Library damage resulting from the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake

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An aerial view of the coastal city of Meulaboh, Indonesia, after the tsunami. The public library in Meulaboh was destroyed. Meulaboh.jpg
An aerial view of the coastal city of Meulaboh, Indonesia, after the tsunami. The public library in Meulaboh was destroyed.

Library damage resulting from the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake has been reported in six Asian countries. On December 26, the massive 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake struck off the northwest coast of the Indonesian island of Sumatra. The resulting tsunamis killed more than 180,000 people. In addition to the loss of human lives, cultural institutions were destroyed in several Asian nations. Libraries on the Eastern coast of Sri Lanka and the northern province of Aceh on Sumatra were most severely affected by the disaster.

Contents

India

2004 Indian Ocean
earthquake and tsunami
2004 Indonesia Tsunami edit.gif
Countries affected
Humanitarian response
Military operations
Related topics

Damage to libraries in India has not been well documented. Water damage was reported at Madras University Library in Chennai. [1] The Asian Development Bank reports extensive damage to schools in the Indian states of Kerala and Tamil Nadu. A government assessment found that 252 schools in Tamil Nadu need complete reconstruction, 19 need major repairs and 49 need minor repairs. [2]

In the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, 78 teachers are listed as killed or missing. Further, 25 percent of primary schools, 33 percent of upper primary schools, and 31 percent of senior secondary schools were seriously damaged, indicating that school libraries in the region also suffered damage. [3]

Indonesia

The Sumatran province of Aceh was severely damaged by the earthquake and resulting tsunami. An estimated 167,736 Indonesians were killed and 25% of Achenese lost their source of livelihood. [4] Banda Aceh, Aceh's capital, was the closest major city to the earthquake's epicenter, and many of its major libraries suffered extensive damage. [5]

The Aceh Provincial Library (BPD) was inundated with three meters of water. Twenty three staff members were killed, including the library's director, Bachtiar Azis, who is listed as missing along with his family. In addition to loss of life, the BPD suffered physical damage and a near total loss of its collection. Concrete and steel fences surrounding the two-story building were mostly destroyed, however, the building itself remained standing. All library materials housed on the first floor were swept away by the waves and the floor was covered in 30 cm-thick mud. These lost materials comprise most of its children's, young adult and adult collections. The water did not reach the second floor, but looting resulted in the loss of most materials and equipment. A collection of books received under legal deposit and housed on the second floor was left undisturbed and survived the disaster and looting intact. [6] Despite these losses, the BPD reopened to the public in May 2005. [7] As of August 2005, repairs were still being made to the building, the library lacked computers for its warintek (information technology section), and most areas of the library needed furnishing and collection replacement.

Of Aceh's eight public libraries, two were destroyed. These libraries were located in the hard-hit cities of Meulaboh and Sigli. [8]

Mobile library units, or perpustakaan keliling, are used to serve rural areas of Aceh. Days before the earthquake and tsunami, the BPD had received two newly built mobile library units from the National Library of Indonesia. Both of these were destroyed along with the rest of the mobile libraries parked on the BPD's carport. In July 2005, the National Library donated two replacement mobile units, however the new BPD director noted that further units were needed to adequately serve outlying regions of the province. [6] [8]

The Aceh Documentation and Information Center, known for its collection of rare books and manuscripts chronicling the heritage of Aceh, was destroyed. Only half of the building remained standing, and the entire collection was swept away. A team from the National Library of Indonesia visiting in January 2005 was able to salvage only three books and one sheet of the genealogy of the Muslim kings of Aceh. These were taken to Jakarta for restoration. [6]

The Provincial Archives Agency lost 80 percent of the photographs in its collection. [9] The Secretariat Office of the Aceh Province lost 160 boxes of records. [9]

The Aceh branch of the National Land Register Agency was inundated with water. Roughly 629 boxes of materials certifying individual land ownership in the province were damaged. Due to the efforts of a team of conservators from Japan and archivists from the National Archives in Jakarta, many of these land register documents were preserved. [10]

Damage to school libraries has not been well documented. The Indonesia National Library reports that SMA 1, a high school in Banda Aceh, was not damaged by flood waters as it is located on the second floor, however, did experience some earthquake damage. Overall, 2,364 teachers and staff members were killed and 2,240 schools were destroyed on Sumatra and its outlying islands. [11]

