Iris nelsonii

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Iris nelsonii
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Asparagales
Family: Iridaceae
Genus: Iris
Subgenus: Iris subg. Limniris
Section: Iris sect. Limniris
Series: Iris ser. Hexagonae
Species:
I. nelsonii
Binomial name
Iris nelsonii
Synonyms [1]
  • Limniris ×nelsonii (Randolph) Rodion.

Iris nelsonii is a species in the genus Iris , it is also in the subgenus Limniris and in the series hexagonae . It is a rhizomatous perennial, from northern America. It has long drooping, grass-like leaves, tall stems, 10 red-purple flowers.

Contents

Description

Iris nelsonii spreads into large colonies by rhizomes. [2]

It has long and narrow grass-like green leaves, which are often droop and becoming glaucous. [2] They are 1–3 centimetres (0.39–1.18 in) wide [2] and grow up to 80–90 cm (31–35 in) long. [2] [3] They do not grow as tall as the stem. [3]

The stems grow up to 70–110 cm tall (28–43 in), [2] (28–43 inches) [4] with 2–4 branches. [3]

It blooms between April and May [2] (a week or 2 later than Iris fulva and Iris giganticaerulea ) in the UK (June [5] ) with up to 10 flowers, [3] that are 4–5 inches across. [6] [7]

The large flowers come in a range of shades from red-purple, [4] [6] [8] to bright red [2] to brown, [6] and occasionally yellow. [2] [4] [6] The rare yellows are sometimes called 'Abbeville yellows'. [7]

The flowers are often drooping or flaring, there are two top (terminal) flower buds, and often two buds together on the stalks. There is often a "signal" or bright spot on the petals. [6]

The iris flowers have three pollination units, each of which is composed of a sepal and stylar branch subtended by a single anther and the nectary. When a pollinator attempts to access the nectar, pollen is deposited on the head or the body of the pollinator. When the pollinator visits the next flower, the pollen (of the first flower) is deposited onto the stigmatic surface that folds down in front of the anther. [9]

After flowering, the iris produces a seed capsule, which tapers to a point at both ends. [2]

Taxonomy

It has the common names of 'Abbeville red iris' [4] [10] [11] or 'Abbeville swamp iris' [2] [6] [12] and occasionally Nelson's iris. [2] [13]

It was discovered in the late 1930s by W. B. Macmillan near Abbeville, Vermilion Parish in the US state of Louisiana. [14]

In July 1958, Charles W. Arny Jr. (a known Louisiana iris hybridizer) wrote an article in the 'Bulletin of the American Iris Society' #150 about the importance of the recently found Abbeville Iris and its use in creating new hybrids. [15]

Iris nelsonii was then first published and described by Randolph in 'Baileya' (a Quarterly Journal of Horticultural Taxonomy of Ithaca, New York) 14: 150 in 1966. [16] Lowell Randolph had collaborated with Ira S. "Ike" Nelson (a professor of horticulture at the University of Louisiana at Lafayette) since 1942, after the first show of the 'Society for Louisiana Irises' was held. Randolph named the new iris after him. [6] Nelson later died in a car accident. [17]

It appears on Washington Flora Checklist. [18]

It was verified by United States Department of Agriculture and the Agricultural Research Service on 4 April 2003, then updated on 3 December 2004. [19]

Iris nelsonii is an accepted name by the RHS. [20]

Range

Iris nelsonii can only be found in Abbeville swamp, [3] in Louisiana (South-eastern U.S.). [4] [16] [19]

Habitat

It lives in a privately owned Cypress-tupelo gum swamp, [8] with forested edges [2] and fluctuating water levels. [8] [21]

The water levels of the swamp have changed over the years, possibly due to agricultural use and modification of waterways to improve drainage, which has resulted in reducing the swamp waters. Most iris nelsonii colonies are in ditches and spread along the banks of waterways, although some are still in the centre parts of the swamp. [8]

Conservation

Due to its very limited native range of a single swamp in 'Vermilion Parish', which is privately owned. It has been introduced to Palmetto Island State Park to make it viewable to the public and to create a protected habitat. [8]

It is under several locational threats. Including, residential and commercial development, deforestation, over-collection (of wild species) and the main threat, of agriculture, which includes conversion of habitat and water usage pressures. [2] [8]

Other natural threats such as salt water intrusion (into the swamp) caused by hurricanes and further magnified by coastal erosion, increases the threats to the iris colonies. [8]

