Art theft and looting during World War II

Art theft and looting occurred on a massive scale during World War II. It originated with the policies of the Axis countries, primarily Nazi Germany and Japan, which systematically looted occupied territories. Near the end of the war the Soviet Union, in turn, began looting reclaimed and occupied territories. "The grand scale of looted artwork by the Nazis has resulted in the loss of many pieces being scattered across the world." (Minyard, 2007)

Although the looting of "cultural heritage" of the German people and private collectors was not permitted in the 1945 agreement of Yalta, following the defeat of Germany by the Allied forces the following goods disappeared: three truckloads of precious art, which was listed in a confiscated list by the US forces (in the Merker mine in Thuringia), and one trainload of 20 wagons loaded with artwork and jewels from Hungary (named the "gold train").^{[ citation needed ]} According to a 2001 Der Spiegel article,^{[ citation needed ]} the artwork is suspected to be in the US and has never been officially declared. The lost artworks from the "Grube Merker," about 450 pictures, are not found in any museum and are thought to have been sold privately.^{[ citation needed ]}

An attempt by the US to confiscate more German art by requesting 202 precious pictures to be taken was prevented by Walter Farmer on 6 November 1945, an art protection officer in Wiesbaden leading the central art collection store.^{[ citation needed ]} Although against his direct orders from the US, he assembled 24 colleagues from Germany and Austria and successfully prevented the removal of the pictures (named as operation "Westward Ho"). ^[1] Before his death in 1997, Farmer was awarded Germany's highest civilian honor, the Commander's Cross of the Order of Merit, for his work in returning the 202 paintings. ^[2]

In the book Art as Politics in the Third Reich, author Jonathan Petropoulos outlines how there is a need for further cooperation by smaller art galleries to recover art that they may be holding without knowing its ownership. He says that there are still many tens of thousands of pieces of art missing today, but that a more accurate number will require further research. ^[3]

A large plan was drafted by the Nazis for much of the stolen art to be featured in a so-called Führermuseum, ^[4] which would display much of the art plundered by the Nazis. This museum would feature works that were not considered to be "degenerate art" and would instead solely focus on the aesthetics that Hitler considered to be "good", and was to be created in the city of Linz. However, this museum was never created, and much of the art that may have been on display there is still missing today. The Nazis were so vehemently against the loss of the art that they had plundered for this museum that there was a plan to destroy a stockpile of art saved for the Führermuseum at the Altaussee salt mines, which held over 12000 pieces of stolen art, using eight 500-kilogram bombs. ^[5]

Countless pieces of art were stolen during the Holocaust and many were destroyed. The Nazis were relentless in their efforts to get rid of the Jewish people and their culture. Paintings that had been passed down from generation to generation were taken and destroyed. This was extremely emotionally hard for many Jewish families because it was not only an attack on their families and culture but also on their history. There have barely been any efforts of restitution. Many of the families who lost art are simply now left with claims. ^[6] One of the primary problems encountered by individuals pursuing claims is that it is difficult to locate the necessary documentation on provenance. Organizations with information on a piece's history, museums in particular, often have a disincentive to share information that could assist in an heir's claim. ^[7]

For organized looting, see:

• Art theft and looting by Nazi Germany
• Art theft and looting by Japan
• Art theft and looting by the Soviet Union

On a smaller scale, art was stolen by individuals from various countries, taking the opportunity of the chaotic war conditions. For example, see:

