Hypogymnia is a genus of foliose lichens in the family Parmeliaceae. They are commonly known as tube lichens, bone lichens, or pillow lichens. Most species lack rhizines that are otherwise common in members of the Parmeliaceae, and have swollen lobes that are usually hollow. Other common characteristics are relatively small spores and the presence of physodic acid and related lichen products. The lichens usually grow on the bark and wood of coniferous trees.
Calopadia cinereopruinosa is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling) lichen in the family Pilocarpaceae. Found in the Galápagos Islands, it was described as new to science in 2011. It is characterized by its grey-black, white-pruinose apothecia and aeruginous hypothecium. This lichen usually grows on the bark of stems and twigs in the humid zones of the islands.
Parmelia asiatica is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling) foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. It occurs in China and the Russian Far East, where it grows on Rhododendron tree trunks in temperate regions. It was Described as new to science in 2011 by lichenologists Ana Crespo and Pradeep Divakar. The species is distinguished by its terminal soralia, marginal linear pseudocyphellae, and chemical composition, which includes the substances atranorin and salazinic acid. Parmelia asiatica is similar to Parmelia protosulcata but differs in the presence of salazinic acid and its distribution in Southeast Asia.
Mandragora caulescens, the Himalayan mandrake, is a perennial herbaceous plant in the family Solanaceae, native to the Himalayas and mountainous regions of Myanmar and south-west China. One of the differences from the other species of Mandragora is that it has a stem, whereas they are stemless. Like all species of Mandragora, it contains tropane alkaloids, making it toxic. It is used in traditional Chinese medicine.
Hypogymnia pseudopruinosa is a species of foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae, and one of more than 40 species of the genus Hypogymnia that is found in China. It was formally described by Xinli Wei and Jiangchen Wei in 2006. The type was collected from dead branches of Juniperus sabina, in Degen County (Yunnan), at an altitude of 4,100 metres (13,500 ft). It is quite similar in appearance to Hypogymnia macrospora, but that species lacks the dense layer of pruina that is characteristic of H. pseudopruinosa.
Hypogymnia laxa is a species of foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. Found in the Chinese Himalayas, it was described as a new species by Bruce McCune in 2003. The type specimen was collected from the Jiaozi Snow Mountain in Luquan County (Yunnan), at an elevation of 3,750 metres (12,300 ft). Here it was found growing on the bark and wood of Abies, Pinus, and Rhododendron. The lichen is characterized by a thallus with soredia, the presence of physodalic acid in the medulla, and rimmed holes on the lower surface. This latter feature distinguishes it from the morphologically similar Hypogymnia pseudophysodes, which always has unrimmed holes.
Hypogymnia pseudocyphellata is a rare species of foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. Found only in the Chinese Himalayas, it was described as a new species by Bruce McCune and Erin Martin in 2003. The type specimen was collected from the Tian Chi alpine lake in Shangri-La City (Yunnan), at an elevation of 3,750 metres (12,300 ft). Here it was found growing on the bark and wood of fir. The lichen is characterized by the presence of whitish pseudocyphellae on the tips of the lobes ; rimmed holes; lobes that are narrow and separated; and a complex secondary chemistry with several unknown chemical compounds as well as barbatic acid, but without diffractaic acid.
Hypogymnia diffractaica is a species of foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. Initially reported from Southwest China, it was described as a new species by Bruce McCune in 2003. The type specimen was collected in Jiulong County, at an elevation of 3,000 metres (9,800 ft). Here it was found growing on the bark and wood of Rhododendron; it has also been recorded on birch. It is characterized by its slender lobes, the rimmed holes on the lower surface, and the presence of the chemical diffractaic acid as the main secondary metabolite in the medulla. It has a lower surface that is expanded and puffed out. Hypogymnia hengduanensis, the only other Hypogymnia species containing diffractaic acid as the main medullary substance, is quite similar in appearance, but can be distinguished from H. diffractaica by the presence of isidia. It also tends to grow at slightly lower elevations. In 2018, H. diffractaica was recorded from Bhutan.
