History of rugby union matches between Canada and the United States

Canada and the United States have a international rivalry in rugby union dating back to 1977. Historically, Canada have dominated the rivalry. However, between 2014 and 2024 the United States secured victory in 13 of 15 encounters, a concentration of victories that surpassed their total number of tests wins in the preceding 37 years. Canada won the latest matchup 34–20 in the opener of the 2025 Pacific Nations Cup. ^[1]

The first ever match occurred in 1977 at Swangard Stadium in Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada. Canada won the match 17–6. ^[2] The United States' first win came the following year in Baltimore, Maryland, winning 12–7. ^[3]

From 2013 to 2015 and in 2019, Canada and the United States played every June in the tournament now known as the Pacific Nations Cup (PNC), along with Japan, Fiji, Tonga, and Samoa. ^[4] The 2024 World Rugby Pacific Nations Cup saw the return of both the United States and Canada. ^[4]

Defunct tournaments

In 1996, Canada and United States played in the Pacific-Rim Championship along with Hong Kong and Japan. ^[4] The 1999 edition saw the addition of Fiji, Samoa and Tonga. ^[4] The tournament folded in 2001. ^[4] Alongside the Pacific-Rim Championship, the sides also competed in the Pan-American Championship until 2003.

In 2003 the Super Cup formed and was contested between Japan, Russia and the United States. In 2004 they were joined by Canada. The tournament was only contested for 3 years as it folded in 2005 with Canada the final champions. In 2003, the Churchill Cup began a tournament in which Canada and the United States would play A sides from Europe and the Southern Hemisphere. The tournament folded in 2011 prior to the 2011 Rugby World Cup. ^[5]

Between 2016 and 2019, the two countries have played in the Americas Rugby Championship (ARC) alongside the senior teams of Brazil, Chile, and Uruguay, plus Argentina's second national side, Argentina XV.

Summary

Overview

Details	Played	Won by   Canada	Won by   United States	Drawn	Canada points	United States points
In Canada	36	26	9	1	874	618
In United States	26	10	15	1	514	520
Neutral venue	5	4	1	0	159	108
Overall	67	40	25	2	1,547	1,246

Records Note: Date shown in brackets indicates when the record was or last set. Record Canada United States Longest winning streak 7 (11 July 2009 – 21 June 2014) 6 (1 July 2017 – 4 September 2021) Most points for Home 56 (12 August 2006) 52 (1 July 2017) Away 52 (2 June 2007) 51 (18 February 2017) Largest winning margin Home 49 (12 August 2006) 36 (1 July 2017) Away 42 (2 June 2007) 25 (23 June 2018)

Attendance Up to date as of 1 September 2024. Total attendance* 181,984 Average attendance* 5,871 Highest attendance 15,000 Canada 19–20 United States 26 June 2005 *Excludes 36 matches in which no attendance was reported

