Effect of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake on Indonesia

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Effect of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake on Indonesia
US Navy 050119-N-2560Y-298 Aerial view of Banda Aceh, Sumatra, three weeks after a Tsunami devastated the coastal region.jpg
Aerial view of Banda Aceh on 19 January 2005
UTC  time2004-12-26 00:58:53
ISC  event 7453151
USGS-ANSS ComCat
Local date26 December 2004
Local time07:59
Magnitude9.2–9.3 Mw
Depth30 km
Epicenter Sumatra
Areas affected Indonesia
Max. intensity MMI IX (Violent)
Casualties167,540 dead and missing in Indonesia

Indonesia was the first country to be seriously affected by the earthquake and tsunami created by the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake on 26 December 2004, swamping the northern and western coastal areas of Sumatra, and the smaller outlying islands off Sumatra. Nearly all the casualties and damage took place within the province of Aceh. The time of arrival of the tsunami was between 15 and 30 minutes after the deadly earthquake. According to the country's National Disaster Relief Coordination Agency, around 130,000 people were dead and 37,063 were missing; [1] deaths included 126,602 in Aceh and 130 in North Sumatra. [2] In addition, the UN estimated that 655,000 people were homeless and sheltering in scattered refugee camps across the province. [3]

Contents

The tsunami was as high as 51 meters (167 feet) in the area closest to the epicenter of the earthquake. Like most extremely deadly tsunamis, the tsunami was much more destructive than the earthquake that preceded it.

Aftermath

Northern Sumatra took damage from the earthquake itself as the tsunami inundated it. However, most of the damage was the result of the tsunami that struck the coastal regions of the Aceh and to a much lesser extent the North Sumatra provinces. The west coast of Aceh was about 100 km (60 mi) from the epicenter and took very heavy damage as far south as Tapaktuan. The coastal town of Lhoknga was hit by tsunami waves of more than 20 to 25 meters with run-up heights of more than 30 meters in some places. Ten-meter tall waves passed the northern tip of the island to race south down the Straits of Malacca and strike along the northeast coast as far east as Lhokseumawe.

Three days of national mourning were declared. Reports from those who flew over the Aceh coast reported a virtually destroyed coastline. In many towns and villages, concrete pads were all that was left of substantial structures, while scattered corrugated iron roofs crumpled like paper wore the only evidence of weaker homes. Relief efforts and communication along the western coastline were complicated because roads along the coast was disrupted due to the destruction of dozens of bridges and much of the road being washed away or blocked by mud. The western districts of Aceh, lying nearest the epicenter of the magnitude 9.2 earthquake that caused the tsunami, were a "roadless" area, according to UN Emergency Coordinator Jan Egeland. "The lack of access by road is a key problem aid agencies face in the northern and western parts of Aceh," Chris Lom, a spokesman in the region for the International Organization for Migration, said on 7 January. A number of towns on the west coast were therefore cut off from the road from any airport or port. Relief efforts, therefore, required the use of helicopter or boat. In the town of Meulaboh in Aceh, for instance, where thousands were waiting for aid, 99 percent of the bridges were gone and 60 percent of asphalt roads awash with mud according to Lom. "An escalation in the number of deaths is almost a certainty," according to William Hyde, Jakarta-based emergency relief coordinator for the International Organization for Migration. "So much of the coastline couldn't be accessed." [4]

Government officials in Indonesia acknowledged they were forced to make crude estimates of the death toll because of the scale of the devastation and the breakdown of civil governance. They were forced to use such measures as counting the number of bodies in one mass grave and multiplying that by the number of such plots. In other cases, they estimated the population of a village, counted the survivors and assumed the rest were dead. [5] The scale of the breakdown of civil governance was shown by the fact that after a week 1400 policemen were missing in Aceh, and not reported in. The entire provincial government of Aceh, which had its capital at Banda Aceh was reportedly wiped out by the deaths of the provincial legislators and government workers. UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan described the devastation in the Indonesian province of Aceh as the worst he had ever seen, after touring the region by helicopter on Friday 7 January 2005. [6]

Banda Aceh

A boat perched atop a house in Aceh after the tsunami Boat perched atop a house in Aceh after the 2004 tsunami.jpg
A boat perched atop a house in Aceh after the tsunami
A village near the coast of Sumatra lies in ruin. US Navy 050102-N-9593M-040 A village near the coast of Sumatra lays in ruin after the Tsunami that struck South East Asia.jpg
A village near the coast of Sumatra lies in ruin.

