Hours of Mary of Burgundy

Last updated

Folio 14v: The Virgin in a church with Mary of Burgundy at her devotions Hours of Mary of Burgundy Virgin and Child.jpg
Folio 14v: The Virgin in a church with Mary of Burgundy at her devotions

The Hours of Mary of Burgundy (German : Stundenbuch der Maria von Burgund) [1] is a book of hours, a form of devotional book for lay-people, completed in Flanders around 1477, and now in the National Library of Austria. It was probably commissioned for Mary, the ruler of the Burgundian Netherlands and then the wealthiest woman in Europe. No records survive as to its commission. The book contains 187 folios, each measuring 225 by 150 millimetres (8.9 in × 5.9 in). It consists of the Roman Liturgy of the Hours, 24 calendar roundels, 20 full-page miniatures and 16 quarter-page format illustrations. [2] Its production began c. 1470, and includes miniatures by several artists, of which the foremost was the unidentified but influential illuminator known as the Master of Mary of Burgundy, who provides the book with its most meticulously detailed illustrations and borders. Other miniatures, considered of an older tradition, were contributed by Simon Marmion, Willem Vrelant and Lieven van Lathem. The majority of the calligraphy is attributed to Nicolas Spierinc, with whom the Master collaborated on other works and who may also have provided a number of illustrations.

Contents

The two best known illustrations contain a revolutionary trompe-l'œil technique of showing a second perspective through an open window from the main pictorial setting. It is sometimes known as one of the black books of hours, due to the dark and sombre appearance of the first 34 pages, in which the gilded letter was written on black panels. The book has been described as "undoubtedly [...] among the most important works of art made in the late middle ages...a milestone in the history of art and one of the most precious objects of the late middle ages". [3] Given the dark colourisation and mournful tone of the opening folios, the book may originally have been intended to mark the death of Mary's father, Charles the Bold, who died in 1477 at the Battle of Nancy. Midway through its production, it is thought to have been recommissioned as a gift to celebrate Mary's marriage to Maximilian. Tonally, the early pages change from dark, sombre colours to a later sense of optimism and unity.

Commission

Folio 15v: Christ on the Mount of Olives Hours of Mary of Burgundy Christ on the Mount of Olives.jpg
Folio 15v: Christ on the Mount of Olives

The book was for centuries known as the "Vienna Hours of Charles the Bold", [4] [5] and thought to have been intended to mark the death of Charles the Bold, ruler of the Burgundian Netherlands, at the Battle of Nancy on 5 January 1477, and thus as a book of mourning, intended for either his widow, Margaret of York, or his daughter, Mary. [6] [lower-alpha 1] As Charles's sole heir, Mary became both the wealthiest woman in Europe and the last of her dynasty. [7] [8] The idea that it was originally a book of mourning is reinforced by the mournful appearance of the opening 34 pages, where the gold and silver lettering is placed on parchment that has been stained black, in a technique associated with the so-called black books of hours. [3] [9] Only seven of these Illuminated manuscripts survive today, all produced in the mid to late 15th century. Given their novel visual appeal, and the use of gold and silver leaf, they were more expensive and highly prized than more conventional books of hours, and produced for high-ranking members of the court of Philip the Good [lower-alpha 2] and Charles the Bold. The Burgundian court had a preference for dark, sombre colourisation and the extant works in this style were mostly commissioned for them. Only the wealthy nobility could have afforded such books, and the taste for mournful colours – often reflected in their dress style – was reflected in the black, gold and silver of these manuscripts. [10]