Hybrid origin

In 1938, Riley described the natural hybridization of Iris fulva and Iris hexagona ; this led to the population of 'Abbeville Reds'. [22]

In 1966, when Randolph when describing the Iris, had mentioned that he had thought it had a hybrid origin, due to various chromosomal and morphological characteristics. [21]

In 1993, Michael L. Arnold (Department of Genetics of University of Georgia), carried out molecular study (using isozyme, cpDNA and RAPD (Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA) markers) on Iris nelsonii. [23] It confirmed that the species was a hybrid, with genomic contributions from three widespread species of Louisiana iris – Iris brevicaulis Raf., Iris fulva Ker. and Iris hexagona Walt. It also suggested that most of the iris genome is inherited from Iris fulva. Although, it still as aspects from all three progenitor species. This means that Iris nelsonii's rhizomes, leaves and flowers are much larger than those of Iris brevicaulis and Iris fulva, yet are similar in size to those of Iris hexagona. The flowers of Iris nelsonii and Iris fulva are red and characteristic of a hummingbird pollination syndrome, whereas those of Iris brevicaulis and Iris hexagona are blue and characteristic of a bee pollination syndrome. This suggests that the few introgressed regions of Iris hexagona and Iris brevicaulis may have contributed to ecological divergence in Iris nelsonii. [21] [23] [24] [25]

This characteristic of creating hybrids from three parents is rare. [22]

Cultivation

The Louisiana irises generally all have similar cultivation requirements. They need full sunlight, moist, acidic soils (ph of 6.5) with a high organic and fertility content. For best flowering, moisture is essential during late autumn, winter and spring times, when the plant starts to grow. [7]

They can be used planted by the edges of ponds and pools or they can be planted in the water – but need the rhizomes pinned into the ground to stop them floating away. [7]

Propagation is best carried out by division of the rhizomes. [7] [26] Which is best carried out in late summer, when the plants are dormant. The ground must be prepared pre-planting, with the addition of a generous amount of organic matter and the soils dug to about 6inches deep (to allow for new root growth). Plants require dividing every 3–4 years to promote good flowering. They can combine with other plants but tend to 'move' to suitable positions. If using a fertilizer, sprinkle around the plant in late January or February, before the plant is in flower. [7]

The iris seed is not hard to raise, but does take many years to germinate and then they take 3–5 years before reaching flowering stage. [26]

It is estimated to be hardy to between USDA Zones 7 to 11. But could be hardy to Zone 5 or 6 with winter protection. [10] It has a similar hardiness to Iris fulva. [14] It can tolerate frost but will flower poorly in areas with cool summers. [26] Iris nelsonii can be grown in southern UK, in damp or wet soils. [27]

Pollination

Iris nelsonii, due to its hybrid origin, has been well documented and observed. This research found that the iris was most commonly visited by Archilochus colubris (ruby-throated hummingbird), then other pollinators include butterflies, wasps, and bee species. [11] It was found that hummingbirds did not show an initial preference for either flower when they entered multi-species arrays. But when a hummingbird first visited an Iris nelsonii flower to collect pollen, it then visited another Iris nelsonii flower significantly more than expected (more than chance), revealing a flower constancy that may result in reproductive isolation between these species of iris. Hummingbirds readily transferred pollen analogues both within and between species, so despite their morphological differences, mechanical isolation does not result in reproductive isolation of these species. [28]

This also means that pollinator isolation may be important in preventing hybridization between Iris nelsonii and its geographically closest progenitor species, Iris hexagona. [11]

Further research found that some hybrid flowers may be just as attractive to pollinators as pure species flowers; also that Iris brevicaulis and Iris hexagona are primarily pollinated by bumblebees. Also Iris fulva is primary pollinated by hummingbirds. [9]

Hybrids and cultivars

The iris has been used by plant breeders to hybridize with various other irises, including Iris pseudacorus , Iris spuria , Iris versicolor and Iris virginica . [5]

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<i>Iris</i> (plant) Genus of flowering plants in the family Iridaceae

Iris is a flowering plant genus of 310 accepted species with showy flowers. As well as being the scientific name, iris is also widely used as a common name for all Iris species, as well as some belonging to other closely related genera. A common name for some species is flags, while the plants of the subgenus Scorpiris are widely known as junos, particularly in horticulture. It is a popular garden flower.

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<i>Iris giganticaerulea</i> Species of flowering plant

Iris giganticaerulea, the giant blue iris, is a species of iris, in the subgenus Limniris, in the series Hexagonae. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from northern America. It has long bright green leaves, very tall stems and one or two musky fragrant flowers in a range of blue shades or rarely white.

