Iris savannarum

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Iris savannarum
Addisonia - colored illustrations and popular descriptions of plants (1916-(1964)) (16586678809).jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Asparagales
Family: Iridaceae
Genus: Iris
Subgenus: Iris subg. Limniris
Section: Iris sect. Limniris
Series: Iris ser. Hexagonae
Species:
I. savannarum
Binomial name
Iris savannarum
Synonyms [1]
  • Iris albispiritus Small
  • Iris hexagona var. savannarum (Small) R.C.Foster
  • Iris kimballiae Small
  • Iris rivularis Small
  • Iris savannarum var. kimballiae (Small) D.B.Ward

Iris savannarum is a species in the genus Iris , it is also in the subgenus Limniris and the series Hexagonae . It is a rhizomatous perennial.

Contents

It has the common name of prairie iris. [2] [3] [4] [5]

It was published by Small in Addisonia (Colored Illustrations and Popular Descriptions of Plants. New York, NY) in 1925. [6] [7]

It was later classified by various Iris authors (including R. C. Foster, 'Contributor to Gray Herberium'. 119: 3–82. 1937) as a variety of Iris hexagona , and called Iris hexagona var. savannarum. [8] It was listed in 'The Iridaceae of North America database' (version 2010) and 'The PLANTS Database' (in 1996 and 2000), as 'Iris hexagona var. savannarum' [9] and in the 'Guide to the Vascular Plants of Central Florida'. [10]

In 2002, Henderson re-classified both of Small's species Iris giganticaerulea (located in coastal Alabama to Louisiana) and Iris savannarum (located in Alabama, Georgia, and Florida) as distinct species. Iris hexagona then was left to populations in South Carolina and a few regions in northern Florida. [11] [12] This was agreed upon and expanded on by Daniel Ward in 2011 (from the University of Florida), who linked Iris kimballiae as a variant of Iris savannarum. [4] It was later classified as a synonym of Iris savannarum. [1]

As most irises are diploid, having two sets of chromosomes. This can be used to identify hybrids and classification of groupings. [13] It has a chromosome count: 2n=44. [3]

Iris savannarum and several other ornamental plants were evaluated for their potential use as accumulator plants for treating arsenic (As) contaminated soils. It was found that the iris dry weight increased with increasing solution concentrations but As did not accumulate in the plant tissue. As the iris can be harvested multiple times a year, it is a good choice for phytostabilisation. [14]

It is listed on The National Wetland Plant List (NWPL), which was updated in 2013. It is found in Atlantic Gulf Coastal Plains (AGCP) and Eastern Mountains and Piedmont (EMP). [15]

Specimens can be found at the Biodiversity Institute of Ontario Herbarium. [16]

Iris savannarum has been hybridized with Iris fulva to produce Iris × cacique. [3]

Description

Iris savannarum is different from Iris hexagona in several features, including seed capsules (Iris hexagona capsules are hexagonal while Iris savannarum capsules are rounded), leaves (Iris hexagona has yellow-green leaves, while Iris savannarum has bright green leaves), and blooming times (Iris hexagona flowers one month later than Iris savannarum). [3]

It has a greenish-coloured rhizome (2–2.5 cm diameter) with the fiber-like remains of the last season leaves, which branches with ease, forming large open clumps or colonies. [3] The colonies are sometimes measured by the acre. [7] The rhizome is poisonous to humans. [5]

It has 30–100 cm long stems, which have one branch. [3] [4]

It has bright green grass-like leaves, rising from the base of the plant, (approx. 60–100 cm long by 0.8–2 cm wide). [3] [5] They usually die back after the plant has stopped flowering. [3]

The iris flowers between spring and summer. [4] Generally between March and April. [5] It has between 1 and 3 flowers per stem. Which come in ranges of blue, from violet-blue to blue to white. [3] [5] The white form was originally called Iris albispiritis, until it was re-classified as a synonym of Iris savannarum. [1] The perianth tube is 1.2–1.5 cm long. It has blue or pale violet sepals, which are flecked with white and have deep blue veining (either side of the central ridge). They are about 7–8 cm long. The central ridge is yellow with a light green claw. [3]