After page 35, the parchment is predominantly left white and the images are lighter in tone. [11] [12] Given this change, the intention for the book may have changed from mourning to celebration: [13] that is, its purpose changed from being a commemoration of Charles's death to a token of honour for Mary's marriage to Maximilian of Austria. [14] This is indicated by the items on the window sill next to her in the Virgin in the Church illustration. Traditionally, pearls represent purity, and a transparent veil signifies virtue, while red carnations were often used as symbols of love. [15] Evidence that it was commissioned for Mary include the feminine gender endings in some of the prayers and the recurring pairs of gold armorial shields throughout the book, indicating that it was prepared for an upcoming marriage. Art historian Antoine De Schryver argues that this change of purpose and the pressure of completion for the wedding date of August 1477 explains why so many individual artists were involved. [14]

Attribution

Folio 33r: Mark the Evangelist Hours of Mary of Burgundy Mark the Evangelist.jpg
Folio 33r: Mark the Evangelist

Work on the book is thought to have begun c. 1470. [16] The Flemish artist Nicolas Spierinc, a favourite of the Burgundian court and Charles in particular, [17] has been identified as the chief scribe of the elegant and complex calligraphy. [18] There is speculation that the artist was active in Bruges at the end of the 15th century. [19] He may have directed assistants to carry out some of the lettering, excepting key passages. [14] An anagram of his name appears on the borders of the miniature on folio 94v, The Way to Calvary. [18]

The miniatures were completed by a team of at least nine artists and illustrators, [20] including Simon Marmion, attributed a single illustration, [21] Willem Vrelant and Lieven van Lathem. Van Lathem is attributed with the "Christ before Pilate" miniature, which seems influenced by Hand K of the Turin-Milan Hours (c. 1420). [22] Most attention is given to the innovative images attributed to the Master of Mary of Burgundy, [3] known to have been active in Flanders between 1469 and 1483, [23] and who was greatly influenced by the innovations of contemporary northern European panel painting, particularly the melancholy of Hugo van der Goes [lower-alpha 3] and the illusionism of Jan van Eyck. The Master is thought to have been the primary illuminator responsible for a second book commissioned by the family, the "Prayer Book of Charles the Bold", now in Berlin. [24] [lower-alpha 4]

Saint Catherine Hours of Mary of Burgundy Heilige Katharina.jpg
Saint Catherine

A majority have been specifically attributed to one of these artists, though there is some debate over a number. [3] The illustrations can be characterised by the use of everyday devotional objects, including books, rosary beads and contemporary everyday settings, to frame images of divine saints and thereby bringing the sacred into domestic, earthly spaces. [16]

Design

The book consists of 186 original folios of 22.5 × 16.3 cm and three folios that were later additions, which measure 21.2 × 15.2 cm. In total there are 20 full-page miniatures, 14 smaller miniatures, 24 calendar sheets, 14 historiated initials and 78 ornamental borders. The text is preoccupied with the litany, and intercessory prayers. [25] The margins on almost every page are decorated with drollerie consisting of flowers, insects, jewels and sibyls, [14] some of which were designed by Lieven van Lathem. Those most praised by art historians were created by the Master of Mary of Burgundy. The marginalia and drolleries are painted in such a way as to suggest that objects are sprinkled over the foil in a three-dimensional manner that suggest, according to art historian Otto Pächt, that they seem not so much "in the imaginary space of the picture, but in that of the real world". [26]

Miniatures

Saint Wilgefortis Hours of Mary of Burgundy Saint Wilgeforte.jpg
Saint Wilgefortis

The book contains 20 full-page miniatures and 16 small format illustrations. They are all of the highest quality and can be mostly attributed to individual artists or hands. There are noticeable changes in standards and style between the miniatures attributed to the Master of Mary of Burgundy and those attributed to other hands. There is some commonality between the images; the idealised facial types are similar, and thin cumulus clouds appear throughout. [27]

Last Judgement Hours of Mary of Burgundy Last Judgment.jpg
Last Judgement

The Master's work is characterised by mixed colours that whiten toward the horizon, while in others they are saturated. He achieved the modelling of figures and objects by building layers of paint in thin but visible brush strokes, rather than hatching. His palette is noticeably darker than that of the other hands, mostly consisting of purples, browns and greys, with the areas around the figure's faces and hands coloured with black pigment. [28] The art historian Thomas Kren says his miniatures in this book "constitute an art of profound emotion; subtle atmospheric effects; abundant, richly textured detail; and the most delicate draftsmanship. His miniatures convey a powerful sense of the moment". [6]