<i>Iris spuria</i> Species of plant

Iris spuria, or blue flag, is a species of the genus Iris, part of the subgenus Limniris and the series Spuriae. It is a rhizomatous perennial plant, from Europe, Asia and Africa. It has purple or lilac flowers, and slender, elongated leaves. It is widely cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions and hybridized for use in the garden. It has several subspecies; Iris spuria subsp. carthaliniae B.Mathew, Iris spuria subsp. demetrii B.Mathew, Iris spuria subsp. maritima (Dykes) P.Fourn. and Iris spuria subsp. musulmanica (Fomin) Takht. It used to have 3 other subspecies, which have now been re-classified as separate species; Iris spuria subsp. halophila, Iris spuria ssp. sogdiana and Iris spuria subsp. notha . It has many common names including 'blue iris', 'spurious iris' and 'bastard iris'.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Louisiana iris</span> Group of flowering plants

Louisiana iris is a taxonomic group of five iris species native to Louisiana and surrounding regions of the southeastern United States: Iris fulva, Iris hexagona, Iris brevicaulis, Iris giganticaerulea, and Iris nelsonii.

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Ira Schreiber Nelson (1911–1965) was an American botanist, working in Louisiana.

<i>Iris brevicaulis</i> Species of flowering plant

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lowell Fitz Randolph</span>

Lowell Fitz Randolph was an American scientist, in the field of genetics, botany and horticulture. He was a Cornell University graduate who became Professor of Botany and was also employed as an associate cytologist for the United States Department of Agriculture. He was also an avid iris collector and wrote a book on the Iris genus. He carried out important research into plant chromosomes of iris, orchid genus and corn plants. He was sometimes known as "Fitz" by his many friends and associates.

<i>Iris fulva</i> Species of flowering plant

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<i>Iris hexagona</i> Species of flowering plant

Iris hexagona, commonly known as the Dixie iris, is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Limniris and in the series hexagonae. It is a rhizomatous perennial with long bright green leaves, long thin stem and has small groups of flowers in shades of blue, from violet, to bluish purple, to lavender. It flowers in springtime and is native to the southeastern and south-central US states.

<i>Iris savannarum</i> Species of flowering plant

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Iris bloudowii is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus of Iris and in the Psammiris section. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from Russia, Siberia, Kazakhstan, Mongolia and China, with sickle-shaped leaves, slender stem and 2 bright or pale yellow flowers. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

<i>Iris junonia</i> Species of plant

Iris junonia is a plant species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from Cilicia, within the Taurus Mountains. It has glaucous short leaves, tall stems with several branches, numerous flowers in various colours from blue-purple, lavender, pale blue, cream, white and yellow, with brown veining and white tipped orange beards. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions. Its status is still unclear, if it is a synonym of Iris germanica or a separate species.

<i>Iris atrofusca</i> Species of plant

Iris atrofusca is a species in the genus Iris, where it is placed in the subgenus Iris and the section Oncocyclus. It is a rhizomatous perennial from the deserts of Israel and Jordan. The species has long falcate (sickle-shaped) or ensiform (sword-shaped) leaves, a long thick stem and large fragrant flowers that come in shades of purple brown, reddish-black, black-brown, dark brown, dark lilac or dark purple. The flowers also have a black or brownish-black signal patch and a thick beard that is brown-black, light brown or yellow tipped with brown. It is rarely cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