It has a bright green ellipsoid seed capsule, [3] [7] which is about 6–10 cm long. [3] [4] They have 6 sharp, wing-like, equally spaced ridges, which converge to form a stout beak at the apex of the capsule. [3] [4] Inside, are brown, circular, or lozenge-like (8-12mm diameter) seeds. [3] The seed capsules can be very heavy, for the flowers stems, which then bend down to the ground or water (depending on habitat). The seeds are then released from the capsule, if released near water they will float (due to a cork-like coating). They can also drift in the wind to create new colonies. [7]

They are pollinated by insects, bees most normally. The iris flower has a small flap that protects the stigma, this prevents self-pollination. When a bee lands on the flower to gather pollen, it brushes past the flap, heading towards the anther. The bee collects pollen from the anther and deposits pollen from other flowers. On its way out, it brushes the stigma flap, closing it again. [5]

Native range

Iris savannarum is found in the southeastern U.S., specifically in Alabama, Georgia, and Florida. [3] [11] It is the most southerly-occurring iris species in the United States. [12] [17]

Its main region of distribution is in Florida, [6] where it dominates other iris species, and occurs in many small to medium-sized colonies in many places in the state. [12] [17] Its range in Florida includes Sarasota County, [2] and even as far south as Big Cypress Swamp in Monroe County. [12]

It prefers open freshwater swamps. [12] It also likes rich loamy sandy soils and poor sandy loam soils, and is tolerant of both soils that are wet all year and soils that are dry all year. [7]

Related Research Articles

<i>Iris giganticaerulea</i> Species of flowering plant

Iris giganticaerulea, the giant blue iris, is a species of iris, in the subgenus Limniris, in the series Hexagonae. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from northern America. It has long bright green leaves, very tall stems and one or two musky fragrant flowers in a range of blue shades or rarely white.

<i>Iris cristata</i> Species of flowering plant

Iris cristata is a species in the genus Iris, and is part of the subgenus of Limniris. It is a rhizomatous perennial plant, endemic to the eastern United States. It has pale lavender flowers with a white patch and orange or yellow crest. It is a close relative to Iris lacustris, the only other crested iris native to North America. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Louisiana iris</span> Group of flowering plants

Louisiana iris is a taxonomic group of five iris species native to Louisiana and surrounding regions of the southeastern United States: Iris fulva, Iris hexagona, Iris brevicaulis, Iris giganticaerulea, and Iris nelsonii.

<i>Iris planifolia</i> Species of flowering plant

Iris planifolia is a species of flowering plant in the subgenus Scorpiris of the genus Iris, family Iridaceae. This bulbous perennial from Southern Europe and North Africa has long, shiny green leaves, a short stem, and large scented flowers in various shades of blue.

<i>Iris setosa</i> Species of flowering plant

Iris setosa, the bristle-pointed iris, is a species of flowering plant in the genus Iris of the family Iridaceae, it belongs the subgenus Limniris and the series Tripetalae. It is a rhizomatous perennial from a wide range across the Arctic sea, including Alaska, Maine, Canada, Russia, northeastern Asia, China, Korea and southwards to Japan. The plant has tall branching stems, mid green leaves and violet, purple-blue, violet-blue, blue, to lavender flowers. There are also plants with pink and white flowers.

<i>Iris tridentata</i> Species of flowering plant

Iris tridentata is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Limniris and in the series Tripetalae. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from the Southeastern United States. It has a cord-like rhizome, bright green leaves, long stem and fragrant flowers in spring in shades of blue.

<i>Iris brevicaulis</i> Species of flowering plant

Iris brevicaulis is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Limniris and in the series Hexagonae. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from North America. It has bright green, glossy long leaves, a long zig-zagged stem and 3–6 flowers per stem, which are come in blue shades from violet-blue, to lavender, to purple-blue, to bright blue to blue, and pale blue.

