Hypogymnia

Last updated

Hypogymnia
Hypogymnia physodes.jpeg
Hypogymnia physodes
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Ascomycota
Class: Lecanoromycetes
Order: Lecanorales
Family: Parmeliaceae
Genus: Hypogymnia
(Nyl.) Nyl. (1896)
Type species
Hypogymnia physodes
(L.) Nyl. (1896)
Synonyms
  • Parmelia subgen. HypogymniaNyl. (1881)
  • Cavernularia Degel. (1937)
  • Ceratophyllum M.Choisy (1951)

Hypogymnia is a genus of foliose lichens in the family Parmeliaceae. They are commonly known as tube lichens, bone lichens, or pillow lichens. Most species lack rhizines (root-like attachment organs on the lower surface) that are otherwise common in members of the Parmeliaceae, and have swollen lobes that are usually hollow. Other common characteristics are relatively small spores and the presence of physodic acid and related lichen products. The lichens usually grow on the bark and wood of coniferous trees.

Contents

Hypogymnia was proposed by lichenologist William Nylander, first as a subgenus of Parmelia in 1881, and 15 years later as a distinct genus of two species, including the widespread and common type species, Hypogymnia physodes . It has since grown to about 90 recognized species. Hypogymnia has a centre of biodiversity in China, where many of its species are found.

Taxonomy

Hypogymnia was first created as subgenus of Parmelia by Finnish lichenologist William Nylander in 1881. He associated it with the species Parmelia physodem (which ultimately became the type species, Hypogymnia physodes ), noting the lack of rhizines as the characteristic distinguishing it from Parmelia. [1] Nylander later promoted it to generic status in 1896. At this time, the genus contained only two species: Hypogymnia pertusa (currently named Menegazzia terebrata ) [2] as well as the type species. [3] For many decades afterwards, the genus did not have widespread recognition, as most lichenologists preferred to include the "hypogymnioid" lichens in the classic form genus Parmelia. [4] In 1951 Hildur Krog considered the morphology and chemistry of this group of species to be distinctive and reinstated the genus Hypogymnia. Krog included four subgenera, including H. subg. Cavernularia and H. subg.Everniiformes. [5] These later became accepted as distinct genera (the former only temporarily; see synonymy below), the latter under the name Pseudevernia . [4]

In 1974, Krog published an account of three Northern Hemisphere Hypogymnia species that grow on acid rock in arctic and alpine habitats. These species, namely H.  atrofusca, H. intestiniformis, and H. oroarctica, make up the H. intestiniformis group. [6] This biologically discontinuous assemblage of species was segregated from Hypogymnia by Trevor Goward under the genus name Brodoa in 1986. It differs from Hypogymnia in its compact medulla, larger spores and different cortical structure. [4]

Hypogymnia is classified in the Parmeliaceae. The family Hypogymniaceae has been proposed in the past to contain the genus and other similar hypogymnioid lichens, [7] but this taxonomic arrangement has not been widely accepted by other taxonomists. [8] For example, Krog argued that no critical characters had been suggested that could be used as a defining familial characteristic. [9] In the Parmeliaceae, Hypogymnia belongs to the hypogymnioid clade along with the genera Arctoparmelia , Brodoa , and Pseudevernia . [10] All of these genera share the common characteristic of having a loosely compact medulla. [11]

Hypogymnia lichens are commonly known as "tube lichens", "bone lichens", or "pillow lichens". [12] The name Hypogymnia, derived from the Ancient Greek ὑπο- (hupó, meaning "under") and γυμνός (gumnós, meaning "naked"), refers to the bare lower surface of the thallus. [13]

Synonymy

Synonyms of Hypogymnia are Cavernularia, created by Gunnar Degelius in 1937, [14] and Ceratophyllum, created by Maurice Choisy in 1951. Cavernularia contained two hypogymnoid species, C. lophyrea and C. hultenii. This species pair has an array of pronounced but small depressions in the lower surface, instead of the smooth or irregularly wrinkled surface typical of Hypogymnia; [15] Degelius called these minute cavities (about 0.1 mm diameter) "cavernulae". [14] The two Cavernularia species are otherwise similar to Hypogymnia in terms of overall morphology, microstructure of the apothecia, and chemistry. Molecular analysis showed that Cavernularia needed to be subsumed into Hypogymnia in order for the latter genus to be monophyletic. This suggested synonymy had already been proposed several decades earlier by Veli Räsänen in 1943 and Hildur Krog in 1952, but not adopted by later authors, including Krog herself. [15]

