Citations
- ↑ Tsang, Steve Yui-Sang (1995). Government and Politics. Hong Kong University Press. pp. 145–146. ISBN 9622093922. ISBN 9789622093928.
Hong Kong Socialist Democratic Party 香港社會民主黨 | |
|---|---|
| Leader | Sun Pao-kang |
| Founded | 8 August 1964 |
| Split from | Democratic Self-Government Party |
| Newspaper | New Society |
| Ideology | Anti-colonialism Anti-communism Democratic socialism |
| Political position | Left-wing |
| Hong Kong Socialist Democratic Party | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Traditional Chinese | 香港社會民主黨 | ||||||||
| |||||||||
The Hong Kong Socialist Democratic Party was a democratic socialist political party in Hong Kong was founded by Sun Pao-kang on 8 August 1964.
The party was composed of a group of liberal-minded Chinese who had settled in Hong Kong because of the rise of Communist Party in the mainland China, and had recognized the value of the British administration in Hong Kong.
Sun Pao-kang among his supporters, was a former Lieutenant-General in the National Revolutionary Army and the member of the China Democratic Socialist Party, who had become disaffected with Chiang Kai-shek's Kuomintang government however opposed Mao's Communist regime. They wished to build up a model for modern China under British protection in Hong Kong, as well as a third force between the leftist and rightist politics in the colony.
The main objects we are striving for are to realise the self-government, democracy , freedom, progress, prosperity and welfare of Hong Kong. To achieve these aims, we are determined to adopt certain peaceful, steady, harmonious as well as democratic means.
Basing on the main principles of the above mentioned objects and means , we make the following proposals:
The Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, also known as the People's PCC or simply the PCC (政协), is a political advisory body in the People's Republic of China and a central part of the Chinese Communist Party's United Front system. The body traditionally consists of delegates from the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and its allied front organizations, eight legally-permitted political parties subservient to the CCP, as well as nominally independent members. The CPPCC is chaired by a member of the Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party.
The Legislative Council of the Hong Kong Special Administration Region is the unicameral legislature of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China.
Elections in Hong Kong take place when certain political offices in the government need to be filled. Every four years, half of the unicameral Legislative Council of Hong Kong's seventy seats representing the geographical constituencies are returned by the electorate; the other thirty five seats representing the functional constituencies are elected through smaller closed elections within business sectors.
The United Democrats of Hong Kong was a short-lived political party in Hong Kong founded in 1990 as the united front of the liberal democracy forces in preparation of the 1991 first ever direct election for the Legislative Council of Hong Kong. It self-proclaimed as the first political party in Hong Kong. The party won a landslide victory by sweeping 12 of the 18 directly elected seats in the 1991 LegCo elections which shook the political landscape of Hong Kong. In 1994 it was merged with another pro-democracy party Meeting Point to form the contemporary Democratic Party.
The Liaison Office of the Central People's Government in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region is an organ of the State Council of the People's Republic of China (PRC) in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR). It replaced the New China News Agency (NCNA) as the representative of the PRC government in Hong Kong in 2000.
Democratic and human rights have been major issues since the transfer of sovereignty to China in 1997. The one country, two systems principle allows the Hong Kong government to administer all areas of government except foreign relations and (military) defence separately from the national Chinese government. Many Hong Kong citizens became concerned about democratic development when the first Chief executive of Hong Kong Tung Chee-hwa appeared to have mishandled this issue. Other democracy-related issues involving human rights and universal suffrage became the new focal point for the pro-democracy camp. Attempts to bring Hong Kong citizens to the negotiating table by the British during the Sino-Anglo discussions were rejected by Beijing in the late 1980s. The last governor Chris Patten faced a great deal of opposition in changing the former colony's political system. However, China has been criticized for infringement of the "one country, two systems" policy.
British Hong Kong was a colony and dependent territory of the British Empire from 1841 to 1997, apart from a brief period under Japanese occupation from 1941 to 1945. The colonial period began with the occupation of Hong Kong Island in 1841 during the First Opium War. The island was ceded by Qing Empire in the aftermath of the war in 1842 and established as a Crown colony in 1843. The colony expanded to the Kowloon Peninsula in 1860 after the Second Opium War and was further extended when the UK obtained a 99-year lease of the New Territories in 1898.
Hong Kong independence is a political movement that advocates Hong Kong to be established as an independent sovereign state. Hong Kong is one of two Special administrative regions of China (SAR) which enjoys a high degree of autonomy as a part of the People's Republic of China, guaranteed under Article 2 of Hong Kong Basic Law as ratified under the Sino-British Joint Declaration. Since the transfer of the sovereignty of Hong Kong from the United Kingdom to the PRC in 1997, a growing number of Hongkongers have become concerned about Beijing's encroachment on the territory's freedoms and the failure of the Hong Kong government to deliver "genuine democracy".
