Iconoclasm played a significant role during the French Revolution, reflecting the broader social, political, and religious shifts of the time. This movement was fueled by revolutionaries with anti-monarchical sentiments who wished to destroy visual representations of the Catholic Church and the Ancien Régime. The early revolutionary period was characterized by growing social inequality, fueled by a heavy tax burden on peasants, who made up 80% of the French population in 1789. [1] This was exacerbated by tax exemptions for the nobility and clergy, as well as the difficulty of tax reform. Iconoclastic acts during the French Revolution embodied a time that saw the systematic destruction and defacement of religious and royal symbols, cathedrals, manuscripts, and artworks. [2] Iconoclasm took many forms during this period, acting as a symbolic rejection of the Ancien Régime and a direct attack on religious institutions and symbols, which were seen as key pillars of the Ancien Régime.
The Bastille was a fortress prison in Paris. It symbolized the absolute power and arbitrary justice of the Bourbon monarchy. [3] Thus, on July 14, 1789, the storming of this fortress was regarded as the beginning of the French Revolution. It was not just an attack on the prison but on what it represented—the monarchical tyranny. When raiding the Bastille, the French revolutionaries came in large numbers and completely overwhelmed it after fierce fighting. Then the Bastille was taken down brick by brick, and its parts were distributed throughout France as a show of victory. This acted as a parade of the fallen monarchical power. [3]
In a petition to the National Assembly in early 1790, a group of artists requested that the king order the destruction of all monuments created during the feudal regime. [4] Feudalism had been outlawed the year prior, and this action further aimed to deface the image of the nobility. By 1792, peasants had begun to tear down feudal monuments within France. The public's general feelings and overt acts of destruction inspired the Legislative Assembly to pass a law mandating the destruction of these feudal monuments on August 11, 1792. [4] A key act of iconoclasm during this period was the removal of the statue of Louis XIV from Place Des Victoires. Louis XIV was king of France from 1643 until 1715, making his 72-year reign the longest of any sovereign. [5] His rule embodied the European Age of Absolutism, a period characterized by unchecked monarchical power. Thus, the removal of this statue was not just a physical act of vandalism, but a powerful symbolic destruction of the Ancien Régime’s authority over the people. The statue was pulled down by a large crowd with long ropes, emphasizing the importance of public spectacles in the overthrow of monarchical power. [6]
The famous Notre Dame de Paris was vandalized heavily as it was a strong symbol of the Church. Many religious artifacts were looted or desecrated once the cathedral’s treasury was broken into. Sacred vessels and items used in liturgical ceremonies were targeted for looting; they often adorned jewels and were made out of precious metals. Other precious relics associated with historical saints and figures were destroyed. One such example is the statue of Notre-Dame-Sous-Terre, which was burnt. Externally, the 28 statues of biblical kings located on the Western side of the cathedral were mistaken for French kings and subsequently beheaded. [7] This is a classic example of an iconoclastic act meant to symbolically silence the monarchical power in France. The roofing of the Notre-Dame was also torn apart by the mobs to manufacture bullets as it was made of lead. This allowed rain to pass through the cathedral’s roof and ultimately added to the damage of the interior.
The French Royal church was used as a hay barn during the French Revolution. Its stained glass windows were stolen, either to be sold, smashed, or repurposed for weaponry for the revolutionaries. [7] It is said that the relics inside were discarded into a local dump. Most notably, Saint Denis was a well-known burial site for royalty. The tombs of former kings and queens were dug up, pillaged, and destroyed. The desecration of tombs was an act of iconoclasm that targeted the physical bodies of the monarchy.
Other cathedrals that were destroyed or looted include: Mâcon, Avranches, Boulogne-sur-Mer, Soissons, Laon, Reims, Angers, and more. [7]
Iconoclasm is the social belief in the importance of the destruction of icons and other images or monuments, most frequently for religious or political reasons. People who engage in or support iconoclasm are called iconoclasts, a term that has come to be figuratively applied to any individual who challenges "cherished beliefs or venerated institutions on the grounds that they are erroneous or pernicious."
The Bastille was a fortress in Paris, known as the Bastille Saint-Antoine. It played an important role in the internal conflicts of France and for most of its history was used as a state prison by the kings of France. It was stormed by a crowd on 14 July 1789, in the French Revolution, becoming an important symbol for the French Republican movement. It was later demolished and replaced by the Place de la Bastille.
The Place de la Bastille is a square in Paris where the Bastille prison once stood, until the storming of the Bastille and its subsequent physical destruction between 14 July 1789 and 14 July 1790 during the French Revolution. No vestige of the prison remains.
Île de la Cité is an island in the river Seine in the center of Paris. In the 4th century, it was the site of the fortress of the area governor for the Roman Empire. In 508, Clovis I, the first King of the Franks, established his palace on the island. In the 12th century, it became an important religious center, the home of Notre-Dame cathedral, and the royal chapel of Sainte-Chapelle, as well as the city hospital, the Hôtel-Dieu. It is also the site of the city's oldest surviving bridge, the Pont Neuf.
