Hydropunctaria maura

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Hydropunctaria maura
Verrucaria maura Kergulan 2008-01-29 13.jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Ascomycota
Class: Eurotiomycetes
Order: Verrucariales
Family: Verrucariaceae
Genus: Hydropunctaria
Species:
H. maura
Binomial name
Hydropunctaria maura
(Wahlenb.) C.Keller, Gueidan & Thüs (2009)
Synonyms [1]
  • Lithoicea maura(Wahlenb. ex Ach.) Zahlbr. (1886)
  • Verrucaria mauraWahlenb. ex Ach. (1803)
  • Verrucaria pseudomemnonia Zschacke (1924)
  • Verrucaria scotina Wedd. (1875)
  • Verrucaria zschackeana Erichsen (1930)

Hydropunctaria maura, still often called by the older name Verrucaria maura and commonly known as tar lichen, [2] is a species of saxicolous (rock-dwelling), crustose lichen belonging to the family Verrucariaceae. [3] A perennial species that does not experience seasonal variations, it is the type species of the genus Hydropunctaria. [4] The medulla is a black basal layer that forms columns (Latin: punctae) to the upper surface and isolates the algae into pockets near the upper surface. The black band formed by H. maura can often be seen at a distance as a marker of the high water point.

Contents

Ecology

Coastal vegetation zones at Saint-Malo. Hydropunctaria maura is forming the black stripe on the upper littoral zone rocks. Coastal vegetation zones at St Malo.jpg
Coastal vegetation zones at Saint-Malo. Hydropunctaria maura is forming the black stripe on the upper littoral zone rocks.

Hydropunctaria maura is commonly found on hard rocks in the intertidal zone. Compared to terrestrial lichens, the species is typically located in areas of direct sunlight, suggests that it may have specific adaptations against damage from the sun. [5] It is considered an upper littoral (supralittoral) lichen, compared to other, lower littoral lichens such as Wahlenbergiella mucosa , distinguished by environmental factors such as water availability, UV exposure, and temperature. [6] Because of the relatively extreme conditions of the supralittoral zone, crustose lichens are the only organisms capable of colonizing these areas. H. maura effectively serves as the primary biological indicator of the extent of the zone where it is found. [4] Both H. maura and Hydropunctaria amphibia synthesize sucrose in response to high salt concentrations. [7] [8]

It forms thin, matte-black crusts with the algae genus Dilabifilum as a photobiont. A study of four lichen species from southwestern Norway showed that H. maura had a greater diversity of microorganisms, greater bacterial diversity in the thalli, and a higher number of different bacterial sequences. The diversity of microorganisms is likely related to its strong marine influence. It is commonly associated with Thermoproteota (formerly Crenarchaeota). [9] Other studies have identified Jannaschia pohangensis and Bacillus aerius , among others, as associated with Hydropunctaria maura. [10]

The growth rate of H. maura colonies is estimated to be less than 1 mm per year. After elimination, it is estimated to take three years for the species to recolonize a substrate. [11] Germination of the spores of this species is stimulated by seawater salinity concentrations that typically inhibit germination of spores of other lichens. [12]

Distribution

Hydropunctaria maura is one of the most widespread and abundant lichens in the European littoral zone, and has been found around the world, in extreme climes such as the Arctic and Antarctica. [13] It has a cosmopolitan distribution, [14] and is found on both the East and West coasts of North America, and in the Southern Hemisphere in Tasmania and New Zealand. [15] The cyanolichen Lichina confinis is often found in the same zone as Hydropunctaria maura. [16]

Related Research Articles

<i>Urospora</i> Genus of algae

Urospora is a genus of green algae in the family Ulotrichaceae. In 2022, a member of genus Urospora was shown to be a photobiont partner for a crustose seashore lichen in the family Verrucariaceae. This is the first time that a member of this genus, or of the order Ulotrichales, has been recorded as a photobiont.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Arthoniales</span> Order of fungi

The Arthoniales is the second largest order of mainly crustose lichens, but fruticose lichens are present as well. The order contains around 1500 species, while the largest order with lichenized fungi, the Lecanorales, contains more than 14000 species.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Verrucariaceae</span> Family of mostly lichenised fungi

Verrucariaceae is a family of lichens and a few non-lichenised fungi in the order Verrucariales. The lichens have a wide variety of thallus forms, from crustose (crust-like) to foliose (bushy) and squamulose (scaly). Most of them grow on land, some in freshwater and a few in the sea. Many are free-living but there are some species that are parasites on other lichens, while one marine species always lives together with a leafy green alga.