Banda Aceh was a city with a population of about 264,000 inhabitants before the tsunami. The majority of the Indonesian casualties were in the city. Around 60,000 people were confirmed killed in the capital of Banda Aceh alone, the government announced. [7] Over one thousand bodies found on the streets in the provincial capital of Banda Aceh were placed in mass graves without waiting for identification as officials quickly tried to keep the sanitation situation from worsening.

Leupung

Leupung -- sometimes spelt "Leupueng", is a town in the district (Kabupaten/Kota) of Aceh Besar, close to the city of Banda Aceh, the capital of the special territory of Aceh. The town was obliterated by the tsunami. Media reports stated that the tsunami was directed by seaside limestone cliffs towards Leupung, which had a population of ten thousand. According to reports nothing vertical and square-edged is left, and the estimated number of survivors was between 200 and 700. [8]

Calang

Calang was badly hit by the tsunami. It was the district capital, but little was left remaining. Only about 30 percent of the townspeople survived. Estimates of the population of Calang largely fall between 9,000 and 12,000. The trail of destruction left by the tsunami extended two kilometers inland from the coast. Whole hills were washed away. Welfare Minister Alwi Shihab was quoted as saying that it is likely the town of Calang, north of Meulaboh, would be relocated inland. [9]

Meulaboh

Landing Craft Air Cushion (LCAC) Hovercraft from USS Bonhomme Richard (LHD 6) is delivering materials and supplies needed by the citizens of Meulaboh, Indonesia. Meulaboh Hovercraft 050110-N-7586B-120.jpg
Landing Craft Air Cushion (LCAC) Hovercraft from USS Bonhomme Richard (LHD 6) is delivering materials and supplies needed by the citizens of Meulaboh, Indonesia.

The town of Meulaboh, which had a population of 120,000 before the tsunami, was struck by a series of waves, killing an estimated 40,000 and destroying most parts of the city, according to relief organizers and local government officials. [10] Approximately 50,000 people lost their homes in the region, local government workers seemed to be overwhelmed and there was little sign of coordination with regional authorities. About 5000 took refuge at Meulaboh College but conditions there became steadily worse. An Indonesian Navy ship bringing aid supplies to Meulaboh was forced to turn away after it was unable to dock because the port facilities were destroyed. The small airport nearby was reopened, enabling small aircraft to land there. [11] [12]

Western Islands

Government officials were initially very concerned over the lack of reports from the many small islands dotting the western coast of Sumatra, such as the islands of Simeulue and Nias, among the poorest areas in Indonesia. However, casualties seemed to be comparatively light in comparison to the mainland of Aceh.

Simeulue Island

Simeulue was not the tragedy many government officials feared despite its proximity to the quake epicenter. Only five of the 70,000 villagers on Simeulue were killed, all of them in the earthquake, although 90% of the buildings along its coast were destroyed by the tsunami, which reached up to 5 m (16 ft) high. Residents on the island were prompted to evacuate following the earthquake, based on a local oral tradition which emerged following the 1907 earthquake and tsunami. A previous earthquake last struck in 2002. [13] [14]

Nias Island

On Nias Island official accounts gave the number of dead at 122 [15] via the Ministry of Health, [16] while various unconfirmed sources (mostly from phone calls by relatives living in Jakarta) reported death tolls of over 600; others said the number was more likely to exceed 1000. Reports surfaced that the small islets off the coast of Nias island in the Sirombu district were still relatively intact, [17] but high waves still prevented locals from attempting to reach the islands. [18] Confirmation and communications to the islands were further hampered by damage to telecommunication infrastructures, where phone lines were broken and radio networks were said to be down due to bad weather. This infrastructure damage severely hampered the distribution of aid.