Description

Closeup of a perforated lobe tip of H. occidentalis Perforated Tips (3559699003).jpg
Closeup of a perforated lobe tip of H. occidentalis

Hypogymnia is a genus of medium to large foliose lichens. They are typically greenish grey to brownish grey in colour; [12] some species are yellowish (from usnic acid). [8] The thallus comprises more or less inflated but hollow (tube-like) lobes. These lobes often have a perforation at the tip. The colour of the ceiling of the tubes (the medullary surface) is dark brown or white, and is often used as a characteristic to distinguish between species. The lower surface of the tube is black with a smooth or wrinkled texture. [12]

Soralia at the lobe tip of H. physodes; here the tip curls up and back Hypogymnia physodes lippensorale.jpg
Soralia at the lobe tip of H. physodes; here the tip curls up and back

Rhizines are root-like attachment organs on the lower surface of a lichen thallus, made of elongated strands of hyphae; a shorter version of this attachment organ is called a hapter. Although many recent lichen floras and manuals describe Hypogymnia as lacking rhizines, a 2015 study challenges the universality of this assertion. In the study, researchers studied a large number of Hypogymnia collections, representing 72 species as well as 64 type specimens. They found that rhizines and hapters were occasionally present on the lower surface of 35 species. Two types of attachment organs are found: slender rhizines with fine and tapering tips (found in H. krogiae and H. subfarinacea), and the more common hapters, which are thick with broken tips. Both types are dark brown to black and usually the same colour as the lower surface. In all cases where these attachment organs are found, however, they are few in number and are sparsely distributed on the lower thallus surface. [11]

The apothecia of Hypogymnia are lecanorine in form with a constricted base and are often raised or shaped like an urn. The apothecial discs are red-brown and typically concave. Ascospores are colourless, ellipsoid, and number eight per ascus. [12] They are relatively small, less than 9  μm long. [15] Pycnidia are black and appear as small dots on the surface of the lobes. [12] The photobiont partner is trebouxioid–a green alga from the genus Trebouxia . [16]

The cortex contains atranorin (responsible for the grey colour), [8] while the medullae of most species have physodic acid, and some species contain other orcinol and beta-orcinol depsidones, including protocetraric acid and physodalic acid. [12]

The genus Menegazzia contains species that could be confused with Hypogymnia; Menegazzia, however, has perforations on the upper lobe surface, unlike Hypogymnia. Other superficially similar genera, such as Brodoa and Allantoparmelia , can be distinguished from Hypogymnia by their solid lobes. [12]

Habitat and distribution

Hypogymnia species usually grow on bark and wood, particular that of conifers. Less frequently, they are found on rock or mossy soil. [12] The genus has been recorded on all continents except Antarctica. In tropical to subtropical locations, Hypogymnia appears to be restricted to high elevations, where temperatures are cooler. [15] Seventeen species are recorded from the Himalayan region of India and Nepal, [17] while 31 species are present in North America. [8] In Mexico, it is relatively rare; of the 11 species recorded from there, only two are known from more than 10 collections, and only one, H. guadalupensis , is endemic to the country. [18] Nine species occur in Europe. [19] Southwestern China is a centre of biodiversity for the genus, as more than 40 species occur there. [20] It is one of the few large Parmeliaceae genera that has its main distribution in the Northern Hemisphere. [21]

Ecology

There are several lichenicolous fungi that are known to infect Hypogymnia species. Some of them parasitise specific lichens, such as Plectocarpon hypogymniae (on Hypogymnia bitteri), Lichenopeltella hypogymniae (on Hypogymnia zeylanica), Muellerella antarctica (on Hypogymnia antarctica), Phacopsis cephalodioides (on Hypogymnia physodes). Others have a less specific host range, including Abrothallus prodiens , Epithamnolia xanthoriae , Minutoexcipula calatayudii , Trichonectria anisospora , Endophragmiella franconica , Cyphobasidium hypogymniicola , Tremella hypogymniae , and Tremella papuana . [22] The thalli of Hypogymnia physodes are inhabited by various species of orbatid mites. [23]