The book's best-known miniatures, the Virgin and Child, Christ nailed to the Cross, and the Crucifixion, are attributed to the Master. Folio 14v shows the Virgin Mary in a Gothic church seen through the window of a room containing Mary of Burgundy at her devotions, reading from an open book, [16] with the Virgin appearing as if the embodiment of Mary's prayers. [8] In Folio 43v, Christ lies on his cross, in an expansive view of Calvary, seemingly viewed through a window. In both, the background scene becomes the main focus, with the foreground image merely providing the setting for the 'main stage'. [26] It is because of these two miniatures that the Master is seen as the main innovator in bringing about a new style of Flemish illumination in the 1470s and 1480s, [29] earning him a great number of imitators. [30] The colourisation is often extremely subtle, with some illustrations containing upwards of eighteen different shades. [31]

Virgin and Child

Detail, folio 14v: Mary of Burgundy at Prayer. Mary appears in both the foreground and background, with the virgin appearing as if an "audience to her prayer". Maria of Burgundy detail.jpg
Detail, folio 14v: Mary of Burgundy at Prayer. Mary appears in both the foreground and background, with the virgin appearing as if an "audience to her prayer".

Mary of Burgundy can be identified as the woman in the foreground of folio 14v from the facial similarity to documented contemporary drawings and paintings. [33] She is shown as an elegant young princess, reading a book of hours. Her finger traces the text of what seem to be the words Obsecro te Domina sancta maria ("I Beseech Thee, Holy Mary"), a popular prayer of indulgence in contemporary manuscript illuminations of donors venerating the Virgin and Child. [34] Mary is positioned in an intimate and private domestic setting, probably a private chapel or oratory, [35] reading a book of hours draped in a green cloth. A small white dog, a symbol of faithfulness, rests on her lap. [36] She wears a gold or brown velvet dress, and a long hennin, from which hangs a transparent veil. The window before her is opened through two timber boards adorned with glass. Its ledge contains a veil, rosary beads, [2] a gold chain with ruby and four pearls, two red carnations as symbols of betrothal, and a crystal vase containing a large flowering iris, a late medieval symbol of purity. [36] [35]

The Virgin and Child are visible through the open window as an "image within an image", as if as an apparition or the literal embodiment of the book she is reading. Thus Mary of Burgundy is placed in physical proximity to the Virgin, without the usual intercession of the saint. [37] The holy family are seated in a Gothic church with a high vaulted ambulatory, [38] before the high altar, in front of which is a lattice-patterned decorative carpet. Four angels sit at the corners of the carpet, each holding a gold candlestick marking the sacred space. [35] Three court ladies, one looking outwards, are positioned to the left, kneeling with their hands clasped in prayer. One, probably Mary of Burgundy, wears a blue brocade and gown and holds a small book in her hands. The other two ladies seem to be her attendants. [16] A male figure kneeling to the right is dressed in red and swings a censer of burning incense, while two other figures are positioned behind the high altar. [38]

The use of an open window was influenced by van Eyck's c. 1435 oil-on-panel painting the Madonna of Chancellor Rolin , where the pictorial space is divided into two areas; a foreground chiaroscuro interior which leads out, through arcades, to an expansive bright-lit exterior landscape. [39] In the Vienna miniature, the artist achieves the transition from foreground to background by slowly diminishing the figures' scale and plasticity. [26] The illustration has been compared in breadth of detail and style to van Eyck's Madonna in the Church , a small panel painting, which is yet twice the size of the Master's illumination. [37]

Christ nailed to the Cross

Folio 43v: Christ nailed to the Cross, attributed to the Master of Mary of Burgundy Hours of Mary of Burgundy Christ nailed to the Cross.jpg
Folio 43v: Christ nailed to the Cross, attributed to the Master of Mary of Burgundy