Results

No.	Date	Venue	Score	Winner	Competition	Attendance	Ref.
1	21 May 1977	Swangard Stadium, Burnaby, British Columbia	17–6	Canada	1977 United States tour of Canada	6,000	[2] [6] [7]
2	28 May 1978	Memorial Stadium, Baltimore, Maryland	12–7	United States	1978 Canada tour of the United States		[3] [6]
3	9 June 1979	Varsity Stadium, Toronto, Ontario	19–12	Canada	1979 United States tour of Canada		[8] [9]
4	8 June 1980	Saranac Lake Park, New York	0–16	Canada	1980 Canada tour of the United States		[10]
5	6 June 1981	Kingsland, Calgary, Alberta	6–3	Canada	1981 United States tour of Canada		[11]
6	12 June 1982	Bleecker Stadium, New York	3–3	draw	1982 Canada tour of the United States		[12]
7	11 June 1983	Swangard Stadium, Burnaby, British Columbia	15–9	Canada	1983 United States tour of Canada		[13]
8	9 June 1984	Rockne Stadium, Chicago, Illinois	21–13	United States	1984 Canada tour of the United States		[14]
9	16 November 1985	Thunderbird Stadium, Vancouver, British Columbia	21–10	Canada	1985 United States tour of Canada		[15]
10	8 November 1986	Arizona Stadium, Tucson, Arizona	16–27	Canada	1986 Canada tour of the United States	4,500	[16]
11	10 May 1987	Thunderbird Stadium, Vancouver, British Columbia	33–9	Canada	1987 United States tour of Canada I		[17]
12	14 November 1987	Royal Athletic Park, Victoria, British Columbia	20–12	Canada	1987 United States tour of Canada II		[18]
13	11 June 1988	Saranac Lake Park, New York	28–16	United States	1988 Canada tour of the United States		[19]
14	23 September 1989	Varsity Stadium, Toronto, Ontario	21–3	Canada	1991 Rugby World Cup Qualification		[20]
15	9 June 1990	Chief Sealth, Seattle, Washington	14–12	United States			[21]
16	8 June 1991	Kingsland, Calgary, Alberta	34–15	Canada	1991 United States tour of Canada		[22]
17	13 June 1992	Observatory Park, Denver, Colorado	9–32	Canada	1992 Canada tour of the United States		[23]
18	19 June 1993	Winnipeg, Manitoba	20–9	Canada	1993 United States tour of Canada		[24]
19	21 May 1994	George Allen Field, Long Beach, California	10–15	Canada	1994 Canada tour of the United States		[25]
20	9 September 1995	Fletcher's Fields, Markham, Ontario	14–15	United States	1995 United States tour of Canada		[26]
21	11 May 1996	Boxer Stadium, San Francisco, California	19–12	United States	1996 Pacific-Rim Championship	3,500	[27]
22	18 May 1996	Thunderbird Stadium, Vancouver, British Columbia	24–20	Canada			[28] [29]
23	18 September 1996	Mohawk Sports Park, Hamilton, Ontario	23–18	Canada	1996 Pan-American Championship		[30] [31]
24	10 May 1997	Thunderbird Stadium, Vancouver, British Columbia	53–12	Canada	1997 Pacific-Rim Championship	5,000	[32]
25	28 June 1997	Boxer Stadium, San Francisco, California	11–22	Canada		1,800	[33]
26	23 May 1998	Thunderbird Stadium, Vancouver, British Columbia	17–15	Canada	1998 Pacific-Rim Championship		[34] [35]
27	6 June 1998	Burlington, Vermont	3–37	Canada		4,300	[36]
28	18 August 1998	Club Atlético San Isidro, Buenos Aires (Argentina)	31–14	Canada	1998 Pan-American Championship	3,000	[37]
29	19 June 1999	Fletcher's Fields, Markham, Ontario	17–18	United States	1999 Pacific-Rim Championship	4,500	[38]
30	3 June 2000	Singer Family Park, Manchester, New Hampshire	34–25	United States	2000 Pacific-Rim Championship		[39]
31	19 May 2001	Richardson Memorial Stadium, Kingston, Ontario	19–10	Canada	2001 Pan-American Championship	7,155	[40]
32	29 June 2002	Fletcher's Fields, Marrkham, Ontario	26–9	Canada	2003 Rugby World Cup Qualification	2,200	[41] [42]
33	13 July 2002	Rockne Stadium, Chicago, Illinois	13–36	Canada		2,500	[43] [44]
34	18 June 2003	Thunderbird Stadium, Vancouver, British Columbia	11–16	United States	2003 Churchill Cup	3,200	[45] [46]