Uses

Hypogymnia physodes has been used as a biomonitor for several applications. Examples include monitoring atmospheric nitrogen and sulphur deposition in Norway, [24] the accumulation of mercury downwind of chloralkali plant in Wisconsin, [25] and pollution from several toxic heavy metal elements following the closure of a large mine waste dump close to Zlatna, Romania. [26] It was also used to help evaluate the levels of radionuclides deposited in the environment after the East Urals (1957) and Chernobyl (1988) nuclear accidents. [27] H. tubulosa is an indicator species of old-growth forests. [28] In China, H. physodes and H. pseudoenteromorpha are used as raw materials in the preparation of litmus reagent. [29]

In 15th-century Europe, Hypogymnia physodes was one component (in addition to Evernia prunastri and Pseudevernia furfuracea ) of the popular drug "Lichen quercinus virdes". [30] In Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hypogymnia hypotrypa is used for "dim vision, bleeding from uterus, bleeding from external injury, chronic dermatitis, and sores." [31] Hypogymnia flavida and H. hypotrypa serve as raw material in the preparation of antibiotics in China. [29]

Species

About 90 species are recognized in the genus. [32]

Hypogymnia austerodes Varnished Tube Lichen (3815880397).jpg
Hypogymnia austerodes
Hypogymnia farinacea Hypogymnia farinacea T87 (1).JPG
Hypogymnia farinacea
Hypogymnia imshaugii Forked Tube Lichen (3823916124).jpg
Hypogymnia imshaugii
Hypogymnia inactiva Hypogymnia inactiva (Krog) Ohlsson 713764 crop.jpg
Hypogymnia inactiva
Hypogymnia krogiae Hypogymnia krogiae - Flickr - pellaea (2).jpg
Hypogymnia krogiae
Hypogymnia metaphysodes Deflated Tube Lichen (3823913866).jpg
Hypogymnia metaphysodes
Hypogymnia occidentalis Lattice Tube Lichen (3823905828).jpg
Hypogymnia occidentalis
Hypogymnia tubulosa Hypogymnia tubulosa - Flickr - pellaea.jpg
Hypogymnia tubulosa
Hypogymnia vittata Hypogymnia vittata - Flickr - pellaea.jpg
Hypogymnia vittata

Hypogymnia contains three species pairs: H. krogiae and the sorediate counterpart H. incurvoides, H. minilobata and the sorediate H. mollis, and H. lophyrea and the sorediate H. hultenii. [15]

Related Research Articles

<i>Parmelia</i> (fungus) Genus of lichens

Parmelia is a genus of medium to large foliose lichens. It has a global distribution, extending from the Arctic to the Antarctic continent but concentrated in temperate regions. There are about 40 species in Parmelia. In recent decades, the once large genus Parmelia has been divided into a number of smaller genera according to thallus morphology and phylogenetic relatedness.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Parmeliaceae</span> Family of lichens

The Parmeliaceae is a large and diverse family of Lecanoromycetes. With over 2700 species in 71 genera, it is the largest family of lichen-forming fungi. The most speciose genera in the family are the well-known groups: Xanthoparmelia, Usnea, Parmotrema, and Hypotrachyna.

<i>Ramalina</i> Genus of lichenised fungi in the family Ramalinaceae

Ramalina is a genus of greenish fruticose lichens that grow in the form of flattened, strap-like branches. Members of the genus are commonly called strap lichens or cartilage lichens. Apothecia are lecanorine.

<i>Trapeliopsis</i> Genus of lichen

Trapeliopsis is a genus of lichenized fungi in the family Trapeliaceae. It contains 20 species. The genus was circumscribed in 1980 by Hannes Hertel and Gotthard Schneider, with Trapeliopsis wallrothii designated as the type species.

<i>Pannaria</i> Genus of lichens in the family Pannariaceae

Pannaria is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Pannariaceae. The widespread genus contains an estimated 51 species, found primarily in tropical regions.

<i>Byssoloma</i> Genus of lichen

Byssoloma is a genus of leaf-dwelling lichens in the family Pilocarpaceae.

<i>Physconia</i> Genus of lichens in the family Physciaceae

Physconia is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Physciaceae. It has about 25 species. The genus was circumscribed by Czech lichenologist Josef Poelt in 1965, with Physconia pulverulenta assigned as the type species.

<i>Ahtiana</i> Single-species genus of lichen

Ahtiana is a genus of lichenized fungi known as candlewax lichens in the family Parmeliaceae. A monotypic genus, it contains the single species Ahtiana sphaerosporella or the mountain candlewax lichen, found in western North America. This species was segregated from the genus Parmelia by Canadian lichenologist Trevor Goward in a 1985 publication. It had been suggested that the genus include A. aurescens and A. pallidula based on similarities in morphology, but this transfer is not supported by molecular analysis.