<i>Iris fulva</i> Species of flowering plant

Iris fulva, also known as copper iris, is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Limniris and in the series Hexagonae. It is a rhizomatous perennial, endemic to the southern and central United States. It has copper-red to deep red flowers and bright green leaves.

<i>Iris hexagona</i> Species of flowering plant

Iris hexagona, commonly known as the Dixie iris, is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Limniris and in the series hexagonae. It is a rhizomatous perennial with long bright green leaves, long thin stem and has small groups of flowers in shades of blue, from violet, to bluish purple, to lavender. It flowers in springtime and is native to the southeastern and south-central US states.

Iris nelsonii is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Limniris and in the series hexagonae. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from northern America. It has long drooping, grass-like leaves, tall stems, 10 red-purple flowers.

Iris proantha is a beardless iris in the genus Iris, in the subgenus Limniris and in the series Chinenses of the genus. It is a rhizomatous herbaceous perennial.

Iris spuria subsp. musulmanica is a species of the genus Iris, part of a subgenus known as Limniris and in the series Spuriae. It is a subspecies of Iris spuria and is a rhizomatous perennial plant, from Armenia, Azerbaijan, Iran and Turkey in Asia with flowers in various shades of blue, but there are rare white forms. They have a yellow centre and darker veining. It has the common name of 'Muslim iris'. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

<i>Iris humilis</i> Species of plant

Iris humilis is a plant species in the genus Iris. It is also in the subgenus of Iris and in the Psammiris section. It is a rhizomatous perennial, with a wide distribution range from Europe to Russia to China, via Mongolia and Kazakhstan. It has sword-shaped leaves, a short stem and yellow flowers with an orange beard. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

<i>Iris hoogiana</i> Species of flowering plant

Iris hoogiana is a plant species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris and in the section Regelia. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from the grassy mountainsides of Turkestan. It has long green leaves, which are slightly purple at the base, and a long slender flowering stem. The flowers are blue, ranging from sky-blue to lavender blue and blue purple. It has orange or yellow beards. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

Iris lineata is a plant species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris, and in the section Regelia. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from the mountains of Turkestan, between Tajikistan and Afghanistan. It has tall slender stems, long leaves and greenish yellow flowers covered, with brown violet, or brown purple veining over the top. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

Iris dolichosiphon is a plant species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris and in the section Pseudoregelia. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from China and Bhutan. It has long, thin dark green leaves, very short stem, and dark blue, purple, or violet flowers. That are mottled with white. It has thick white/orange beards. It has one subspecies, Iris dolichosiphon subsp. orientalis, from China, India and Burma. It has similar flowers. They are cultivated as ornamental plants in temperate regions

<i>Iris junonia</i> Species of plant

Iris junonia is a plant species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from Cilicia, within the Taurus Mountains. It has glaucous short leaves, tall stems with several branches, numerous flowers in various colours from blue-purple, lavender, pale blue, cream, white and yellow, with brown veining and white tipped orange beards. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions. Its status is still unclear, if it is a synonym of Iris germanica or a separate species.

<i>Iris pallida <span style="font-style:normal;">subsp.</span> illyrica</i> Species of plant

Iris pallida subsp. illyrica, synonym Iris pseudopallida, is a subspecies of Iris pallida. It is a rhizomatous perennial from Croatia. It has flat, curved of sickle-shaped leaves, tall slender stems, 3–8 fragrant flowers, in shades of violet, or pale violet flowers, mauve, lavender, purple, yellow or white, between May and June. The iris was originally thought to be a separate species, but later classified as subspecies of Iris pallida, although in Croatia, it is still known as Iris pseudopallida. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions, especially in the Balkan regions.