<i>Iris atropurpurea</i> Species of flowering plant

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References

  1. ↑ "Iris × nelsonii Randolph is an accepted name". theplantlist.org. 23 March 2012. Retrieved 29 September 2014.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 "Rare Plants of Louisiana" (PDF). wlf.louisiana.gov. Retrieved 23 November 2014.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 Cassidy, George E.; Linnegar, Sidney (1987). Growing Irises (Revised ed.). Bromley: Christopher Helm. ISBN   978-0-88192-089-5.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 "Iris summary" (PDF). pacificbulbsociety.org. 14 April 2014. Retrieved 23 November 2014.
  5. 1 2 Austin, Claire (2005). Irises: A Gardener's Encyclopedia. Timber Press, Incorporated. ISBN   978-0881927306. OL   8176432M.}
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "PlantFiles: Louisiana Iris, Abbeville Red Iris, Abbeville Swamp Iris, Iris x nelsonii". davesgarden.com. 24 November 2003. Retrieved 27 November 2014.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Neil G. Odenwald and James R. Turner Selection, and Use of Southern Plants: For Landscape Design&pg=PA316 S__s1QADDJoC , p. 316, at Google Books
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Abbeville Red – Iris nelsonii". friendsofpalmetto.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 February 2016. Retrieved 2 December 2014.
  9. 1 2 Taylor, Sunni J.; AuBuchon, Kendall J.; Martin, Noland H. (2012). "Identification of Floral Visitors of Iris nelsonii". Notes of the Southeastern Naturalist. 11 (1). Retrieved 2 December 2014.
  10. 1 2 Kramb, D. (1 January 2004). "Iris nelsonii". signa.org (Species Iris Group of North America). Retrieved 1 December 2014.
  11. 1 2 3 Taylor, Sunni J.; AuBuchon, Kendall J.; Martin, Noland H. (2012). "Identification of Floral Visitors of Iris nelsonii". Southeastern Naturalist. bioone.org (Texas State University-San Marcos, Department of Biology). 11: 141–144. doi:10.1656/058.011.0114. S2CID   86326602.
  12. ↑ "Iris nelsonii". archive.greatamericanseafoodcookoff.com. Archived from the original on 2 December 2014. Retrieved 1 December 2014.
  13. ↑ "Iris nelsonii (Nelson's Water Iris)". plantdelights.com. Retrieved 2 December 2014.
  14. 1 2 Dillard, Tom W. "FROM NEW ORLEANS TO NEW ZEALAND, History and Development of The Louisiana Irises". zydecoirises.com. Retrieved 28 November 2014.
  15. ↑ "THE IMPORTANCE OF THE ABBEVILLES". louisianas.org. Archived from the original on 8 November 2011. Retrieved 1 December 2014.
  16. 1 2 Iridaceae Iris nelsonii Randolph. Vol. 14. ipni.org (International Plant Names Index). Retrieved 28 November 2014.
  17. ↑ Sloan, Dick. "The Louisiana Iris Suite". victoria-adventure.org. Retrieved 1 December 2014.
  18. ↑ "A Checklist of the Vascular Plants of Washington State". biology.burke.washington.edu. Retrieved 1 December 2014.
  19. 1 2 "Iris nelsonii". Germplasm Resources Information Network . Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture . Retrieved 5 August 2015.
  20. ↑ "Iris nelsonii". www.rhs.org.uk. Retrieved 29 November 2014.
  21. 1 2 3 Taylor, Sunni J.; Willard, Rees W.; Shaw, Joshua P.; Dobson, Mary C.; Martin, Noland H. (13 May 2011). "Differential response of the homoploid hybrid species Iris nelsonii (Iridaceae) and its progenitors to abiotic habitat conditions". American Journal of Botany. Department of Biology, Texas State University–San Marcos. 98 (8): 1309–1316. doi:10.3732/ajb.1100012. PMID   21821591 . Retrieved 1 December 2014.
  22. 1 2 James F. Hancock (2003) Evolution and the Origin of Crop Species&pg=PA93 P-_0yElsEuIC , p. 93, at Google Books
  23. 1 2 Arnold, Michael L. (May 1993). "Iris nelsonii (Iridaceae): Origin and Genetic Composition of a Homoploid Hybrid Species". American Journal of Botany. Botanical Society of America. 80 (5): 577–583. doi:10.2307/2445375. JSTOR   2445375. PMID   30139150.
  24. ↑ Michael L. Arnold Hybridization and Evolution&pg=PA156-157 Jh8jVjEuDfUC , p. 156-157, at Google Books
  25. ↑ Michael L. Arnold (2008) Evolution and Humans : Origins and Ecology: Origins and Ecology&pg=PA13 X88O8C3ZHvMC , p. 13, at Google Books
  26. 1 2 3 Nick Romanowski Garden Plants & Animals: The Complete Guide for All Australia gQsVgaxl-9kC at Google Books
  27. ↑ Stebbings, Geoff (1997). The Gardener's Guide to Growing Irises . Newton Abbot: David and Charles. p.  54. ISBN   978-0715305393.
  28. ↑ Martin, Noland H.; Taylor, Sunni J. "Floral preference, flower constancy, and pollen transfer efficiency of the ruby-throated hummingbird (Archilochus colubris) in mixed arrays of Iris nelsonii and Iris fulva" (PDF). Evolutionary Ecology Research. 2013 (15): 783–792. Retrieved 1 December 2014.

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