The 1994 Hong Kong electoral reform was a set of significant constitutional changes in the last years of British colonial rule in Hong Kong before the handover of its sovereignty to the People's Republic of China on 1 July 1997. The reform proposal was carried out by the last governor Chris Patten to largely broaden the electorate base of the last three-tiers elections in 1994 and 1995:
The Hong Kong electoral reform was a proposed reform for the 2017 Hong Kong Chief Executive election and 2016 Legislative Council election.
The Young Plan was a constitutional reform proposal carried out in 1946 attempting to introduce representative democracy in Colonial Hong Kong. Named after the then Governor, Mark Young, it was the first major reform proposal to give Hong Kong inhabitants a greater share of managing their own affairs by widening the base of Hong Kong's political system through the creation of a new Municipal Council. The proposed Council was to consist of an elected majority based on a fairly wide franchise, with powers and autonomy over all urban services, education, social welfare, town planning and other functions. It even allowed for indirect election of two Unofficial Members of the Legislative Council (LegCo) by the new Council.
The 2016 Hong Kong Legislative Council election was held on 4 September 2016 for the 6th Legislative Council of Hong Kong (LegCo). A total of 70 members, 35 from geographical constituencies (GCs) and 35 from functional constituencies (FCs), were returned. The election came after the rejection of the 2016/2017 constitutional reform proposals which suggested the electoral method for the 2016 Legislative Council remains unchanged.
Liberalism has a long tradition in Hong Kong as an economic philosophy and has become a major political trend since the 1980s, often represented in the pro-democracy camp, apart from conservatism which often constitutes the pro-Beijing camp.
In Hong Kong, localism is a political movement centered on the preservation of the city's autonomy and local culture. The Hong Kong localist movement encompasses a variety of groups with different goals, but all of them oppose the perceived growing encroachment of the Chinese central government on the city's management of its own political, economic, and social affairs. Issues of concern to localist groups include land use and development, cultural and heritage conservation on the left, parallel trading and the increasing number of mainland immigrants and tourists on the right. On the autonomy of Hong Kong, many of them advocate the Hong Kong people's right to self-determination, while milder elements advocate for greater autonomy while remaining part of China, and the most radical call for return to British rule or full independence as a sovereign state. Certain right-wing localist groups also advocate for a more aggressive and militant approach in defending popular interests.
Conservatism has deep roots in Hong Kong politics and society. As a political trend, it is often reflected in but not limited to the current pro-Beijing camp, one of the two major political forces in Hong Kong, as opposed to liberalism, a dominant feature of the pro-democracy camp. It has also become a political view taken by some localist political parties.
Socialism in Hong Kong is a political trend taking root from Marxism and Leninism which was imported to Hong Kong and mainland China in the late 1910s and early 1920s. Socialist trends have taken various forms, including Marxism–Leninism, Maoism, Trotskyism, democratic socialism and liberal socialism, with the Marxism–Leninists being the most dominant faction due to the influence of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) regime in the mainland. The "traditional leftists" became the largest force representing the pro-Beijing camp in the post-war decades, which had an uneasy relationship with the colonial authorities. As the Chinese Communist Party adopted capitalist economic reforms from 1978 onwards and the pro-Beijing faction became increasingly conservative, the socialist agenda has been slowly taken up by the liberal-dominated pro-democratic camp.
Localist groups, or localist and self-determination groups, are the various groups with localist ideologies in Hong Kong. It emerged from post-80s social movements in the late 2000s which centred on the preservation of the city's autonomy and local lifestyles and opposed the perceived growing encroachment of the Beijing government on the city's management of its own political, economic, and social affairs.
The People Power–League of Social Democrats, are two radical democratic parties that set up an electoral alliance for the 2016 Hong Kong Legislative Council election under the name "progressive democrats". It fielded a total of nine candidates to contest Legislative Council seats in the five geographical constituencies, in which two of the three incumbents were returned.
The Pro-ROC camp or pro-Kuomintang camp is a political alignment in Hong Kong. It generally pledges allegiance to the Republic of China (ROC) in Taiwan, which was governed by the Kuomintang since the second half of the 20th century.
The Democratic Self-Government Party of Hong Kong was the first political party calling for self-government in Hong Kong established in 1964. it was founded by Ma Man-fai, chairman of the United Nations Association of Hong Kong, lawyer Chang Liu-shih and teacher K. Hopkin-Jenkins.
