| Menegazzia terebrata | |
|---|---|
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| Menegazzia terebrata, photographed in Bavaria | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Ascomycota |
| Class: | Lecanoromycetes |
| Order: | Lecanorales |
| Family: | Parmeliaceae |
| Genus: | Menegazzia |
| Species: | M. terebrata |
| Binomial name | |
| Menegazzia terebrata | |
| Synonyms | |
Species synonymy
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Menegazzia terebrata is a species of foliose lichen found scattered across many continents, including North America, South America, Europe, Africa, and Asia. [1] [2]
This species was first described as Lobaria terebrata by Georg Franz Hoffmann in 1796. In 1854, Italian lichenologist Abramo Bartolommeo Massalongo renamed it Menegazzia terebrata.
Menegazzia terebrata has a glossy blue-grey thallus and a black, wrinkled undersurface. This species does not have any rhizines on the undersurface. The medulla is white. Asci contain eight single-celled ascospores, like most species of Ascomycota. The spores are amyloid positive. The outside edges are different shades of brown. This species is distinguished by small holes in the upper thallus. Apothecia are rarely seen on this species so they mostly reproduce asexually. The lobes of this lichen are rounded and almost tube-like, with soredia on the lobe tips. [1] [2] The holes in its upper surface give the lichen many of its common names, including treeflute lichen, honeycomb lichen, and keyhole lichen. [1] [3] A potassium hydroxide test will produce K+ yellow results on the surface and medulla of this lichen. [1]
Menegazzia terebrata grows on acidic substrates, including trees and rock. It prefers acidic species of tree, including Alder, Beech, and Northern white cedar. [3] It also prefers to grow on more acidic siliceous and siliciferous rock. [2] It is most common in northern wet-mesic forests. [3] [4] It can be an indicator of an old growth forest. [1] [5] This species sometimes grows with moss, and often the moss grows between the lobes of lichen. [6] It is often found growing on coastlines near the ocean. [7] Menegazzia terebrata was found to be an indicator species of clean air in Western Oregon and Washington. [8]
The algae in this lichen are chlorococcoid. [1]
Menegazzia terebrata produces a number of secondary metabolites. The cortex contains atranorin. [1] [2] [9] The medullar layer contains menegazziaic acid, stictic acid and constictic acid. [2] [1] Menegazzia terebrata and another species of lichen in the Menegazzia family were the first two species where menegazziaic acid were found, so it was named after them. [10] [9] Meneggazziaic acid is a 3-hydroxylated 3-deformylstitic acid. [10]
Lobaria pulmonaria is a large epiphytic lichen consisting of an ascomycete fungus and a green algal partner living together in a symbiotic relationship with a cyanobacterium—a symbiosis involving members of three kingdoms of organisms. Commonly known by various names like tree lungwort, lung lichen, lung moss, lungwort lichen, oak lungs or oak lungwort, it is sensitive to air pollution and is also harmed by habitat loss and changes in forestry practices. Its population has declined across Europe and L. pulmonaria is considered endangered in many lowland areas. The species has a history of use in herbal medicines, and recent research has corroborated some medicinal properties of lichen extracts.
Cetrelia is a genus of leafy lichens in the large family Parmeliaceae. They are commonly known as sea-storm lichens, alluding to the wavy appearance of their lobes. The name of the genus, circumscribed in 1968 by the husband and wife lichenologists William and Chicita Culberson, alludes to the former placement of these species in the genera Cetraria and Parmelia.
Menegazzia is a genus of lichenized fungi containing roughly 70 accepted species. The group is sometimes referred to as the tree flutes, honeycombed lichens, or hole-punch lichens. The most obvious morphological feature of the genus is the distinctive perforations spread across the upper side of the thallus. This makes the group easy to recognise, even for those not particularly familiar with lichen identification.
Menegazzia minuta is a rare species of foliose lichen that is endemic to Tasmania, Australia. It was scientifically described as a new species in 1987 by lichenologists Peter James and Gintaras Kantvilas. The type specimen was collected by the second author south of Arthur River, where the lichen was found in a rainforest growing on twigs of leatherwood. The species epithet minuta refers to the small size of its thallus. Menegazzia minuta contains protolichesterinic acid, a lichen product that helps to distinguish it from the similar species Menegazzia eperforata, which instead contains stictic acid and related compounds. In a 2012 publication, Kantvilas called M. minuta "one of Tasmania's rarest lichens", characterised by a "glossy olive-brown thallus of minute, spidery lobes, densely beset with lobule-like isidia".
Punctelia transtasmanica is a species of foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. It is found in Australasia.
Punctelia purpurascens is a species of foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. Found in Brazil, it was formally described as a new species in 2007 by lichenologists Marcelo Marcelli and Luciana da Silva Canêz. The type specimen was collected in the municipality of Vicara in the southern Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul. There it was found growing on a basaltic rock in an open field. The specific epithet purpurascens refers to the unusual K+ purple reaction of the medulla.