• Theft of medieval art from Quedlinburg

Gallery

• 
  Raphael, Portrait of a Young Man, circa 1513 to 1514. Plundered by the Nazis in Poland. Falsely reported to have been found on 1 August 2012, the location is still unknown.
• 
  Vincent van Gogh, 1888, The Painter on His Way to Work. Listed as "missing" on Monuments Men Foundation 'Most Wanted' website. Property of Kulturhistorisches Museum in Magdeburg, Germany (formerly the Kaiser-Friedrich Museum). ^[8]
• 
  Gustav Klimt, 1907, Portrait of Adele Bloch-Bauer I . Recovered and sold for US$135 million to Ronald Lauder for his Neue Galerie New York in June 2006, which made it at that time the most expensive painting for about 4 months. ^[9]
• 
  Jean Metzinger, 1913, En Canot (Im Boot) , oil on canvas, 146 x 114 cm (57.5 in × 44.9 in), exhibited at Moderni Umeni, S.V.U. Mánes, Prague, 1914, acquired in 1916 by Georg Muche at the Galerie Der Sturm, confiscated by the Nazis circa 1936, displayed at the Degenerate Art show in Munich, and missing ever since. ^[10]
• 
  Albert Gleizes, 1911, Stilleben, Nature Morte, Der Sturm postcard, Sammlung Walden, Berlin. Collection Paul Citroen, sold 1928 to Kunstausstellung Der Sturm, requisition by the Nazis in 1937, and missing since.
• 
  Albert Gleizes, 1911, Le Chemin, Paysage à Meudon , oil on canvas, 146.4 x 114.4 cm. Exhibited at Salon des Indépendants, 1911, Salon des Indépendants, Bruxelles, 1911, Galeries J. Dalmau, Barcelona, 1912, Galerie La Boétie, Salon de La Section d'Or, 1912, stolen by Nazi occupiers from the home of collector Alphonse Kann during World War II, returned to its rightful owners in 1997. ^[11]
• 
  Albert Gleizes, 1912, Landschaft bei Paris, Paysage près de Paris, Paysage de Courbevoie, oil on canvas, 72.8 x 87.1 cm, missing from Hannover since 1937.

Further reading

• Kline, Thomas. The Recovery of Stolen Art sold in the United States from a "Neutral" Country American University International Law Review 14, no. 1 (1998): 243-248.

• Schuhmacher, Jacques (2024). Nazi-Era Provenance of Museum Collections: A research guide . London: UCL Press, pp. 7-45.

See also

• Nazi-looted artworks of Vincent van Gogh
• List of libraries damaged during World War II
• List of missing treasure
• The Rape of Europa
• The Monuments Men 2014 comedy-drama on the theft and recovery of looted art
• M-Aktion
• List of claims for restitution for Nazi-looted art
• Vugesta
• Reichsleiter Rosenberg Taskforce (E.R.R.)
• Aryanization
• The Holocaust

References

1. Wiedemann, Erich (June 18, 2001). "Serie - Teil 7 Jagd Nach Kunst: Die Kunstraeber" [Series - Part 7 Hunt For Art: The Art Raiders]. Der Spiegel– via Spiegel Online.
2. Obituary: Walter Farmer. The Economist; London Vol. 344, Iss. 8031, Anonymous (Aug 23, 1997): 67.
3. Petropoulos, Jonathan (1996). Art as Politics in the Third Reich. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press.
4. "The "Führer's prerogative" and the planned "Führer Museum" in Linz - Artrestitution". 2015-04-02. Archived from the original on 2015-04-02. Retrieved 2023-09-11.
5. Edsel, Robert M. (20 August 2009). The Monuments Men . Hachette/Center Street. pp.  303-306. ISBN   978-1-59995-149-2.
6. Willi, Korte (September 1, 2006). "Nazi Looted Art: The Case of the Missing Perspective". First Person Singular: 59.
7. Foulkes, Lucia (2015). "The art of atonement: how mandated transparency can help return masterpieces lost during World War II". Boston College International and Comparative Law Review. 38 (2).
8. "Most Wanted: Works of Art". www.monumentsmenfoundation.org (in German). Monuments Men Foundation. Archived from the original on 12 May 2017. Retrieved 5 August 2017.
9. Vogel, Carol (June 19, 2006). "Lauder Pays $135 Million, a Record, for a Klimt Portrait". The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 2, 2023. Retrieved May 15, 2011.
10. "Freie Universität Berlin: Beschlagnahmeinventar "Entartete Kunst" (Degenerate Art Database)". emuseum.campus.fu-berlin.de.
11. Site Rose-Valland, Musées Nationaux Récupération, Paysage (Meudon; paysage avec personnage), 1911