Complications owing to Aceh insurgency

Relief was made difficult due to the insurgency of the separatist movement Free Aceh Movement which means that there were relatively few journalists, government offices, or aid workers in Aceh prior to the earthquake. On 27 December the government lifted the 18-month-old ban prohibiting foreign journalists and aid workers from travelling to Aceh. Also on 27 December a spokesperson for the Free Aceh Movement declared a ceasefire so humanitarian aid could reach survivors, and so as not to complicate the situation, however some expressed doubt that there would be good-faith cooperation between the Free Aceh Movement and the Indonesian military. Despite losing many soldiers to the tsunami, the separatists remained a part of Aceh.

On 6 January the Indonesian military reported that soldiers had been attacked while on humanitarian missions. The insurgents in turn claimed that the Indonesian military took advantage of the situation. If the clashes continued, it would pose a problem for humanitarian organizations operating outside of the cities near rebel strongholds. Travel restrictions may be put on foreigners again if the conflict restarts. U.S. Secretary of State Colin Powell warned Indonesia not to use any of the military aid being provided for relief efforts for counterinsurgency efforts. [19]

Effects

Aerial view of new village in Banda Aceh to house people left homeless by the tsunami US Navy 050112-N-3823K-040 Aerial view of one of the villages that has been set-up to house Indonesians that were left homeless because of the devastating Tsunami that struck South East Asia.jpg
Aerial view of new village in Banda Aceh to house people left homeless by the tsunami
Indonesian tsunami victims gather under an approaching US helicopter to receive food and supplies. 2004 Indian Ocean Earthquake relief2.jpg
Indonesian tsunami victims gather under an approaching US helicopter to receive food and supplies.

Although Indonesia was the first and worst hit of countries in the region, it was the last to begin receiving relief aid. Looting of food was reported throughout this northmost province of Sumatra as aid proved slow to arrive.

Fifteen thousand troops, who were in the region to fight the insurgency, were dispatched to render assistance and to search for survivors. However, many soldiers and their families were themselves killed. The Indonesian government declared the local provincial Acehnese government as totally crippled (many local politicians based in Banda Aceh were killed when the tsunami struck the city) and declared that all administrative control would be handled directly from Jakarta.

The unmanageably high number of corpses strewn all over the cities and countrysides, limited resources and time for identifying bodies, and the very real threat of cholera, diphtheria and other diseases prompted emergency workers to create makeshift mass graves. One of the most urgently required supplies were bodybags. [20]

There were significant bottlenecks created by lack of infrastructure and red tape. The United Nation's Children's Fund reported on Thursday[ clarification needed ] that aid for 200,000 people, including medical supplies, soap and tarpaulin, was being held at Jakarta for a day to clear customs. The US consul in Medan in southern Sumatra reported that aid there was piling up at the airports of Medan and Banda Aceh because there were not enough trucks to transport it. Eleven days after the disaster few foreign relief workers or supplies reached the local people in local centres such as Meulaboh, Aceh.

In the immediate aftermath, one of the most pressing concerns was the inability to distribute sufficient aid due to a lack of accessible roads and a shortage of available helicopters. [21] What little aid reached the remote regions of Aceh province trickled in primarily by boat and air. While the airfield outside Banda Aceh was functioning, most of the other small gravel airfields were damaged by the earthquake and tsunami. In the first days only two airfields were functioning in the province. As most of the few roads in the region were on the coast because of the rugged interior, much of the transport infrastructure was damaged or destroyed. Four planes carrying aid were sent by Australia and one from the US carrying an evaluation team. An Australian ship carrying helicopters set sail, but did not reach Sumatra until 14 January 2005. A US Navy aircraft carrier battle group centred on USS Abraham Lincoln, dispatched to assist Aceh, began ferrying small amounts of supplies to the remnants of small coastal communities. The US relief operation was based at the Thai base of Utapao.