<i>Arctocetraria</i> Genus of lichens

Arctocetraria is a genus of foliose lichens in the family Parmeliaceae. It has three species.

<i>Lethariella</i> Genus of lichens

Lethariella is a genus of fruticose lichens in the family Parmeliaceae. The genus was originally proposed as a subgenus of Usnea by Polish lichenologist Józef Motyka in his 1936 monograph of that genus. Norwegian botanist Hildur Krog elevated the taxon to generic status in 1976.

<i>Myelochroa</i> Genus of lichens

Myelochroa is a genus of foliose lichens in the family Parmeliaceae. They are commonly known as axil-bristle lichens. It was created in 1987 to contain species formerly placed in genus Parmelina that had a yellow-orange medulla due to the presence of secalonic acids. Characteristics of the genus include tightly attached thalli with narrow lobes, cilia on the axils, and a rhizinate black lower surface. Chemical characteristics are the production of zeorin and related triterpenoids in the medulla. Myelochroa contains about 30 species, most of which grow on bark. The genus has centres of distribution in Asia and North America.

<i>Canoparmelia</i> Genus of lichens

Canoparmelia is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Parmeliaceae. The widespread genus contains about 35 species. Canoparmelia, a segregate of the parmelioid lichen genus Pseudoparmelia, was circumscribed by John Elix and Mason Hale in 1986.

<i>Bulbothrix</i> Genus of lichens

Bulbothrix is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Parmeliaceae. This genus is synonymous with Bulbothricella V.Marcano, S.Mohali & A.Morales. Bulbothrix was circumscribed by lichenologist Mason E. Hale in 1974 with Bulbothrix semilunata as the type species.

<i>Parmotrema</i> Genus of fungi

Parmotrema is a genus of lichen belonging to the family Parmeliaceae. It is a large genus, containing an estimated 300 species, with a centre of diversity in subtropical regions of South America and the Pacific Islands.

<i>Punctelia</i> Genus of foliose lichens

Punctelia is a genus of foliose lichens belonging to the large family Parmeliaceae. The genus, which contains about 50 species, was segregated from genus Parmelia in 1982. Characteristics that define Punctelia include the presence of hook-like to thread-like conidia, simple rhizines, and point-like pseudocyphellae. It is this last feature that is alluded to in the vernacular names speckled shield lichens or speckleback lichens.

<i>Absconditella</i> Genus of fungi

Absconditella is a genus of lichenised fungi in the family Stictidaceae. The genus was circumscribed in 1965 by Czech lichenologist Antonín Vězda, with Absconditella sphagnorum assigned as the type species. Absconditella is characterised by gyalectoid apothecia with a hymenium that is not amyloid, without a dark pigment and thalli containing green algae as photobionts. The genus name means "hidden", a reference to the scant structure of the thallus and its small apothecia.

Hypogymnia pseudocyphellata is a rare species of foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. Found only in the Chinese Himalayas, it was described as a new species by Bruce McCune and Erin Martin in 2003. The type specimen was collected from the Tian Chi alpine lake in Shangri-La City (Yunnan), at an elevation of 3,750 metres (12,300 ft). Here it was found growing on the bark and wood of fir. The lichen is characterized by the presence of whitish pseudocyphellae on the tips of the lobes ; rimmed holes; lobes that are narrow and separated; and a complex secondary chemistry with several unknown chemical compounds as well as barbatic acid, but without diffractaic acid.

Hypogymnia congesta is a rare species of foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. Found in China, it was formally described as a new species in 2003. The lichen grows on the bark and wood of conifers and bamboo. Hypogymnia congesta has a brown to brownish-grey foliose thallus measuring up to 8 cm (3.1 in) long or broad, with a cartilage-like texture. The lichen is chemically distinct, containing physodic acid and virensic acid; the latter substance is otherwise unknown from genus Hypogymnia.

Lethariella cashmeriana is a species of fruticose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. It was formally described as a new species in 1976 by Hildur Krog. The species epithet cashmeriana refers to Jammu-Kashmir, where the type specimen was collected. The lichen is one of three species of Lethariella that is used as a purported health-promoting tea in Yunnan, China. It contains atranorin, canarione, gyrophoric acid, and norstictic acid (minor) as lichen products.