35	27 August 2003	José Amalfitani Stadium, Buenos Aires (Argentina)	20–35	United States	2003 Pan-American Championship		[47] [48]
36	27 May 2004	National Olympic Stadium, Tokyo (Japan)	23–20	Canada	2004 Super Cup	3,500	[49] [50]
37	19 June 2004	Commonwealth Stadium, Edmonton, Alberta	32–29	Canada	2004 Churchill Cup	5,000	[51] [52]
38	25 May 2005	National Olympic Stadium, Tokyo (Japan)	30–26	Canada	2005 Super Cup		[53]
39	26 June 2005	Commonwealth Stadium, Edmonton, Alberta	19–20	United States	2005 Churchill Cup	15,000	[54]
40	17 June 2006	Commonwealth Stadium, Edmonton, Alberta	33–18	Canada	2006 Churchill Cup		[55]
41	12 August 2006	Swilers Rugby Park, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador	56–7	Canada	2007 Rugby World Cup Qualification	5,000	[56] [57]
42	2 June 2007	Twickenham Stadium, London (England)	52–10	Canada	2007 Churchill Cup		[58]
43	21 June 2008	Toyota Park, Bridgeview, Illinois	10–26	Canada	2008 Churchill Cup		[59]
44	4 July 2009	Blackbaud Stadium, Charleston, South Carolina	12–6	United States	2011 Rugby World Cup Qualification	3,836	[60] [61]
45	11 July 2009	Ellerslie Rugby Park, Edmonton, Alberta	41–18	Canada			[62]
46	6 August 2011	BMO Field, Toronto, Ontario	28–22	Canada	2011 Rugby World Cup warm-up match	10,621	[63] [64]
47	13 August 2011	Infinity Park, Glendale, Colorado	7–27	Canada		5,000	[65] [66] [67]
48	9 June 2012	Richardson Memorial Stadium, Kingston, Ontario	28–25	Canada	2012 Summer International	7,521	[68] [69]
49	25 May 2013	Ellerslie Rugby Park, Edmonton, Alberta	16–9	Canada	2013 Pacific Nations Cup	3,526	[70]
50	17 August 2013	Blackbaud Stadium, Charleston, South Carolina	9–27	Canada	2015 Rugby World Cup Qualification	5,258	[71]
51	24 August 2013	BMO Field, Toronto, Ontario	13–11	Canada		10,207	[72]
52	21 June 2014	Cal Expo Facility, Sacramento, California	38–35	United States	2014 Pacific Nations Cup	7,804	[73] [74] [75]
53	3 August 2015	Swangard Stadium, Burnaby, British Columbia	15–13	United States	2015 Pacific Nations Cup		[76]
54	22 August 2015	Twin Elm Rugby Park, Ottawa, Ontario	23–41	United States	2015 Rugby World Cup warm-up match	5,168	[77] [78]
55	13 February 2016	Dell Diamond, Round Rock, Texas	30–22	United States	2016 Americas Rugby Championship	7,415	[79] [80]
56	18 February 2017	Swangard Stadium, Burnaby, British Columbia	34–51	United States	2017 Americas Rugby Championship	3,416	[81]
57	24 June 2017	Tim Hortons Field, Hamilton, Ontario	28–28	draw	2019 Rugby World Cup Qualification	13,187	[82] [83]
58	1 July 2017	Torero Stadium, San Diego, California	52–16	United States			[84] [85] [86]
59	10 February 2018	Papa Murphy's Park, Sacramento, California	29–10	United States	2018 Americas Rugby Championship		[87] [88] [89]
60	23 June 2018	Wanderers Grounds, Halifax, Nova Scotia	17–42	United States	2018 Summer International	6,213	[90] [91]
61	8 March 2019	Starfire Sports, Tukwila, Washington	30–25	United States	2019 Americas Rugby Championship		[92] [93] [94]
62	27 July 2019	Infinity Park, Glendale, Colorado	47–19	United States	2019 Pacific Nations Cup	5,000	[95] [96] [97]
63	7 September 2019	BC Place, Vancouver, British Columbia	15–20	United States	2019 Rugby World Cup warm-up match		[98] [99]
64	4 September 2021	Swiler's Rugby Park, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador	34–21	Canada	2023 Rugby World Cup Qualification		[100] [101]
65	11 September 2021	Infinity Park, Glendale, Colorado	38–16	United States			[102] [103]
66	31 August 2024	Dignity Health Sports Park, Los Angeles, California	28–15	United States	2024 Pacific Nations Cup		[104] [105] [106]
67	22 August 2025	McMahon Stadium, Calgary, Alberta	34–20	Canada	2025 Pacific Nations Cup/2027 RWC qualification	11,587	[1] [107] [108]