Folio 43v, Christ nailed to the Cross, shows a biblical scene viewed through the elaborately carved stone window of a contemporary late 15th century setting. [40] The foreground interior scene is empty of people, but can again be assumed to be an oratory, and contains an array of attributes and objects of devotion, including a prayer book with black chemise binding, prayer beads, [lower-alpha 5] a brocade cushion and a number of jewels. [26] The background composition consists of a complex exploration of perspective. The artist employs a central axis and vanishing point to create an aerial perspective of sophistication previously unseen in northern illumination. [41] As art historian Susie Nash notes, "Mary [of Burgundy], looking at her prayer book, would see on this page a depiction of the accoutrements of prayer she might also be currently be using in reality, set around the real prayer book in which they are depicted". [40]

The viewer is thus positioned, as if from the point of view of the reader of the book itself, outside of the main pictorial setting. The scene beyond the window contains a cast of characters numbering in the many hundreds, before an expansive landscape and threatening and gloomy sky. The vast panorama is achieved by the illuminator's skill in achieving depth, recession and scale. [40] But the figure's distance from the viewer means that they are rendered in a rather vague and summary style. [26] The figure of Christ seems modeled on a similar painting of the Crucifixion attributed to Gerard David, now in the National Gallery, London. [42] The women, particularly at the front, wear a variety of exotic and extravagant headgear, of types also seen in the Virgin and Child, in folio 152v The Presentation in the Temple, from his Book of Hours of Engelbert of Nassau, and in attributed miniatures from the "Trivulzio Hours". [24]

In the scene, two crosses have already been erected, on top of two small mounds. But there is no third, larger mound, which should be positioned between those of the thieves and bearing Christ's cross. Because of this anomaly, Nash believes the viewer's perspective is deliberately misleading; the viewer is not looking out towards Golgotha, but is on Golgotha. [43] Nash suggests that this explains why a praying figure is absent from the room before the window – Mary is participating in the actual event. She further notes that Mary Magdalene, usually closely associated with the crucifixion, is also missing, and speculates that Mary be playing the role normally associated with the Magdalene. [44]

The margins of the page are decorated with imaginative and somewhat whimsical flowers, insects and a jewel. [26] The influence of van der Goes can be seen in the modelling of St John, who closely resembles the same figure in the earlier artist's The Fall of Man and The Lamentation of 1470–75. [28]

Crucifixion

Folio 99v: Crucifixion, attributed to the Master of Mary of Burgundy Hours of Mary of Burgundy Crucifixion.jpg
Folio 99v: Crucifixion, attributed to the Master of Mary of Burgundy

The Crucifixion miniature, folio 99v, shows Christ and the two thieves raised on their crosses over a vast crowd which forms around them in a circular shape. Christ's body is twisted in pain, and painted with particular detail and skill. His chest rises heavily as he gasps for breath, while his body is rendered in delicate proportion. [6]

The Virgin Mary, dressed in blue, and Mary Magdalene, dressed in red, kneel at the foot of his cross. According to Kren, the image achieves its immediacy through the "numerous figures in motion — writhing, gesturing, stepping, or just listening with head attentively inclined". As with the other miniatures attributed to the Master, a number of the figures look outwards, as if towards the viewer. The work shows a number of similarities to a Deposition in the J. Paul Getty Museum, [45] also thought to be by the Master's hand. [6]

Provenance

Matthias, Holy Roman Emperor, acquired the book around 1580; he spent much of the period 1578–81 in the Netherlands. It disappeared after his death in 1619. It is thought to have been acquired by the Austrian National Library in Vienna c. 1721–27. The library was looted by Napoleon's troops in 1809, and the book was taken to Paris. It was returned to Vienna in 1815, following Napoleon's defeat at the Battle of Waterloo. [3] It remains in the National Library of Austria, classified as Codex Vindobonensis 1857. [1]