The Central Library at the Ar-Raniri Institute for Islamic Studies, a public Islamic University in Banda Aceh, lost its information servers due to theft and seawater damage. [12]

Baiturrahman Grand Mosque Library in Banda Aceh lost its entire collection. Due to the mosque's central location and importance to the community, a concerted effort was made to clear and repair this complex of buildings immediately after the tsunami. As of August 2005 the library had reopened with 1,200 books in its collection. [6] The library of the Agricultural Information Institute of Banda Aceh was inundated with water from the tsunami but its physical structure remained intact. [6] [13]

The Library and Museum of the Ali Hasymy Educational Foundation survived intact as the tsunami did not reach this area of Banda Aceh. [6]

Malaysia

According to a Malaysian professor of library science, damage to libraries was minimal in Malaysia. [14]

Maldives

All of the 199 inhabited islands comprising the Maldives atolls were affected by the tsunami. [15] The Maldives Library Association was not able to survey all public libraries across the atoll, however, a representative indicated some libraries were destroyed. [16]

Forty-six percent of schools in the Maldives were damaged, and nine schools were destroyed. [15]

Thailand

Damage to libraries in Thailand has not been well documented. The Ministry of Education has reported that five schools were destroyed and 51 schools were damaged. [17]

Sri Lanka

More than 35,000 Sri Lankans were killed and 516,000 people were displaced as a result of the tsunami. [18] Roughly 60 percent of the coastal area of Sri Lanka was severely affected by the tsunami. Libraries across the country were damaged, and it is estimated that 1.2 million volumes of books and other reading materials were destroyed in the disaster. Out of the 950 public libraries in Sri Lanka, 55 libraries were affected and 28 were destroyed. [19] Several libraries were used as refuge centres or hospitals in the aftermath of the tsunami, and surviving furniture and collections suffered as a result.

One estimate of damage to school libraries in Sri Lanka indicates that of the 9,790 schools in the country, 182 schools were directly affected by the tsunami and an additional 282 schools were damaged because of their use as refugee camps after the tsunami. [19] While not all of these schools had a full-fledged library, most had a book closet or other collection of materials. At least 165 school libraries were damaged by the tsunami. [20] Compounding the damage, many schools had large collection of textbooks on hand for distribution to students at the beginning of the school year in January. Damage reports range from furniture damage to lost collections to complete destruction of the physical building.

Sri Lankan government departments lost public records to the tsunami. In the Southern province, all electoral registers were destroyed, along with 600,000 land deeds from the Department of the Surveyor General. [21]

Sixty-eight libraries affiliated with religious institutions and at least three museums were damaged by the tsunami. [22] Many of these libraries were attached to Buddhist temples and contained valuable collections of palm leaf manuscripts and documents relating to Ayurveda, the Indian medical tradition adopted in ancient Sri Lanka. [19]

The National Maritime Museum in Galle lost 90 percent of its collection, mostly artifacts salvaged from underwater wrecks and archaeology sites. The museum also lost all of its computers and other technical equipment. [23] The collection housed in the Martin Wickramasinghe Folk Museum of Koggala survived relatively unscathed, however the children's library attached to the museum was severely damaged along with most of the museum's furniture. The Maritime Archaeology Unit of the Central Cultural Fund was also severely damaged, resulting in the loss of artifacts from an 18th-century Dutch shipwreck that were eventually to be donated to a museum. [24]

In the weeks following the disaster, the International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions cooperated with UNESCO, the Sri Lanka Library Association, the National Library and Documentation Center of Sri Lanka and other organizations to create the Sri Lanka Disaster Management Committee for Libraries, Information Services and Archives (SL DMC-LISA). The committee worked to secure funding for temporary libraries and computer equipment and began reviewing architectural plans for rebuilding libraries. Further initiatives were developed to encourage "twinning" or pairing of Sri Lankan libraries with donors. [25]

In addition to working with the disaster committee, the Sri Lanka Library Association targeted five libraries for rebuilding with the intent of creating model institutions. As of 2006, three of these libraries had re-opened, while progress on the other two was delayed due to political instability in the region. [26]

See also

Related Research Articles

Aceh Province of Indonesia

Aceh, officially the Aceh Province is the westernmost province of Indonesia. It is located on the northernmost of Sumatra island, with Banda Aceh being its capital and largest city. Granted a special autonomous status, Aceh is a religiously conservative territory and the only Indonesian province practicing the Sharia law officially. There are ten indigenous ethnic groups in this region, the largest being the Acehnese people, accounting for approximately 80% to 90% of the region's population.