See also

• Rugby Americas North (RAN)
• Americas Rugby Championship (ARC)
• Rugby World Cup qualification

References

1. "Ardron's Record-Tying Four Tries Lead Canada Past USA in Pacific Nations Cup Opener". Rugby CA. Retrieved 23 August 2025.
2. "Canada 17–6 United States | ESPNscrum". ESPNscrum . Retrieved 1 March 2024.
3. "United States 12–7 Canada | ESPNscrum". ESPNscrum. Retrieved 1 March 2024.
4. "WR Announces New Comp for US, Canada, Japan, Pacific Teams". Goff Rugby Report. 24 October 2023. Retrieved 3 March 2024.
5. Final bow for Churchill Cup
6. Rothmans Rugby Yearbook 1979–80 . Queen Anne Press. 1979. p. 56. ISBN   978-0354090872.
7. "Canada overpowers U.S.". Times Colonist . Burnaby: Glacier Media. 22 May 1977. p. 15.
8. "Canada 19–12 United States | ESPNscrum". ESPNscrum. Retrieved 1 March 2024.
9. Vivian Jenkins, ed. (1980). Rothmans Rugby Yearbook 1980–81 . Queen Anne Press. p. 56. ISBN   0362020183.
10. "United States 0–16 Canada | ESPNscrum". ESPNscrum. Retrieved 1 March 2024.
11. "Canada 6–3 United States | ESPNscrum". ESPNscrum. Retrieved 1 March 2024.
12. "United States 3–3 Canada | ESPNscrum". ESPNscrum. Retrieved 1 March 2024.
13. "Canada 15–9 United States | ESPNscrum". ESPNscrum. Retrieved 1 March 2024.
14. "United States 21–13 | ESPNscrum". ESPNscrum. Retrieved 1 March 2024.
15. "Canada 21–10 United States | ESPNscrum". ESPNscrum. Retrieved 1 March 2024.
16. "United States 16–27 Canada | ESPNscrum". ESPNscrum. Retrieved 1 March 2024.
17. "Canada 33–9 United States | ESPNscrum". ESPNscrum. Retrieved 1 March 2024.
18. "Canada 20–12 United States | ESPNscrum". ESPNscrum. Retrieved 1 March 2024.
19. "United States 28–16 | ESPNscrum". ESPNscrum. Retrieved 1 March 2024.
20. "Canada 21–3 United States | ESPNscrum". ESPNscrum. Retrieved 1 March 2024.
21. "United States 14–12 Canada | ESPNscrum". ESPNscrum. Retrieved 1 March 2024.
22. "Canada 34–15 United States | ESPNscrum". ESPNscrum. Retrieved 29 February 2024.
23. "United States 9–32 Canada | ESPNscrum". ESPNscrum. Retrieved 1 March 2024.
24. "Canada 20–9United States | ESPNscrum". ESPNscrum. Retrieved 1 March 2024.
25. "United States 10–15 Canada | ESPNscrum". ESPNscrum. Retrieved 1 March 2024.
26. "Canada 14–15 United States | ESPNscrum". ESPNscrum. Retrieved 1 March 2024.
27. "Pacific-Rim Championship – San Francisco, 11 May 1996". ESPNscrum. Retrieved 22 April 2021.
28. "Canadian rugby rally sinks U.S." SF Gate. Retrieved 28 September 2024.
29. "Canada 24–20 United States". ESPNscrum. Retrieved 1 March 2024.
30. "Canada 23–18 United States | ESPNscrum". ESPNscrum. Retrieved 1 March 2024.
31. "Canada vs United States 1996". Rays Rugby. Retrieved 28 September 2024.
32. "Canada 53–12 United States | ESPNscrum". ESPNscrum. Retrieved 1 March 2024.
33. "Pacific-Rim Championship – San Francisco, 7 June 1997". ESPNscrum. Retrieved 22 April 2021.
34. "Canada 17–15 United States | ESPNscrum". ESPNscrum. Retrieved 1 March 2024.
35. "Canada vs USA in Pacific Rim Rugby Championship series game". United Press International . News World Communications . Retrieved 28 September 2024.
36. "United States 3–37 Canada | ESPNscrum". ESPNscrum. Retrieved 1 March 2024.
37. "Canada 31–14 United States | ESPNscrum". ESPNscrum. Retrieved 1 March 2024.
38. "Canada 17–18 United States | ESPNscrum". ESPNscrum. Retrieved 1 March 2024.
39. "United States 34–25 Canada | ESPNscrum". ESPNscrum. Retrieved 1 March 2024.
40. "Canada 19–10 United States | ESPNscrum". ESPNscrum. Retrieved 1 March 2024.
41. "Canada 26–9 United States | ESPNscrum". ESPNscrum. Retrieved 1 March 2024.