<i>Verrucaria</i> Genus of lichenised fungi in the family Verrucariaceae

Verrucaria is a genus of lichenized (lichen-forming) fungi in the family Verrucariaceae.

<i>Hydropunctaria</i> Genus of lichen

Hydropunctaria is a genus of saxicolous (rock-dwelling), crustose lichens in the family Verrucariaceae. The genus includes both aquatic and amphibious species, with members that colonise either marine or freshwater habitats. The type species, Hydropunctaria maura, was formerly classified in the large genus Verrucaria. It is a widely distributed species common to littoral zones. Including the type species, five Hydropunctaria lichens are considered marine species: H. adriatica, H. amphibia, H. aractina, H. orae, and H. oceanica.

Hydropunctaria alaskana is a species of crustose lichen in the family Verrucariaceae. Found in Alaska, it was described as a new species in 2020 by Holger Thüs and Sergio Pérez-Ortega. The type specimen was collected from the Hoonah-Angoon Census Area in Glacier Bay National Park, where it was found growing on metamorphic rocks beside a creek. Buellia coniops and Verrucaria aethiobola were other lichens on the same rock. Hydropunctaria alaskana is also known to occur on Mitkof Island in Alaska, and on Vancouver Island in British Columbia.

<i>Wahlenbergiella</i> Genus of lichens

Wahlenbergiella is a genus of saxicolous (rock-dwelling), crustose lichens in the family Verrucariaceae. It has three species, all of which live in marine intertidal zones where they get periodically immersed in seawater. Wahlenbergiella closely resembles another lichen genus that includes marine species, Hydropunctaria. Wahlenbergiella was circumscribed in 2009 by Cécile Gueidan and Holger Thüs. They initially included two species: W. striatula, and the type,W. mucosa. The generic name honours Swedish naturalist Göran Wahlenberg, who originally described both of these species.

Verrucaria ahtii is a species of saxicolous (rock-dwelling) crustose lichen in the family Verrucariaceae. It is found in Finland, Lithuania, Russia, and Switzerland, where it occurs on calcareous pebbles.

Verrucaria rhizicola is a rare species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), aquatic, crustose lichen in the family Verrucariaceae. Found in France, it was formally described as a new species in 2011 by lichenologists André Aptroot and Holger Thüs. The type specimen was collected by the first author from the Forêt de Boulogne (Pas-de-Calais). There, the lichen was growing on the roots of common alder. It is only known from the type collection. The species epithet rhizicola refers to its growth on roots. The roots holding the lichen are located along a stream in a temperate forest, and as such, the lichen is regularly immersed in fresh water. Verrucaria rhizicola is one of about 20 corticolous species in genus Verrucaria. In addition to its uncommon habitat, other unique characteristics of this species are the prominent, minute, shiny ascomata that have a distinctive dimidiate involucrellum, and the asymmetrically kidney-shaped ascospores.

Verrucaria madida is a species of saxicolous (rock-dwelling), aquatic, crustose lichen in the family Verrucariaceae. Found in Europe, it was formally described as a new species in 2004 by British lichenologist Alan Orange. The type specimen was collected by the author west of Murat, Cantal, France at an altitude of about 1,000 m (3,300 ft). There it was growing on shallowly submerged rocks in a lightly shaded woodland stream. The lichen has a thin, smooth, dark green to dark greenish-grey thallus with a somewhat gelatinous consistency. The asci of Verrucaria madida contain four ascospores; this is highly unusual for genus Verrucaria, which typically has eight-spored asci.

Hydropunctaria oceanica is a species of crustose lichen in the family Verrucariaceae. It is a marine lichen. Found in Great Britain, it was formally described as a new species in 2012 by lichenologist Alan Orange. The type specimen was collected near Haverfordwest, where it was found growing on siliceous rocks on the seashore. It has also been recorded in Ireland. The species epithet oceanica refers to its growth near the ocean. The lichen is similar in appearance, and often grows contiguously with the common and widespread littoral zone lichen Hydropunctaria maura, but is genetically distinct from that species.