Banda Aceh City and capital of Aceh, Indonesia

Banda Aceh is the capital and largest city in the province of Aceh, Indonesia. It is located on the island of Sumatra and has an elevation of 35 meters. The city covers an area of 61.36 square kilometers (23.69 sq mi) and had a population of 223,446 people at the 2010 Census, rising to 252,899 at the 2020 Census. The official estimate as at mid 2021 was 255,029.

2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami Earthquake and subsequent tsunami in the Indian Ocean

The 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami occurred at 07:58:53 local time (UTC+7) on 26 December, with an epicentre off the west coast of northern Sumatra, Indonesia. It was an undersea megathrust earthquake that registered a magnitude of 9.1–9.3 Mw, reaching a Mercalli intensity up to IX in certain areas. The earthquake was caused by a rupture along the fault between the Burma Plate and the Indian Plate.

Countries affected by the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami

This article lists the countries affected by the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and the resulting tsunami on Sunday, December 26, 2004, in alphabetical order. For detailed information about each country affected by the earthquake and tsunami, see their individual articles. Countries with a smaller number of casualties, as well as those that lost citizens who were travelling abroad, are listed further on in the article.

Simeulue Regency Regency in Sumatra, Indonesia

Simeulue Regency is a regency in the Aceh special region of Indonesia. It occupies the whole island of Simeulue, 150 km off the west coast of Sumatra, with an area of 1,838.09 square kilometres. It had a population of 80,674 at the 2010 census and 92,865 at the 2020 census; the official estimate as at mid 2021 was 93,762.

2004 Sri Lanka tsunami train wreck Largest rail disaster

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Effect of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake on Indonesia

Indonesia was the first country to be seriously affected by the earthquake and tsunami created by the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake on 26 December 2004, swamping the northern and western coastal areas of Sumatra, and the smaller outlying islands off Sumatra. Nearly all the casualties and damage took place within the province of Aceh. The time of arrival of the tsunami was between 15 and 30 minutes after the deadly earthquake.

Effect of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake on Sri Lanka

Sri Lanka was one of the countries struck by the tsunami resulting from the Indian Ocean earthquake on December 26, 2004. On January 3, 2005, Sri Lankan authorities reported 30,000+ confirmed deaths.

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Baiturrahman Grand Mosque Mosque in Indonesia

Baiturrahman Grand Mosque is a Mosque located in the center of Banda Aceh city, Aceh Province, Indonesia. The Baiturrahman Grand Mosque is a symbol of religion, culture, spirit, strength, struggle and nationalism of the Acehnese people. The mosque is a landmark of Banda Aceh and has survived the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami.

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Lhoknga, is a town within the district of the same name, in Aceh Besar Regency, Aceh Special Region, Indonesia, located on the western side of the island of Sumatra, 13 km southwest of Banda Aceh. It was completely flattened and destroyed by the 2004 Boxing Day Tsunami, where its population dwindled from 7,500 to 400. Tsunami runups following eyewitness accounts of waves were recorded being 35 m in height, Such high and fast waves arising from the epicentre by megathrusts were later found to be due to splay faults, secondary faults arising due to cracking of the sea floor to jut upwards in seconds, causing waves' speed and height to increase.

2010 Mentawai earthquake and tsunami 2010 Indonesian earthquake and tsunami

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On 2 July 2013, an earthquake struck the Indonesian island of Sumatra on 2 July with a moment magnitude of 6.1 and a maximum Mercalli intensity of VIII (Severe). The strike-slip earthquake killed at least 43 people and injured more than 2,500 others in the province of Aceh where approximately 4,300 homes were damaged or destroyed.