References

  1. ↑ Nylander, William (1881). "Addenda nova ad Lichenographium europaeam". Flora oder Botanische Zeitung. 34: 537.
  2. ↑ "Record Details: Hypogymnia pertusa (Schaer.) Nyl". Index Fungorum . Retrieved June 3, 2020.
  3. ↑ Nylander, W. (1896). Les Lichens des Environs de Paris (in French). Paris: Typographye Paul. Schmidt. pp. 39, 139.
  4. 1 2 3 Goward, Trevor (1986). "Brodoa, a new lichen genus in the Parmeliaceae". Bryologist. 89 (3): 219–223. doi:10.2307/3243288. JSTOR   3243288.
  5. ↑ Krog, Hildur (1951). "Microchemical studies on Parmelia". Nytt Magazin for Naturvidenskapene. 88: 57–85.
  6. ↑ Krog, Hildur (1974). "Taxonomic studies in the Hypogymnia intestiniformis complex". Lichenologist. 6 (2): 135–140. doi:10.1017/S0024282974000211. S2CID   85672666.
  7. 1 2 3 Elix, John A. (1979). "A taxonomic revision of the lichen genus Hypogymnia in Australasia". Brunonia. 2 (2): 175–245. doi:10.1071/BRU9790175.
  8. 1 2 3 4 Elvebakk, Arve (2011). "A review of the genus Hypogymnia (Parmeliaceae) in Chile". Bryologist. 114 (2): 379–388. doi:10.1639/0007-2745-114.2.379. JSTOR   41289794. S2CID   85422410.
  9. ↑ Krog, Hildur (1982). "Evolutionary trends in foliose and fruticose lichens of the Parmeliaceae". Journal of the Hattori Botanical Laboratory. 52: 303–311.
  10. ↑ Crespo, Ana; Lumbsch, H. Thorsten; Mattsson, Jan-Eric; Blanco, Oscar; Divakar, Pradeep K.; Articus, Kristina; Wiklund, Elisabeth; Bawingan, Paulina A.; Wedin, Mats (2007). "Testing morphology-based hypotheses of phylogenetic relationships in Parmeliaceae (Ascomycota) using three ribosomal markers and the nuclear RPB1 gene". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 44 (2): 812–824. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.11.029. PMID   17276700.
  11. 1 2 Wei, Xin-Li; Chen, Kai; Lumbsch, H. Thorsten; Wri, Jiang-Chun (2015). "Rhizines occasionally occur in the genus Hypogymnia (Parmeliaceae, Ascomycota)". Lichenologist. 47 (1): 69–75. doi:10.1017/S0024282914000541. S2CID   84237074.
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Brodo, Irwin M.; Sharnoff, Sylvia Duran; Sharnoff, Stephen (2001). Lichens of North America. Yale University Press. p. 345. ISBN   978-0300082494.
  13. ↑ Ulloa, Miguel; Aguirre-Acosta, Elvira (2020). Illustrated Generic names of Fungi. APS press. pp. 185–186. ISBN   978-0-89054-618-5.
  14. 1 2 Degelius, G. (1937). "Lichens from southern Alaska and the Aleutian Islands, collected by Dr. E. Hultén". Meddelelser från Götebörgs Botaniska Trädgård. 12: 105–144.
  15. 1 2 3 4 5 Miadlikowska, Jolanta; Schoch, Conrad L.; Kageyama, Stacie A.; Molnar, Katalin; Lutzoni, François; McCune, Bruce (2011). "Hypogymnia phylogeny, including Cavernularia, reveals biogeographic structure". Bryologist. 114 (2): 392–400. doi:10.1639/0007-2745-114.2.392. S2CID   86330534.
  16. ↑ Westberg, M.; Ahti, T.; Thell, A. (2011). "Hypogymnia". In Thell, Arne; Moberg, Roland (eds.). Nordic Lichen Flora. Vol. 4. Svenska Botaniska Föreningen. pp. 56–62. ISBN   978-91-85221-24-0.
  17. 1 2 McCune, B.; Divakar, P. K.; Upreti, D. K. (2012). "Hypogymnia in the Himalayas of India and Nepal". Lichenologist. 44 (5): 595–609. doi:10.1017/S0024282912000321. S2CID   86253848.
  18. ↑ McCune, Bruce; Pérez Pérez, Rosa Emilia (2016). "Hypogymnia in Mexico". In Herrera-Campos, Maria; Pérez-Pérez, Rosa Emilia; Nash, Thomas H. III (eds.). Lichens of Mexico. The Parmeliaceae – Keys, distribution and specimen descriptions. Bibliotheca Lichenologica. Vol. 110. Stuttgart: J. Cramer. pp. 141–142. ISBN   978-3-443-58089-6.