The Legitimists are royalists who adhere to the rights of dynastic succession to the French crown of the descendants of the eldest branch of the Bourbon dynasty, which was overthrown in the 1830 July Revolution. They reject the claim of the July Monarchy of 1830–1848 which placed Louis Philippe, Duke of Orléans, head of the Orléans cadet branch of the Bourbon dynasty, on the throne until he too was dethroned and driven with his family into exile.
Charles Alexandre de Calonne, titled Count of Hannonville in 1759, was a French statesman, best known for being Louis XVI's Controller-General of Finances in the years leading up to the French revolution.
This glossary of the French Revolution generally does not explicate names of individual people or their political associations; those can be found in List of people associated with the French Revolution.
There is significant disagreement among historians of the French Revolution as to its causes. Usually, they acknowledge the presence of several interlinked factors, but vary in the weight they attribute to each one. These factors include cultural changes, normally associated with the Enlightenment; social change and financial and economic difficulties; and the political actions of the involved parties. For centuries, the French society was divided into three estates or orders.
Under the French Ancien Régime, a parlement was a provincial appellate court of the Kingdom of France. In 1789, France had 13 parlements, the original and most important of which was the Parlement of Paris. Though both the modern French term parlement and the English word "parliament" derive from this French term, the Ancien Régime parlements were not legislative bodies and the modern and ancient terminology are not interchangeable.
The Kingdom of France in the early modern period, from the Renaissance to the Revolution (1789–1804), was a monarchy ruled by the House of Bourbon. This corresponds to the so-called Ancien Régime. The territory of France during this period increased until it included essentially the extent of the modern country, and it also included the territories of the first French colonial empire overseas.
The Fête de la Fédération was a massive holiday festival held throughout France in 1790 in honour of the French Revolution, celebrating the Revolution itself, as well as national unity.
The Musée Carnavalet in Paris is dedicated to the history of the city. The museum occupies two neighboring mansions: the Hôtel Carnavalet and the former Hôtel Le Peletier de Saint Fargeau. On the advice of Baron Haussmann, the civil servant who transformed Paris in the latter half of the 19th century, the Hôtel Carnavalet was purchased by the Municipal Council of Paris in 1866; it was opened to the public in 1880. By the latter part of the 20th century, the museum was full to capacity. The Hôtel Le Peletier de Saint Fargeau was annexed to the Carnavalet and opened to the public in 1989.
The French Guards were an elite infantry regiment of the French Royal Army. They formed a constituent part of the maison militaire du roi de France under the Ancien Régime.
The Kingdom of France is the historiographical name or umbrella term given to various political entities of France in the medieval and early modern period. It was one of the most powerful states in Europe from the High Middle Ages to 1848 during its dissolution. It was also an early colonial power, with colonies in Asia and Africa, and the largest being New France in North America centred around the Great Lakes.
Absolute monarchy in France slowly emerged in the 16th century and became firmly established during the 17th century. Absolute monarchy is a variation of the governmental form of monarchy in which the monarch holds supreme authority and where that authority is not restricted by any written laws, legislature, or customs. In France, Louis XIV was the most famous exemplar of absolute monarchy, with his court central to French political and cultural life during his reign. It ended in May 1789, when widespread social distress led to the convocation of the Estates-General, which was converted into a National Assembly in June. The Assembly passed a series of radical measures, including the abolition of feudalism, state control of the Catholic Church and extending the right to vote.
The Great Seal of France is the official seal of the French Republic. After the 1792 revolution established the First French Republic, the insignia of the monarchy was removed from the seal. Over time, the new seal changed. At first, it featured Marianne, symbol of the revolution. It evolved to show that the people developed their culture and politics. In modern times, it depicts Liberty, along with aspects of culture such as art, education, and agriculture.
The ancien régime was the political and social system of the Kingdom of France that the French Revolution overturned through its abolition in 1790 of the feudal system of the French nobility and in 1792 through its execution of the king and declaration of a republic. "Ancien régime" is now a common metaphor for "a system or mode no longer prevailing".
The Place de la Nation is a circle on the eastern side of Paris, between the Place de la Bastille and the Bois de Vincennes, on the border of the 11th and 12th arrondissements. Widely known for having the most active guillotines during the Revolution, the square acquired its current name on Bastille Day, 14 July 1880, under the Third Republic.
The Grand Châtelet was a stronghold in Ancien Régime Paris, on the right bank of the Seine, on the site of what is now the Place du Châtelet; it contained a court and police headquarters and a number of prisons.
Symbolism in the French Revolution was a device to distinguish and celebrate the main features of the French Revolution and ensure public identification and support. In order to effectively illustrate the differences between the new Republic and the old regime, revolutionaries implemented new symbols to be celebrated instead of the old religious and monarchical symbolism.