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1995 Kerinci earthquake Earthquake in Indonesia

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References

  1. ↑ American Library Association. (2005). South Asian libraries hit hard by tsunami. American Libraries. Archived 2005-09-19 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved October 28, 2006
  2. ↑ "Asian Development Bank, United Nations and World Bank. (2005, March 8). India post tsunami recovery program: Preliminary Damage and Needs Assessment.". Archived from the original on 2015-01-06. Retrieved 2015-01-06.
  3. ↑ UNICEF. Children eager to return to schools in Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Retrieved December 5, 2007, from http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/index_25059.html (Archived June 7, 2011, at the Wayback Machine )
  4. ↑ UN Office of the Special Envoy for Tsunami Recovery. Human toll. Retrieved October 28, 2006, from http://www.tsunamispecialenvoy.org/country/humantoll.asp (Archived July 3, 2007, at the Wayback Machine )
  5. ↑ International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (IFLA). (2005, March 29) Retrieved October 18, 2006
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 ALA | Tsunami-Report from Indonesia ( Archived June 5, 2011, at the Wayback Machine )
  7. ↑ McKenzie, Amelia. Books for Aceh project. Gateways. Retrieved December 5, 2007, from "Books for Aceh Project - GATEWAYS - National Library of Australia". Archived from the original on March 14, 2012. Retrieved 2011-12-26. ()
  8. 1 2 Baba, Zawiyah, Hasbullah Atan, Rohani Rustam, and Abdul Hamid Abdul Rahman. (2005). Report of Librarians' Association of Malaysia (PPM) Iqra' Mission to Aceh, North Sumatra, Indonesia, 2–5 August 2005. Alexandria,17(3):167–175.
  9. 1 2 Utomo, Djoko. Recovering from the tsunami: The consequences for record keeping. [ dead link ]
  10. ↑ Sakamoto, Isamu. (2005). Disaster from great earthquake off Sumatra and subsequent tsunamis including damage to cultural heritage. International Preservation News, 36:16–19.
  11. ↑ UN Office of the Special Envoy for Tsunami Recovery. Indonesia. Retrieved October 28, 2006, from http://www.tsunamispecialenvoy.org/country/indonesia.asp (Archived March 14, 2007, at the Wayback Machine )
  12. ↑ Sakamoto, Isamu. (2005, December 2005). One step forward-relief work for damaged documents at Aceh, Indonesia. Retrieved October 28, 2006, from "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on February 20, 2012. Retrieved 2011-12-26.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) ()
  13. ↑ Libraries in Jeopardy from the Aceh Tsunami ( Archived February 5, 2012, at the Wayback Machine )
  14. ↑ Whelan, Debra Lau. (2005). Libraries in tsunami's path need aid. School Library Journal. Available from "Library Journal". Archived from the original on February 4, 2012. Retrieved 2011-12-26. ()
  15. 1 2 UNESCO | Education – The Maldives was the only country where the effects of the tsunami were felt across the entire country rather than in certain parts or regions/atolls. 82 people are reported dead and 26 are missing ( Archived March 24, 2012, at the Wayback Machine )
  16. ↑ "Destruction of Maldives Libraries". ALA. 2004-12-26. Retrieved 2012-12-24.
  17. ↑ Asian Disaster Preparedness Center. The economic impact of the 26 December 2004 earthquake & Indian Ocean tsunami in Thailand. Retrieved October 18, 2006, from "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on September 29, 2011. Retrieved 2011-12-26.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) ()
  18. ↑ UN Office of the Special Envoy for Tsunami Recovery. Sri Lanka. Retrieved October 28, 2006, from http://www.tsunamispecialenvoy.org/country/srilanka.asp
  19. 1 2 3 "Amarasiri, Upali. (2005). "Tsunami affected libraries in Sri Lanka: Rebuilding process and challenges."" (PDF). Retrieved 2012-12-24.
  20. ↑ Premila Gamage and Maria Cotera. (2005). Rising from the rubble: The Sri Lanka Library Association rehabilitation project. Impact:50-52.
  21. ↑ Amarasiri, Upali. (2005). Rising from the wreckage: Development of tsunami-affected libraries in Sri Lanka. IFLA News, 31(4):307–314.
  22. ↑ Premila Gemage and Maria Cotera. (2005). Rising from the rubble: The Sri Lanka Library Association rehabilitation project. Impact:50-52.
  23. ↑ International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (IFLA). (2005, January 27). Libraries completely missing: Tsunami and Sri Lanka's East Coast. Retrieved October 18, 2006, from "Tsunami and Sri Lanka's East Coast". Archived from the original on February 5, 2017. Retrieved 2006-11-02. ()
  24. ↑ Gamage, Premila. (2005). Tsunami devastates Sri Lankan libraries. International Leads, 19(1):1–2.
  25. ↑ Ashling, Jim. (2005). Support for libraries in tsunami aftermath. International Report:24-25.
  26. ↑ Sri Lanka Library Association – Annual Report 2005-2006 (Archived September 27, 2007, at the Wayback Machine )
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