Hydropunctaria rheitrophila is a species of freshwater, saxicolous (rock-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Verrucariaceae. It was formally described as a new species in 1922 by German lichenologist Georg Hermann Zschacke as a species of Verrucaria. Christine Keller, Cécile Gueidan, and Holger Thüs transferred it to the newly circumscribed genus Hydropunctaria in 2009. It is one of several aquatic lichens that are in this genus. The photobiont partner of Hydropunctaria rheitrophila is a yellow-green alga.

<i>Wahlenbergiella mucosa</i> Species of lichen

Wahlenbergiella mucosa is a species of saxicolous (rock-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Verrucariaceae. It is a marine species that grows in the littoral zone, and therefore remains immersed in seawater for extended periods. Its photobiont partner is the green alga Paulbroadya petersii.

<i>Verrucaria funckii</i> Species of lichen

Verrucaria funckii is a species of saxicolous (rock-dwelling), semi-aquatic, crustose lichen in the family Verrucariaceae. It occurs on inundated or submerged rocks and pebbles in streams and lakeshores. It is widespread in Europe, including Northern Europe and Iceland, central Europe including the Carpathians and the Alps, and southern Europe. It is also found in Asia and North America.

Wahlenbergiella tavaresiae is a species of saxicolous (rock-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Verrucariaceae. Known from several locations in the San Francisco Bay area of the United States, it is a marine lichen that inhabits intertidal zones, and as such is immersed in seawater on a regular basis. Associated algal species include the red algae Hildenbrandia and Mastocarpus papillatus, and the brown algae Pelvetiopsis and Fucus. Petroderma maculiforme, a brown alga, is the photobiont partner in the lichen.

<i>Verrucaria muralis</i> Species of lichen

Verrucaria muralis is a species of saxicolous (rock-dwelling, crustose lichen in the family Verrucariaceae. It is a common species with an almost cosmopolitan distribution, occurring in an altitudinal range extending from the lowlands to the subalpine zone. It grows on calcareous rocks and walls. It was first formally described as a new species in 1803 by Swedish lichenologist Erik Acharius.

Verrucaria simplex is a species of saxicolous (rock-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Verrucariaceae. Found in Europe and Asia, it was described as new to science in 1988 by lichenologist Patrick McCarthy. The type specimen was collected by Brian Coppins from Morpeth, Northumberland; there, it was found growing on a fragment of mortar-cement lying on the floor of a woodland. The lichen was later reported from the Czech Republic, and Korea.

Verrucaria nodosa is a species of saxicolous (rock-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Verrucariaceae. Found in freshwater habitats in Wales, it was formally described as a new species in 2013 by lichenologist Alan Orange. The type specimen was collected by the author north-west of Llanuwchllyn, Merioneth, where it was found growing on an unshaded rock in a stream. The lichen has a grey-green to dark brown thallus with an uneven surface crust. Its ascomata are in the form of somewhat convex to hemispherical perithecia measuring 220–460 μm in diameter, with an inconspicuous or tiny ostiole. Ascospores are ellipsoid and colourless, lack any septa, and typically measure 20.5–22.2–24.0 by 90–97–105 μm. The species is known only from a few streams in Wales, where it grows on shaded or lightly shaded rocks. Associated lichen species include Ionaspis lacustris, Rhizocarpon lavatum, Porpidia hydrophila, Sporodictyon cruentum, and Trapelia coarctata, as well as the mosses Racomitrium aciculare and Scapania undulata.

Verrucaria hydrophila is a species of saxicolous (rock-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Verrucariaceae. Found in freshwater habitats in Europe, it was formally described as a new species in 2013 by lichenologist Alan Orange. The type specimen was collected by the author from Melindwr, Coed y Fron Wyllt, where it was found in a woodland growing on a shaded stone in a stream. The lichen has a thin, smooth, grey-green to brownish thallus that is somewhat translucent when wet. It is widespread in Europe and the British Isles, where it grows on rocks and stones in streams and seepages; the species epithet refers to its semi-aquatic habitat.