  19. ↑ Hawksworth, David L.; Blanco, Oscar; Divakar, Pradeep K.; Ahti, Teuvo; Crespo, Ana (2008). "A first checklist of parmelioid and similar lichens in Europe and some adjacent territories, adopting revised generic circumscriptions and with indications of species distributions". The Lichenologist. 40 (1): 1–21. doi:10.1017/S0024282908007329. S2CID   84927575.
  20. 1 2 3 4 5 6 McCune, B; Wang, LS (2014). "The lichen genus Hypogymnia in southwest China" (PDF). Mycosphere. 5 (1): 27–76. doi: 10.5943/mycosphere/5/1/2 . Open Access logo PLoS transparent.svg
  21. ↑ Thell, Arne; Crespo, Ana; Divakar, Pradeep K.; Kärnefelt, Ingvar; Leavitt, Steven D.; Lumbsch, H. Thorsten; Seaward, Mark R. D. (2012). "A review of the lichen family Parmeliaceae – history, phylogeny and current taxonomy". Nordic Journal of Botany. 30 (6): 641–664. doi:10.1111/j.1756-1051.2012.00008.x.
  22. ↑ Diederich, Paul; Lawrey, James D.; Ertz, Damien (2018). "The 2018 classification and checklist of lichenicolous fungi, with 2000 non-lichenized, obligately lichenicolous taxa". The Bryologist. 121 (3): 340–425. doi:10.1639/0007-2745-121.3.340. S2CID   92396850.
  23. ↑ Melekhina, E.N. (2020). "Oribatid mites as inhabitants of lichens in the taiga zone of northeastern Europe: Biotopic association and ecological groups of species". Biology Bulletin. 47 (5): 522–534. doi:10.1134/s1062359020050064. S2CID   254288523.
  24. ↑ Bruteig, Inga E. (1993). "The epiphytic lichen Hypogymnia physodes as a biomonitor of atmospheric nitrogen and sulphur deposition in Norway". Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. 26 (1): 27–47. doi:10.1007/BF00555060. PMID   24225896. S2CID   26051144.
  25. ↑ Makholm, M. M.; Bennett, J. P. (1998). "Mercury accumulation in transplanted Hypogymnia physodes lichens downwind of Wisconsin chlor-alkali plant". Water, Air, and Soil Pollution. 102 (3/4): 427–436. Bibcode:1998WASP..102..427M. doi:10.1023/A:1004977717769. S2CID   94532506.
  26. ↑ Rusu, A.-M.; Jones, G.C.; Chimonides, P.D.J.; Purvis, O.W. (2006). "Biomonitoring using the lichen Hypogymnia physodes and bark samples near Zlatna, Romania immediately following closure of a copper ore-processing plant". Environmental Pollution. 143 (1): 81–88. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2005.11.002. PMID   16368174.
  27. ↑ Biazrov, Lev G. (1994). "The radionuclides in lichen thalli in Chernobyl and East Urals areas after nuclear accidents". Phyton. 34 (1): 85–95.
  28. ↑ Whelan, Paul (2011). Lichens of Ireland – an illustrated introduction to over 250 species. Cork: Collins Press. p. 66. ISBN   978-1-84889-137-1.
  29. 1 2 Yang, Mei-Xia; Devkota, Shiva; Wang, Li-Song; Scheidegger, Christoph (2021). "Ethnolichenology—The use of lichens in the Himalayas and southwestern parts of China" (PDF). Diversity. 13 (7): 330–346. doi: 10.3390/d13070330 .
  30. ↑ Mitrovic, Tatjana; Stamenkovic, Slaviša; Cvetkovic, Vladimir; Radulovic, Niko; Mladenovic, Marko; Stankovic, Milan (2014). "Platismatia glaucia and Pseudevernia furfuracea lichens as sources of antioxidant, antimicrobial and antibiofilm agents". EXCLI Journal. 13: 938–953. PMC   4464406 . PMID   26417313.
