocky Mountains, as well as into portions of the Great Basin in North America. As a member of the genus Oncorhynchus, it is a part of the Pacific trout group, which includes the widely distributed rainbow trout. Cutthroat trout are popular gamefish, especially among anglers who enjoy fly fishing. The common name "cutthroat" refers to the distinctive red coloration on the underside of the lower jaw.

References

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