References

  1. ↑ "Synonymy. Current Name: Hydropunctaria maura (Wahlenb. ex Ach.) C. Keller, Gueidan & Thüs, Taxon 58(1): 194 (2009)". Species Fungorum . Retrieved 14 July 2022.
  2. ↑ David Chapman (2008). Exploring the Cornish Coast. Penzance: Alison Hodge. p. 119. ISBN   9780906720561.
  3. ↑ "Hydropunctaria_maura". www.mycobank.org. Retrieved 5 February 2021.
  4. 1 2 Bergillos, Rafael J.; Rodriguez-Delgado, Cristobal; Cremades, Javier; Medina, Luis; Iglesias, Gregorio (December 2020). "Multi-criteria characterization and mapping of coastal cliff environments: A case study in NW Spain". Science of the Total Environment. 746: 140942. Bibcode:2020ScTEn.746n0942B. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140942. hdl: 2183/26298 . PMID   32763597. S2CID   221074642.
  5. ↑ Gauslaa, Yngvar; Margrete Ustvedt, Elin (April 2003). "Is parietin a UV-B or a blue-light screening pigment in the lichen Xanthoria parietina?". Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences. 2 (4): 424–432. doi: 10.1039/B212532C . PMID   12760542.
  6. ↑ Higgins, Niall F.; Connan, Solène; Stengel, Dagmar B. (2015). "Factors influencing the distribution of coastal lichens Hydropunctaria maura and Wahlenbergiella mucosa". Marine Ecology. 36 (4): 1400–1414. Bibcode:2015MarEc..36.1400H. doi: 10.1111/maec.12239 .
  7. ↑ Grigore, Marius-Nicusor, ed. (2020). Handbook of Halophytes. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-17854-3. ISBN   978-3-030-17854-3. S2CID   242683394.[ page needed ]
  8. ↑ Gasulla, Francisco; Guéra, Alfredo; de los Ríos, Asunción; Pérez-Ortega, Sergio (1 December 2019). "Differential responses to salt concentrations of lichen photobiont strains isolated from lichens occurring in different littoral zones". Plant and Fungal Systematics. 64 (2): 149–162. doi:10.2478/pfs-2019-0016. hdl: 10261/224522 . S2CID   210074629.
  9. ↑ Bjelland, Torbjørg; Grube, Martin; Hoem, Solveig; Jorgensen, Steffen L.; Daae, Frida Lise; Thorseth, Ingunn H.; Øvreås, Lise (August 2011). "Microbial metacommunities in the lichen-rock habitat: Microbial metacommunities in the lichen-rock habitat". Environmental Microbiology Reports. 3 (4): 434–442. doi:10.1111/j.1758-2229.2010.00206.x. PMID   23761305.
  10. ↑ Parrot, Delphine; Antony-Babu, Sanjay; Intertaglia, Laurent; Grube, Martin; Tomasi, Sophie; Suzuki, Marcelino T. (30 October 2015). "Littoral lichens as a novel source of potentially bioactive Actinobacteria". Scientific Reports. 5 (1): 15839. Bibcode:2015NatSR...515839P. doi:10.1038/srep15839. PMC   4626775 . PMID   26514347.
  11. ↑ Fletcher, A.; Crump, R. (2002). "Monitoring Maritime Habitats". Monitoring with Lichens — Monitoring Lichens. pp. 255–266. doi:10.1007/978-94-010-0423-7_17. ISBN   978-1-4020-0430-8.
  12. ↑ Ramkaer, K. (1978). "The influence of salinity on the establishing phase of rocky shore lichens". Botanisk Tidskrift. 72: 119–123.
  13. ↑ Orange, Alan (May 2012). "Semi-cryptic marine species of Hydropunctaria (Verrucariaceae, lichenized Ascomycota) from north-west Europe". The Lichenologist. 44 (3): 299–320. doi:10.1017/S0024282911000867. S2CID   86270173. ProQuest   962447779.
  14. ↑ "Verrucaria maura Wahlenb". www.gbif.org. Retrieved 5 February 2021.
  15. ↑ "Wart Lichen (Hydropunctaria maura)". iNaturalistAU. Retrieved 24 July 2022.
  16. ↑ Sigurbjörnsdóttir, Margrét Auður; Heiðmarsson, Starri; Jónsdóttir, Anna Rut; Vilhelmsson, Oddur (2014-05-01). "Novel bacteria associated with Arctic seashore lichens have potential roles in nutrient scavenging". Canadian Journal of Microbiology. 60 (5): 307–317. doi:10.1139/cjm-2013-0888. PMID   24802938.
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