  31. ↑ Crawford, Stuart (2019). "Lichens Used in Traditional Medicine". In Ranković, Branislav (ed.). Lichen Secondary Metabolites. Bioactive Properties and Pharmaceutical Potential (2 ed.). Springer Nature Switzerland AG. p. 66. ISBN   978-3-030-16813-1.
  32. ↑ Wijayawardene, N.N.; Hyde, K.D.; Dai, D.Q.; Sánchez-García, M.; Goto, B.T.; Saxena, R.K.; et al. (2022). "Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa – 2021". Mycosphere. 13 (1): 53–453. doi: 10.5943/mycosphere/13/1/2 . hdl: 10481/76378 . S2CID   249054641.
  33. ↑ Awasthi, D.D. (1984). "The lichen genera Hypogymnia and Menegazzia from India and Nepal". Kavaka. 12( (2): 87–97.
  34. ↑ Lumbsch, H. T.; Ahti, T.; Altermann, S.; De Paz, G. A.; Aptroot, A.; Arup, U.; et al. (2011). "One hundred new species of lichenized fungi: a signature of undiscovered global diversity". Phytotaxa. 18 (1): 64. doi: 10.11646/phytotaxa.18.1.1 . hdl: 11336/4198 .
  35. 1 2 McCune, Bruce; Tchabanenko, Svetlana (2001). "Hypogymnia arcuata and H. sachalinensis, two new lichens from east Asia". Bryologist. 104 (1): 146–150. doi:10.1639/0007-2745(2001)104[0146:HAAHST]2.0.CO;2. S2CID   85702700.
  36. ↑ Yoshida, K.; Kashiwadani, H. (2001). "Typification of taxa of Hypogymnia (Parmeliaceae) described from Japan and Sakhalin". Bulletin of the National Science Museum Tokyo. 27 (2–3): 35–46.
  37. 1 2 Elix, John A.; Jenkins, Gillian A. (1989). "New species and new records of Hypogymnia (lichenized Ascomycotina)". Mycotaxon. 35 (2): 469–476.
  38. ↑ McCune, Bruce (2002). "Hypogymnia bryophila, A new sorediate lichen species from Portugal". The Bryologist. 105 (3): 470–472. doi:10.1639/0007-2745(2000)105[0470:HBANSL]2.0.CO;2. JSTOR   3244701.
  39. 1 2 3 4 5 McCune, Bruce; Martin, Erin P.; Wang, Li-song (2003). "Five new species of Hypogymnia with rimmed holes from the Chinese Himalayas". Bryologist. 106 (2): 226–234. doi:10.1639/0007-2745(2003)106[0226:FNSOHW]2.0.CO;2. S2CID   85801327.
  40. ↑ Goward, Trevor; McCune, Bruce (2007). "Hypogymnia canadensis (Parmeliaceae), a new lichen from the Pacific Coast of North America". Bryologist. 110 (4): 808–811. doi:10.1639/0007-2745(2007)110[808:HCPANL]2.0.CO;2. S2CID   86098427.
  41. 1 2 McCune, Bruce (2008). "Three new species of Hypogymnia (Ascomycota: Parmeliaceae from the Bering Sea region, Alaska, and Russia". North American Fungi. 3 (6): 1–10. doi: 10.2509/naf2008.003.006 . Open Access logo PLoS transparent.svg
  42. 1 2 3 4 Goward, Trevor; Spribille, Toby; Ahti, Teuvo; Hampton-Miller, Celia J. (2012). "Four new sorediate species in the Hypogymnia austerodes group (lichens) from northwestern North America, with notes on thallus morphology". Bryologist. 115 (1): 84–100. doi:10.1639/0007-2745-115.1.84. S2CID   85766077.
  43. 1 2 McCune, Bruce; Conway, Sarah Norvell (2022). "Two new species, Hypogymnia tuckerae and H. discopruina (Parmeliaceae), from North America and China". The Bryologist. 125 (3): 406–417. doi:10.1639/0007-2745-125.3.406. S2CID   250596042.
  44. 1 2 3 4 Dodge, C.W. (1959). "Some lichens of Tropical Africa. III. Parmeliaceae". Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 46 (1–2): 39–193. doi:10.2307/2394567. JSTOR   2394567.
  45. ↑ McCune, Bruce; Obermayer, Walter (2001). "Typification of Hypogymnia hypotrypa and H. sinica". Mycotaxon. 79: 23–27.
  46. ↑ Nash et al. 2002, p. 231.
  47. ↑ Nash et al. 2002, p. 232.
  48. ↑ Wei, J.C. (1984). "A new isidiate species of Hypogymnia in China". Acta Mycologica Sinica. 3: 214–216.