Hypogymnia congesta is a rare species of foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. Found in China, it was formally described as a new species in 2003. The lichen grows on the bark and wood of conifers and bamboo. Hypogymnia congesta has a brown to brownish-grey foliose thallus measuring up to 8 cm (3.1 in) long or broad, with a cartilage-like texture. The lichen is chemically distinct, containing physodic acid and virensic acid; the latter substance is otherwise unknown from genus Hypogymnia.
Hypogymnia bulbosa is a species of foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. Found in Southern China, it was described as a new species by Bruce McCune and Li-Song Wang in 2003. The type specimen was collected from the Zi ben Mountain in Cao County (Yunnan). There it was found growing on a spruce stump. It has also been recorded growing on the bark and wood of fir, willow, and Rhododendron. It is known to grow at elevations ranging between 2,800–3,800 metres (9,200–12,500 ft), generally in conifer forests. The lichen is characterized by features such as the rimmed holes on the lower surface of the thallus, the presence of the chemical physodalic acid, and the adundant budding.
Hypogymnia krogiae, commonly known as the freckled tube lichen, is a species of foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. Found in North America, it was described as a new species in 1973 by Karl Ohlsson. The type specimen was collected near Cheat Bridge, West Virginia by Mason Hale in 1956.
Hypogymnia flavida is a species of foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. It is found in mountainous locations of east Asia, where it grows on the bark and wood of woody plants. It has a relatively large yellowish thallus.
Rostania is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Collemataceae. These lichens are primarily found on tree bark, occasionally on wood, with one species known to inhabit soil. The genus is characterized morphologically by having minute thalli made of hyphal tissue without a separate cortex, and the more or less cuboid-shaped ascospores.
Hypogymnia irregularis is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling) and lignicolous (wood-dwelling), foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. Found in Asia, it was formally described as a new species in 2011 by lichenologist Bruce McCune. The type specimen was collected by the author from Jiaoxi Mountain at an altitude of 3,700 m (12,100 ft), where it was found growing on the bark of Abies. It has since been recorded growing on the wood and bark of both conifers and hardwood trees. In addition to southwest China, where it is most common, it has also been collected from India, Nepal, Tibet, and Taiwan. The species epithet alludes to the irregular positioning of perforations on the lower surface of the thallus.
Peltigera granulosa is a species of terricolous (ground-dwelling), foliose lichen in the family Peltigeraceae. Found in Papua New Guinea, it was formally described as a new species in 2009 by Emmanuël Sérusiaux, Bernard Goffinet, Jolanta Miądlikowska, and Orvo Vitikainen. The type specimen was collected from open grassland between Gumum and Sape villages, where it was found growing on sand. The species epithet granulosa refers to its characteristic granulose margin.
Peltigera koponenii is a species of foliose lichen in the family Peltigeraceae. Found in Papua New Guinea, it was formally described as a new species in 2009 by Emmanuël Sérusiaux, Bernard Goffinet, Jolanta Miądlikowska, and Orvo Vitikainen. The type specimen was collected near Lake Wanba at an altitude of 2,400–2,500 m (7,900–8,200 ft), where it was found growing on a tree trunk in an open montane forest of Nothofagus and Pandanus. The species epithet honours Finnish bryologist Timo Koponen, "who made large and well processed collections of Peltigera in Papua New Guinea".
Hypogymnia capitata is a species of foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. Found in high-elevation conifer forests in Sichuan Province, China, it was described as a new species in 2014. The lichen is characterized by its capitate terminal soralia, brownish lobes with white cavities, and the presence of olivetoric acid. This lichen is distinguished from similar species by its specific morphological, chemical, and habitat characteristics.
Hypogymnia nitida is a species of foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. It has a glossy dark brown upper surface and a strongly wrinkled, convoluted lower surface. Found in China, it was described as a new species in 2014.
Hypogymnia pendula is a rare species of foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. It is characterised by its pendulous (hanging) growth form and distinct chemical composition.
Hypogymnia tenuispora is a rare species of foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. Found in China's Yunnan province, it is characterised by its uniquely narrow ascospores and crowded lobes, which help distinguish it from other similar Hypogymnia species.