Footnotes

  1. ↑ Margaret of York, Mary's stepmother, has been described as "arguably the most interesting and aesthetically discerning bibliophile during Charles's reign", and commissioned a number of other illuminated manuscripts. Kren, 21
  2. ↑ Philip was an enthusiastic patron of the arts. During his reign and financial support, both panel painting and the production of illuminated manuscripts flourished. Campbell, 20
  3. ↑ Early identifications of the Master suggested he was a brother of van der Goes. Kren & McKendrick, 153
  4. ↑ The Berlin Book of hours is a further collaboration between the Master, van Lathem and Marmion. Kren & McKendrick, 137
  5. ↑ The prayer beads are similar to those owned by Mary's daughter Margaret of Austria, which we know from a portrait now in New York. It may be that they are the same beads, passed from mother to daughter. Nash, 275

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jan van Eyck</span> Flemish painter (died 1441)

Jan van Eyck was a painter active in Bruges who was one of the early innovators of what became known as Early Netherlandish painting, and one of the most significant representatives of Early Northern Renaissance art. According to Vasari and other art historians including Ernst Gombrich, he invented oil painting, though most now regard that claim as an oversimplification.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Froissart of Louis of Gruuthuse</span> Illuminated manuscript of Froissarts Chronicles

The Froissart of Louis of Gruuthuse is a heavily illustrated deluxe illuminated manuscript in four volumes, containing a French text of Froissart's Chronicles, written and illuminated in the first half of the 1470s in Bruges, Flanders, in modern Belgium. The text of Froissart's Chronicles is preserved in more than 150 manuscript copies. This is one of the most lavishly illuminated examples, commissioned by Louis of Gruuthuse, a Flemish nobleman and bibliophile. Several leading Flemish illuminators worked on the miniatures.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Simon Bening</span> Flemish miniaturist

Simon Bening was a Flemish miniaturist, generally regarded as the last major artist of the Netherlandish tradition.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Simon Marmion</span> French painter

Simon Marmion was a French and Burgundian Early Netherlandish painter of panels and illuminated manuscripts. Marmion lived and worked in what is now France but for most of his lifetime was part of the Duchy of Burgundy in the Southern Netherlands.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Master of Anthony of Burgundy</span>

The Master of Anthony of Burgundy was a Flemish miniature painter active in Bruges between about 1460 and 1490, apparently running a large workshop, and producing some of the most sophisticated work of the final flowering of Flemish illumination. He was first identified by Winkler in 1921; his name is derived from one of his most elevated patrons, Anthony of Burgundy, Philip the Good's illegitimate son, though he also worked for the Dukes and other bibliophiles in Burgundian court circles, who had already been allocated "Masters" by art historians. His contributions to the heavily illustrated Froissart of Louis of Gruuthuse from the early 1470s, on which several of the leading illuminators of the day worked, show him excelling some more famous names, like Loiset Lyédet. The young Master of the Dresden Prayer Book worked as his assistant on this book, suggesting he was an apprentice; a number of other anonymous masters have been postulated as his pupils. Other works are in the libraries of Paris, Wrocław, Philadelphia, Munich, Cambridge University Library and elsewhere.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Master of James IV of Scotland</span>

The Master of James IV of Scotland was a Flemish manuscript illuminator and painter most likely based in Ghent, or perhaps Bruges. Circumstantial evidence, including several larger panel paintings, indicates that he may be identical with Gerard Horenbout. He was the leading illuminator of the penultimate generation of Flemish illuminators. The painter's name is derived from a portrait of James IV of Scotland which, together with one of his Queen Margaret Tudor, is in the Prayer book of James IV and Queen Margaret, a book of hours commissioned by James and now in Vienna. He has been called one of the finest illuminators active in Flanders around 1500, and contributed to many lavish and important books besides directing an active studio of his own.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Turin–Milan Hours</span> Manuscript