  49. 1 2 3 Pike, Lawrence H.; Hale Jr, Mason E. (1982). "Three new species of Hypogymnia from western North America (Lichenes: Hypogymniaceae)". Mycotaxon. 16 (1): 157–161.
  50. ↑ Kurokawa, S.; Nakanishi, S. (1971). "Lichens of the Hidaka Mountains, Hokkaido". Memoirs of the National Science Museum Tokyo. 4: 59–70.
  51. ↑ Krog, H. (1968). "The macrolichens of Alaska". Norsk Polarinstitutt Skrifter. 144: 96.
  52. ↑ Rassadina, K.A. (1967). "Species et formae Hypogymniae novae et curiosae". Novosti Sistematiki Nizshikh Rastenii. 4: 289–300.
  53. ↑ McCune, Bruce (2011). "Hypogymnia irregularis (Ascomycota: Parmeliaceae) – a new species from Asia". Mycotaxon. 115: 485–494. doi: 10.5248/115.485 .
  54. ↑ Ohlsson, Karl E. (1973). "New and interesting macrolichens of British Columbia". Bryologist. 76 (3): 366–387. doi:10.2307/3241719. JSTOR   3241719.
  55. 1 2 3 Wei, J.C.; Jiang, Y.M. (1980). "Species novae lichenum e Parmeliaceis in regione xizangensis". Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica. 18 (3): 368–388.
  56. 1 2 Hawksworth, D.L. (2007). "Two new species of Hypogymnia (Nyl.) Nyl". Lichenologist. 5 (5–6): 452–456. doi:10.1017/S0024282973000502. S2CID   85572057.
  57. ↑ Chen, J.B. (1994). "Two new species of Hypogymnia (Nyl.) Nyl. (Hypogymniaceae, Ascomycotina)". Acta Mycologica Sinica. 13: 107–110.
  58. ↑ Wei, Xinli; McCune, Bruce; Wang, Lisong; Wei, Jiangchun (2010). "Hypogymnia magnifica (Parmeliaceae), a new lichen from southwest China". Bryologist. 113 (1): 120–123. doi:10.1639/0007-2745-113.1.120. S2CID   84639752.
  59. ↑ McCune, Bruce; Schoch, Conrad (2009). "Hypogymnia minilobata (Parmeliaceae), a new lichen from coastal California". Bryologist. 112 (1): 94–100. doi:10.1639/0007-2745-112.1.94. S2CID   84584693.
  60. ↑ Goward, Trevor (1988). "Hypogymnia oceanica, a new lichen (Ascomycotina) from the Pacific Northwest of North America". Bryologist. 91 (3): 229–232. doi:10.2307/3243225. JSTOR   3243225.
  61. ↑ McCune, Bruce; Tchabanenko, Svetlana; Wei, Xin Li (2015). "Hypogymnia papilliformis (Parmeliaceae), a new lichen from Far East Russia and China". Lichenologist. 47 (2): 117–122. doi:10.1017/S0024282914000656. S2CID   86955920.
  62. ↑ Wei, Xin-Li; Wei, Jiang-Chun (2012). "A study of the pruinose species of Hypogymnia (Parmeliaceae, Ascomycota) from China". Lichenologist. 44 (6): 783–793. doi:10.1017/S0024282912000473. S2CID   88011998.
  63. 1 2 Lai, M.J. (1980). "Notes on some Hypogymniae (Parmeliaceae) from East Asia". Quarterly Journal of the Taiwan Museum. 33 (3–4): 209–214.
  64. 1 2 Wei, Xinli; Wei, Jiangchun (2005). "Two new species of Hypogymnia (Lecanorales, Ascomycota) with pruinose lobe tips from China". Mycotaxon. 94: 155–158.
  65. 1 2 Goward, Trevor; Ahti, Teuvo; Elix, John A.; Spribille, Toby (2010). "Hypogymnia recurva and Hypogymnia wilfiana spp. nov., two new lichens from western North America". Botany. 88 (4): 345–351. doi:10.1139/B10-028.
  66. ↑ Nash et al. 2002, p. 236.
  67. ↑ Sinha, G.P.; Elix, J.A. (2003). "A new species of Hypogymnia and a new record in the lichen family Parmeliaceae (Ascomycota) from Sikkim, India". Mycotaxon. 87: 81–84.
  68. ↑ Jiang, Yumei; Wei, Jiangcgun (1990). "馬鞍菌屬新種和新記錄 II" [A new species of Hypogymnia]. Acta Mycologica Sinica (in Chinese). 9 (4): 293–295.

Cited literature

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.