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sumatra</span> Island in western Indonesia

Sumatra is one of the Sunda Islands of western Indonesia. It is the largest island that is fully within Indonesian territory, as well as the sixth-largest island in the world at 482,286.55 km2 (182,812 mi.2), including adjacent islands such as the Simeulue, Nias, Mentawai, Enggano, Riau Islands, Bangka Belitung and Krakatoa archipelago.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Aceh</span> Province of Indonesia

Aceh, officially the Province of Aceh, is the westernmost province of Indonesia. It is located on the northern end of Sumatra island, with Banda Aceh being its capital and largest city. It is bordered by the Indian Ocean to the west, Strait of Malacca to the northeast, as well bordering the province of North Sumatra to the east, its sole land border, and shares maritime borders with Malaysia and Thailand to the east, and Andaman and Nicobar Islands of India to the north. Granted a special autonomous status, Aceh is a religiously conservative territory and the only Indonesian province practicing Sharia law officially. There are ten indigenous ethnic groups in this region, the largest being the Acehnese people, accounting for approximately 70% of the region's population of about 5.5 million people in mid-2023. Its area is comparable to Croatia or Togo.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Banda Aceh</span> City and capital of Aceh, Indonesia

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami</span> Earthquake and subsequent tsunami in the Indian Ocean

On 26 December 2004, at 07:58:53 local time (UTC+7), a major earthquake with a magnitude of 9.2–9.3 Mw struck with an epicentre off the west coast of northern Sumatra, Indonesia. The undersea megathrust earthquake, known by the scientific community as the Sumatra–Andaman earthquake, was caused by a rupture along the fault between the Burma plate and the Indian plate, and reached a Mercalli intensity up to IX in some areas.

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References

  1. ↑ "Asian tsunami toll revised down to 217,000". Sify . Archived from the original on 9 February 2008. Retrieved 10 April 2005.
  2. ↑ United Nations (13 April 2005). "Indonesia Earthquake and Tsunami: Situation Report No. 38". ReliefWeb . Retrieved 24 November 2024.
  3. ↑ [ permanent dead link ]
  4. ↑ "Archived copy". Bloomberg News. Archived from the original on 7 May 2021. Retrieved 6 March 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  5. ↑
  6. ↑ "Annan shocked by Aceh destruction". 7 January 2005. Retrieved 26 January 2024.
  7. ↑ "World News". khaleejtimes.com. Archived from the original on 12 March 2007.
  8. ↑ Meek, James (1 January 2005). "From one end to another, Leupueng has vanished as if it never existed". The Guardian. ISSN   0261-3077 . Retrieved 26 January 2024.
  9. ↑ "The Courier Mail".[ permanent dead link ]
  10. ↑ "'Meulaboh's heart has been ripped out'". 4 January 2005. Retrieved 26 January 2024.
  11. ↑ "Aceh victims' patience 'drying up'". 5 January 2005. Retrieved 26 January 2024.
  12. ↑ http://www.nzherald.co.nz/index.cfm?c_id=2&ObjectID=9005602%5B‍%5D
  13. ↑ "60km from epicentre, a city lies in ruins". The Age. 30 December 2004. Archived from the original on 29 September 2007.
  14. ↑ "Island of Simeulue survives tsunami". New Bedford Standard-Times. Archived from the original on 18 August 2023. Retrieved 18 August 2023.
  15. ↑ "Media Indonesia Online mediaindo.co.id". Archived from the original on 3 January 2005.
  16. ↑ "Jumlah Korban Tewas Di Aceh Dan Sumut Menjadi 27.303 Orang". depkes.go.id. Archived from the original on 15 January 2005. Retrieved 2 January 2005.
  17. ↑ "The Jakarta Post". Archived from the original on 5 January 2005.
  18. ↑ http://www.niasisland.com/home/news.php?file_option=../home/data/news.txt&primary_key=2004-12-29%2013:57:40 Archived 27 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine
  19. ↑ "Annan shocked by Aceh destruction". 7 January 2005. Retrieved 26 January 2024.
  20. ↑ "Banda Aceh Butuh 200 Dokter dan 600 Paramedis". kompas.com. Archived from the original on 31 December 2004.
  21. ↑ "UN urges 'special' wave response". 31 December 2004. Retrieved 26 January 2024.
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