The Turin–Milan Hours is a partially destroyed illuminated manuscript, which despite its name is not strictly a book of hours. It is of exceptional quality and importance, with a very complicated history both during and after its production. It contains several miniatures of about 1420 attributed to an artist known as "Hand G" who was probably either Jan van Eyck, his brother Hubert van Eyck, or an artist very closely associated with them. About a decade or so later Barthélemy d'Eyck may have worked on some miniatures. Of the several portions of the book, that kept in Turin was destroyed in a fire in 1904, though black-and-white photographs exist.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Isabella Breviary</span>

The Isabella Breviary is a late 15th-century illuminated manuscript housed in the British Library, London. Queen Isabella I of Castile was given the manuscript shortly before 1497 by her ambassador Francisco de Rojas to commemorate the double marriage of her children and the children of Emperor Maximilian of Austria and Duchess Mary of Burgundy.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Black Hours, Morgan MS 493</span> Illuminated book of hours

The Black Hours, MS M.493 is an illuminated book of hours completed in Bruges between 1460 and 1475. It consists of 121 pages (leaves), with Latin text written in Gothic minuscule script. The words are arranged in rows of fourteen lines and follow the Roman version of the texts. The lettering is inscribed in silver and gold and placed within borders ornamented with flowers, foliage and grotesques, on pages dyed a deep blueish black. It contains fourteen full-page miniatures and opens with the months of the liturgical calendar, followed by the Hours of the Virgin, and ends with the Office of the Dead.

<i>Jean Wauquelin presenting his Chroniques de Hainaut to Philip the Good</i>

Jean Wauquelin presenting his 'Chroniques de Hainaut' to Philip the Good is a presentation miniature believed to have been painted by the Flemish artist Rogier van der Weyden. It decorates the frontispiece to the Chroniques de Hainaut, MS KBR.9242, Jean Wauquelin's French translation of a three-volume history of the County of Hainaut originally written in Latin by the 14th-century Franciscan historian Jacques de Guyse.

<i>The Hours of Joanna I of Castile</i> Sixteenth-century illuminated codex

The Hours of Joanna I of Castile is a sixteenth-century illuminated codex housed in the British Library, London, under call number Add MS 35313.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lieven van Lathem</span> 15th century Netherlandish painter and manuscript illuminator

Lieven van Lathem (1430–1493), was an Early Netherlandish painter and manuscript illuminator.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Book of Hours of Simon de Varie</span>

The Book of Hours of Simon de Varie is a French illuminated manuscript book of hours commissioned by the court official Simon de Varie, with miniatures attributed to at least four artists; hand A who may have been a workshop member of the Bedford Master, the anonymous illustrators known as the Master of Jean Rolin II, the Dunois Master and the French miniaturist Jean Fouquet. It was completed in 1455 and consists of 49 large miniatures and dozens of decorative vignettes and painted initials, which total over 80 decorations. Fouquet is known to have contributed six full leaf illuminations, including a masterwork Donor and Virgin diptych. A number of saints appear - Saint Simon is placed as usual alongside Saint Jude ; other pages feature saints Bernard of Menthon, James the Greater and Guillaume de Bourges.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Presentation miniature</span>

A presentation miniature or dedication miniature is a miniature painting often found in illuminated manuscripts, in which the patron or donor is presented with a book, normally to be interpreted as the book containing the miniature itself. The miniature is thus symbolic, and presumably represents an event in the future. Usually it is found at the start of the volume, as a frontispiece before the main text, but may also be placed at the end, as in the Vivian Bible, or at the start of a particular text in a collection.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Master of Mary of Burgundy</span> Manuscript illuminator from the Southern Netherlands

The Master of Mary of Burgundy was a Flemish illuminator, painter and draughtsman active between 1469-1483 in Flanders, probably in Ghent. His notname is derived from two books of hours attributed to him, the Vienna Hours of Mary of Burgundy and another books of hours, now in Berlin, also for Mary of Burgundy.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nicolas Spierinc</span>

Nicolas Spierinc was a Flemish illuminator and scribe active in late 1400s. Works attributed to him include the lettering of the Hours of Mary of Burgundy. He was a student of medicine at the University at Louvain, later changing his profession to a scribe and illuminator, moving to Ghent, where he found success and wealth. He is known to have collaborated with both Lieven van Lathem and the Master of Mary of Burgundy on prayer books of hours.