42. "United States 9–26 Canada | Planet Rugby Match Report". Planet Rugby. Archived from the original on 15 June 2004. Retrieved 31 July 2025.
43. "United States 13–36 Canada | ESPNscrum". ESPNscrum. Retrieved 1 March 2024.
44. "United States 13–36 Canada | Planet Rugby Match Report". Planet Rugby. Archived from the original on 14 June 2004. Retrieved 31 July 2025.
45. "Canada 11–16 United States | ESPNscrum". ESPNscrum. Retrieved 1 March 2024.
46. "United States 16–11 Canada | Planet Rugby Match Report". Planet Rugby. Archived from the original on 16 June 2004. Retrieved 31 July 2025.
47. "Canada (6) 20 - 35 (20) United States of America (FT)". ESPNscrum. Retrieved 1 March 2024.
48. "Canada 20–35 United States | Planet Rugby Match Report". Planet Rugby. Archived from the original on 16 August 2004. Retrieved 31 July 2025.
49. "Canada (23) 23 - 20 (13) United States of America (FT)". ESPNscrum. Retrieved 1 March 2024.
50. "United States Canada". Planet Rugby. Archived from the original on 16 August 2004. Retrieved 31 July 2025.
51. "Canada (8) 32 - 29 (7) United States of America (FT)". ESPNscrum. Retrieved 1 March 2024.
52. "United States Canada". Planet Rugby. Archived from the original on 22 September 2004. Retrieved 31 July 2025.
53. "Canada (10) 30 - 26 (6) United States of America (FT)". ESPNscrum. Retrieved 1 March 2024.
54. "Canada (6) 19 - 20 (10) United States of America (FT)". ESPNscrum. Retrieved 29 February 2024.
55. "Canada (13) 33 - 18 (6) United States of America (FT)". ESPNscrum. Retrieved 29 February 2024.
56. "U.S. rugby roughed up by Cup qualifying Canada". ESPNscrum. Retrieved 12 November 2024.
57. "Canada (27) 56 - 7 (0) United States of America (FT)". espnscrum. Retrieved 29 February 2024.
58. "Canada (24) 52 - 10 (5) United States of America (FT)". ESPNscrum. Retrieved 29 February 2024.
59. "United States of America (10) 10 - 26 (0) Canada (FT)". ESPNscrum. Retrieved 29 February 2024.
60. "United States of America (6) 12 - 6 (6) Canada (FT)". ESPNscrum. Retrieved 29 February 2024.
61. "Hercus kicks Eagles to victory". espnscrum. Retrieved 29 February 2024.
62. "Canada (24) 41 - 18 (0) United States of America (FT)". ESPNscrum. Retrieved 29 February 2024.
63. "Canada too good for USA". ESPNscrum. Retrieved 29 February 2024.
64. "Canada (10) 28 - 22 (15) United States of America (FT)". espnscrum. Retrieved 29 February 2024.
65. "Canada make it two from two". ESPNscrum. Retrieved 29 February 2024.
66. "United States of America (7) 7 - 27 (10) Canada (FT)". espnscrum. Retrieved 29 February 2024.
67. "RWC 2011 Warm Ups". Rugby Unplugged. Retrieved 1 March 2024.
68. "Canada (20) 28 - 25 (18) United States of America (FT)". ESPNscrum. Retrieved 29 February 2024.
69. "Eagles fall to Canada in opener". USA Rugby. 9 June 2012. Retrieved 1 March 2024.
70. "Canada (10) 16 - 9 (3) United States of America (FT)". ESPNscrum. Retrieved 29 February 2024.
71. "United States of America (0) 9 - 27 (13) Canada (FT)". ESPNscrum. Retrieved 29 February 2024.
72. "Canada (8) 13 - 11 (8) United States of America (FT)". ESPNscrum. Retrieved 29 February 2024.
73. "U.S. rugby mounts comeback victory over Canada". Sportsnet. Retrieved 29 February 2024.
74. "USA claim first victory over Canada since 2009". espnscrum. Retrieved 29 February 2024.
75. "United States of America (18) 38 - 35 (28) Canada (FT)". ESPNscrum. Retrieved 29 February 2024.
76. "Canada (3) 13 - 15 (12) United States of America (FT)". ESPNscrum. Retrieved 29 February 2024.
77. "USA get the better of Canada". Planet Rugby. 23 August 2015. Retrieved 29 February 2024.
78. "Canada (6) 23 - 41 (17) United States of America (FT)". ESPNscrum. Retrieved 29 February 2024.