<i>Iris suaveolens</i> Species of plant

Iris suaveolens is a plant species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from Eastern Europe, ranging from the Balkans to Turkey. It has short, sickle shaped or curved, blue-green or greyish green leaves, a slender simple stem, with 1 or 2 fragrant spring blooming, flowers, between yellow and purple, with white or yellow beards. It was once known as Iris mellita, until that was re-classified as a synonym of Iris suaveolens. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

Iris taochia is a plant species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from the Caucasus mountains and Turkey. It forms dense clumps, with grey-green leaves, simple stems of similar height, with 1–3 branches, a flowers in various shades from white, yellow to purple. They also have yellowish or white, tipped yellow beard. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

References

  1. 1 2 3 "Iris savannarum Small is an accepted name". theplantlist.org. 23 March 2013. Retrieved 26 November 2014.
  2. 1 2 Robert Wildermuth, David P. Powell Soil survey, Sarasota County, Florida , p. 6, at Google Books
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 "31. Iris savannarum Small, Addisonia. 9: 57, plate 317. 1925". efloras.org. Retrieved 28 November 2014.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Ward, Daniel B. (August 2011). "KEYS TO THE FLORA OF FLORIDA – 28, IRIS (IRIDACEAE)" (PDF). Phytologia. Department of Botany, University of Florida: 231–240. Retrieved 28 November 2014.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Gaura angustifolia thru Iris savannarum". susanleachsnyder.com. Retrieved 1 December 2014.
  6. 1 2 "Iridaceae Iris savannarum Small". ipni.org (International Plant Names Index). Retrieved 28 November 2014.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 Franco, Alain (1 December 2013). "(SPEC) Iris savannarum Small". wiki.irises.org (American Iris Society). Retrieved 28 November 2014.
  8. ↑ "Iridaceae Iris hexagona var. savannarum ( Small ) R.C.Foster". ipni.org. Retrieved 29 November 2014.
  9. ↑ "Iris savannarum Small". itis.gov (Integrated Taxonomic Information System). Archived from the original on 23 January 2010. Retrieved 28 November 2014.
  10. ↑ Richard P. Wunderlin to the Vascular Plants of Central Florida&pg=PA142 TS_Jq7Xqg2wC , p. 142, at Google Books
  11. 1 2 Henderson, N.C. (2002). "Flora of North America Editorial Committee, eds. Flora of North America north of Mexico". 26 (Magnoliophyta: Liliidae: Liliales and Orchidales). Oxford University Press, New York: 382–395.{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 Meerow, Alan W.; Gideon, Michael; Kuhn, David N.; Mopper, Susan; Nakamura, Kyoko (2011). "The Genetic Mosaic ofIrisSeries Hexagonaein Florida: Inferences on the Holocene History of the Louisiana Irises and Anthropogenic Effects on Their Distribution". International Journal of Plant Sciences. 172 (8): 1026–1052. doi:10.1086/661295. S2CID   84126141 . Retrieved 29 November 2014.
  13. ↑ Austin, Claire (2005). Irises: A Gardener's Encyclopedia. Timber Press, Incorporated. ISBN   978-0881927306. OL   8176432M.
  14. ↑ Reed, Stewart T.; Ayala-Silva, Tomas; Dunn, Christopher B.; Gordon, Garry G.; Meerow, Alan (15 September 2013). "Screening Ornamentals for Their Potential as As Accumulator Plants". Journal of Agricultural Science. 5 (10). ccsenet.org (Canadian Center of Science and Education) (published 12 August 2013). doi: 10.5539/jas.v5n10p20 . Retrieved 28 November 2014.
  15. ↑ "Overview of changes to the NWPL from 2012 to 2013" (PDF). nww.usace.army.mil. Retrieved 28 November 2014.
  16. ↑ "Welcome to: OAC HERBARIUM". uoguelph.ca. Retrieved 1 December 2014.
  17. 1 2 "Irises of Florida NEWSLETTER SPRING 2003" (PDF). zydecoirises.com (Society of Louisiana Irises). Spring 2003. Retrieved 29 November 2014.

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