Antoine Philippe De Schryver (1924–2005) was a Belgian art historian and professor at the University of Ghent, where he lectured on History of Book Illumination. He was specialized in the field of illuminated manuscripts in the Southern Netherlands, 15th century painting, and artists at the Burgundian Court.

<i>Spinola Book of Hours</i>

The Spinola Book of Hours is a sixteenth-century illuminated manuscript, consisting of 310 folios with 84 fully illustrated miniature paintings. This medieval manuscript was produced in the region between Bruges and Ghent in Flanders around 1510-1520. According to Thomas Kren, a former curator of the J. Paul Getty Museum, the artwork within the Spinola Hours can be attributed to five distinct artists. Forty-seven of these illuminated pages can be accredited to the 'Master of James IV'. The Spinola Hours bears a central coat-of-arms on the cover indicating it belonged to the Spinola family of Genoa. Today it is located at the J. Paul Getty Museum in Los Angeles.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Master of Margaret of York</span>

The Master of Margaret of York is the Notname of an illuminator active in Bruges between 1470 and 1480. He owes his name to a devotional book he decorated for Margaret of York, wife of Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy. A large number of his illuminated books were executed for Louis de Gruuthuse. Several manuscripts have also been attributed to his assistants.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Master of the Jardin de vertueuse consolation</span>

The Master of the Jardin de vertueuse consolation is the Notname of an illuminator active in Bruges in the years 1450 to 1475. He owes his name to a work by Pierre d'Ailly of which the decoration has been attributed to him, Le Jardin de vertueuse consolation, executed for Louis de Gruuthuse and today preserved in the Bibliothèque nationale de France as ms. fr. 1026.

References

Notes

  1. 1 2 Inglis, I
  2. 1 2 Kren & McKendrick, 137
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 Walther, 366
  4. ↑ Brinkmann, Bodo. "Philippe de Mazerolles". Oxford University Press: Grove Art Online. Retrieved 24 November 2017
  5. ↑ Jenni & Thoss, 140–43
  6. 1 2 3 4 Kren & McKendrick, 126
  7. ↑ Friesen, 54
  8. 1 2 Kleiner, 572
  9. ↑ Jenni & Thoss, 143
  10. ↑ Walther, 373
  11. ↑ Walther, 372
  12. ↑ de Schryver, 36
  13. ↑ Müller, 169
  14. 1 2 3 4 van Buren, 295
  15. ↑ Hagen & Hagen
  16. 1 2 3 4 Woods, 112
  17. ↑ Kren, 21
  18. 1 2 de Schryver, 77
  19. ↑ "Master of the Hours of Margaret of Burgundy | Benezit Dictionary of Artists". www.oxfordartonline.com. doi:10.1093/benz/9780199773787.article.B00114648. ISBN   978-0-19-977378-7 . Retrieved 2020-02-19.
  20. ↑ van Buren, 293
  21. ↑ Kren & McKendrick, 125
  22. ↑ van Buren, 302
  23. ↑ "Master of Mary of Burgundy". J. Paul Getty Trust. Retrieved 18 November 2017
  24. 1 2 Kren & McKendrick, 128
  25. ↑ van Buren, 305
  26. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Pächt, 299
  27. ↑ van Buren, 297
  28. 1 2 Schmidt, Hans. "Masters, anonymous, and monogrammists". Oxford University Press: Grove Art Online. Retrieved 25 November 2017
  29. ↑ Bluestone, 81
  30. ↑ Pächt, 300
  31. ↑ van Buren, 294
  32. ↑ Kren & McKendrick, 153
  33. ↑ Pächt, 296
  34. ↑ Penketh, 266
  35. 1 2 3 Taylor, 266
  36. 1 2 Bluestone, 78
  37. 1 2 Kren & McKendrick, 140
  38. 1 2 Nash, 274
  39. ↑ Pächt, 296–299
  40. 1 2 3 Nash, 275
  41. ↑ Hulse, 49
  42. ↑ Campbell, 162
  43. ↑ Nash, 276
  44. ↑ Nash, 276–77
  45. ↑ "The Deposition". J. Paul Getty Trust. Retrieved 1 November 2017