79. "United States of America (10) 30 - 22 (12) Canada (FT)". ESPNscrum. Retrieved 29 February 2024.
80. "Eagles' captain Todd Clever hat-trick powers USA over Canada". espnscrum. Retrieved 29 February 2024.
81. "Record-setting win for USA over Canada". Americas Rugby News. 19 February 2017. Retrieved 29 February 2024.
82. "Canada and USA scrap to draw in Hamilton". Americas Rugby News. 24 June 2017. Retrieved 29 February 2024.
83. "Canada (15) 28 - 28 (21) United States of America (FT)". ESPNscrum. Retrieved 29 February 2024.
84. "United States of America (19) 52 - 16 (9) Canada (FT)". ESPNscrum. Retrieved 29 February 2024.
85. "USA rout Canada, earn World Cup spot". americas rugby news. 2 July 2017. Retrieved 29 February 2024.
86. "Clever Eagles off to RWC after win over Canada". USA Rugby. Retrieved 20 March 2024.
87. "United States of America (14) 29 - 10 (7) Canada (FT)". espnscrum. Retrieved 29 February 2024.
88. "Dominant second half sees USA defeat Canada". ESPNscrum. 11 February 2018. Retrieved 29 February 2024.
89. "Men's Eagles Move to 2-0 with Win Over Rival Canada". USA Rugby. 10 February 2018. Retrieved 20 March 2024.
90. "Canada (3) 17 - 42 (13) United States of America (FT)". ESPNscrum. Retrieved 29 February 2024.
91. "Eagles overpower Canada in Halifax". americas rugby news. 24 June 2018. Retrieved 29 February 2024.
92. "United States of America (15) 30 - 25 (12) Canada (FT)". ESPNscrum. Retrieved 28 February 2024.
93. "Eagles escape as Canada nearly earn upset". americas rugby news. 9 March 2019. Retrieved 28 February 2024.
94. "Men's Eagles defeat rival-Canada in thrilling finale to Americas Rugby Championship 2019". USA Rugby. 9 March 2019. Retrieved 20 March 2024.
95. "Men's Eagles race past Canada to open Pacific Nations Cup". USA Rugby. 27 July 2019. Retrieved 20 March 2024.
96. "United States of America (20) 47 - 19 (0) Canada (FT)". ESPNscrum. Retrieved 28 February 2024.
97. "Eagles fly high above Canada". americas rugby news. 28 July 2019. Retrieved 28 February 2024.
98. "Canada (12) 15 - 20 (10) United States of America (FT)". ESPNscrum. Retrieved 28 February 2024.
99. "USA edge Canada in North American battle". americas rugby news. 8 September 2019. Retrieved 28 February 2024.
100. "Canada (10) 34 - 21 (14) United States of America (FT)". ESPNscrum. Retrieved 28 February 2024.
101. "Inspired Canada send USA reeling in St. John's". americas rugby news. 4 September 2021. Retrieved 28 February 2024.
102. "Men's Eagles defeat Canada to become No. 1 seed for Rugby Americas North". USA Rugby. 12 September 2021. Retrieved 20 March 2024.
103. "United States of America (25) 38 - 16 (9) Canada (FT)". ESPNscrum. Retrieved 28 February 2024.
104. "USA outplay Canada in sloppy PNC encounter". americas rugby news. Retrieved 1 September 2024.
105. "Canada's Men's Rugby Team loses to the USA in Los Angeles". Rugby CA. Retrieved 1 September 2024.
106. "USA Holds Off Canada as Mooneyham Nabs Brace". Goff Rugby Report. Retrieved 1 September 2024.
107. "Canada's Tyler Ardron explains reasons for shock Test return". RugbyPass . Archived from the original on August 23, 2025. Retrieved August 23, 2025. Over 10,000 tickets have been sold for the Eagles match, with Ardron's 'adopted' family – the Hasslers – among the crowd. Ex-Canada wing Jeff Hassler, Ardron's former teammate and housemate from their time together at Ospreys, was born in Calgary.
108. "Ardron scores 4 tries as Canada beats the US, Tonga tops Samoa in the Pacific Nations Cup". Toronto Star . August 23, 2025. Archived from the original on August 23, 2025. Retrieved August 23, 2025.