Punctelia osorioi is a species of foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. It is found in Brazil.
Punctelia reddenda is a widely distributed species of foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. It occurs in Africa, Europe, North America, and South America, where it grows on bark and on rock.
Punctelia subpraesignis is a species of foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. It occurs in Mexico, South America, and East Africa, where it grows on bark and on rocks. Major characteristics of the lichen that distinguish it from other Punctelia species include the C+ and KC+ rose spot tests of the medulla, ascospores that are smaller than 20 μm, and unciform (hooklike) conidia.
Punctelia hypoleucites, commonly known as the southwestern speckled shield lichen, is a species of foliose (leafy) lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. First formally described by Finnish botanist William Nylander as a species of Parmelia, it was transferred to the genus Punctelia in 1982. The lichen is found in Africa, North America, and South America, where it grows on the bark of both hardwood and coniferous trees. Its greenish-grey thallus is covered with tiny white pseudocyphellae – minute holes in the thallus surface that facilitate gas exchange. Some macroscopic features that help distinguish this species from other related members of the genus include the presence and the structure of the apothecia, the absence of asexual surface propagules, and the light brown color of the thallus undersurface. Chemically, the presence of lecanoric acid in the medulla and atranorin in the cortex help distinguish it from lookalikes.
Punctelia perreticulata is a widely distributed species of foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. It occurs in Mediterranean Europe and Russia, North America, South America, Australia, and New Zealand, where it grows on rocks, bark, or wood. Its main distinguishing features are its thallus surface, marked with many shallow depressions, grooves, or pits, and sorediate pseudocyphellae. The lower side of the thallus is ivory to tan towards the centre and the major secondary metabolite in the medulla is lecanoric acid. A lookalike species with which it has been historically confused is Punctelia subrudecta; this lichen can be distinguished from Punctelia perreticulata by the texture of the thallus surface, or, more reliably, by the length of its conidia.
Punctelia graminicola is a species of foliose (leafy) lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. It grows on rocks, and, less frequently, on bark in North America, South America, and East Africa. It has a blue-grey thallus measuring up to about 15 cm (6 in), covered with tiny pores called pseudocyphellae. Sometimes the lichen forms small lobes that project out from the surface. Fruiting bodies are uncommon in this species; if present, they resemble small cups with a brown internal disc measuring 3–10 mm (0.1–0.4 in) in diameter. A lookalike species, Punctelia hypoleucites, is not readily distinguishable from Punctelia graminicola by appearance or habitat alone; these species can only be reliably differentiated by examining the length of their conidia.
Cetrelia chicitae is a species of foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. It is found in eastern Asia, North America, and Europe, where it grows on mossy rocks and tree trunks.
Menegazzia fortuita is a species of foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. Found in Australia, it was described as a new species in 2017 by lichenologists John Elix and Patrick McCarthy. The type specimen was collected in Morton National Park where it was found in an open rocky ridge growing on sandstone. The specific epithet fortuita refers to its discovery: "an unplanned field-stop that led to the discovery of the most recent collection which, fortuitously, helped to resolve the identity of several older, unnamed specimens". The lichen is known to occur only in a few locations in Morton National Park where it grows on sandstone in open Eucalyptus woodland. The expected results for standard chemical spot tests are cortex K+ (yellow); medulla K+ (yellow), C−, KC−; P+ (yellow-orange). Menegazzia fortuita contains several secondary chemicals: stictic acid as a major component, atranorin and constictic acid as minor components, and trace amounts of peristictic acid, cryptostictic acid, and menegazziaic acid.
Menegazzia ramulicola is a rare species of foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. Found in Australia, the species was described as new to science by Australian lichenologist Gintaras Kantvilas in 2012. The type specimen was collected in Mount Field National Park (Tasmania) at an altitude of 1,030 m (3,380 ft), where it was growing on the Tasmanian endemic plant narrow leaf orites in a woodland. The specific epithet ramulicola refers to its usual habitat, young twigs.
Menegazzia subtestacea is a species of foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. It is found in Tasmania (Australia), where it grows at high elevations on the twigs and young branches of alpine shrubs.
Menegazzia tarkinea is a rare species of foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. It occurs in North West Tasmania (Australia).
Menegazzia bjerkeana is a rare species of foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. It occurs in rainforests along the New South Wales-Queensland border, where it grows on the bark of southern beech trees.
Remototrachyna sipmaniana is a species of saxicolous (rock-dwelling), foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. It is only known to occur in Bolivia, where it grows on boulders in Yungas mountain cloud forests.
Xanthoparmelia perezdepazii is a species of saxicolous (rock-dwelling), foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. It is found in the Canary Islands.