Sources

  • Bluestone, Natalie Harris. Double Vision: Perspectives on Gender and the Visual Arts. Vancouver: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1996. ISBN   978-0-8386-3540-7
  • Campbell, Lorne. The Fifteenth Century Netherlandish Schools. London: National Gallery Publications, 1998. ISBN   978-1-85709-171-7
  • de Schryver, Antoine. The Prayer Book of Charles the Bold. Los Angeles: Getty Publications, 2008. ISBN   978-0-8923-6943-0
  • Friesen, Ilse. The Female Crucifix Images of St. Wilgefortis Since the Middle Ages. Waterloo, ON: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 2001. ISBN   978-0-8892-0365-5
  • Hagen, Marie Rose & Hagen, Rainer. Masterpieces In Detail. Berlin: Taschen, 2010
  • Hulse, Clarke. The Rule of Art: Literature and Painting in the Renaissance. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990. ISBN   978-0-2263-6052-2
  • Inglis, Erik. The Hours of Mary of Burgundy: Codex Vindobonensis 1857, Vienna, Osterreichische Nationalbibliothek. London: H. Miller, 1995
  • Jenni, Ulrike & Thoss, Dagmar. Das Schwarze Gebetbuch, Codex 1856 (in German). Frankfurt am Main: Kommentar zur Faksimile-Ausgabe, 1982. ISBN   978-3-4581-4063-4
  • Kleiner, Fred. Gardner's Art through the Age: Renaissance and Baroque. Belmont CA: Wadsworth Publishing, 2015. ISBN   978-1-2858-3801-4
  • Kren, Thomas. Illuminated Manuscripts from Belgium and the Netherlands in the J. Paul Getty Museum. Los Angeles: Getty Publications, 2010. ISBN   978-1-6060-6014-8
  • Kren, Thomas & McKendrick, Scot. Illuminating the Renaissance: The Triumph of Flemish Manuscript Painting in Europe. Los Angeles: Getty Publications; Royal Academy of Arts, 2003. ISBN   978-1-903973-28-8
  • Müller, Monika. The Use of Models in Medieval Book Painting. Cambridge: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2014. ISBN   978-1-4438-5532-7
  • Nash, Susie. Northern Renaissance art. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008. ISBN   0-19-284269-2
  • Pächt, Otto. "The Master of Mary of Burgundy". The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs, Volume 85, No. 501, 1944
  • Penketh, Sandra. Women and the Book: Assessing the Visual Evidence (British Library Studies in Medieval Culture). Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1997. ISBN   978-0-8020-8069-1
  • Taylor, Jane. Women and the Book: Assessing the Visual Evidence. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1997. ISBN   978-0-8020-8069-1
  • van Buren, Anne. "The Master of Mary of Burgundy and His Colleagues: The State of Research and Questions of Method". Zeitschrift für Kunstgeschichte, 38. Bd., H. 3/4, 1975
  • Walther, Ingo. Codices Illustres. Berlin: Taschen Verlag, 2001. ISBN   978-3-8228-6023-6
  • Woods, Kim. Viewing Renaissance Art. Yale University Press, 2007. ISBN   978-0-3001-2343-2
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.