Jaca Chaca (Aragonese) Xaca (Aragonese) | |
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Coordinates: 42°33′N0°33′W / 42.550°N 0.550°W | |
Country | Spain |
Autonomous community | Aragon |
Province | Huesca |
Comarca | La Jacetania |
Government | |
• Mayor | Juan Manuel Ramón Ipas |
Area | |
• Total | 406.34 km2 (156.89 sq mi) |
Elevation | 820 m (2,690 ft) |
Population (2018) [1] | |
• Total | 12,813 |
• Density | 32/km2 (82/sq mi) |
Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
• Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CET) |
Website | www |
Jaca (Spanish pronunciation: ['xaka] ; in Aragonese: Chaca or Xaca [2] ) is a city of northeastern Spain in the province of Huesca, located near the Pyrenees and the border with France. Jaca is an ancient fort on the Aragón River, situated at the crossing of two great early medieval routes, one from Toulouse to Santiago de Compostela and Pau to Zaragoza. Jaca was the city out of which the County and Kingdom of Aragon developed. It was the first capital of the Kingdom of Aragon until 1096 and also the capital of Jacetania.
Besides Jaca town, there are a number of outlying villages in the municipality of Jaca, including the ski resort of Astún.
The origins of the city are obscure, but its name is apparently of Iacetani origin, mentioned by Strabo as one of the most celebrated of the numerous small tribes inhabiting the Ebro basin. Strabo adds that their territory lay on the site of the wars in the 1st century BC between Sertorius and Pompey. According to the atlas of the ancient Greek and Roman worlds, Jaca was a town where minted coins were made [3] from the second half of the 2nd century BC, a small number of which are now in the British Museum. [4] The coins show an unidentified bearded head to the right with an inscription to the left and also have an image of a dolphin. The reverse depicts a horseman carrying a spear to the right, with an inscription below in Iberian reading iaka. [4] In the year 195 BC, the Roman consul Cato the Elder began the conquest of the city, ending in the spring of 194 BC. [5]
After Roman rule, the Visigothic nobility took over most of Iberia. However, in 720, Huesca is conquered by the Muslims reaching out as far as Sobrarbe. Muslim advances in Europe had a turn of events after the Battle of Tours (732). By that time, the region of Jacetania would remain as a buffer zone in favour of the Carolingian Empire against Muslim dominions. [6] By 799 Aureolo stabilised an independent county which gradually evolved until Ramiro I of Aragon (1035–1063) granted it the title of City and capital of the Kingdom of Aragon. In 1063 it was the site of the Synod of Jaca. [7] As the Aragonese domains expanded to the south, conquering land from Al Andalus, the capital city was moved from Jaca to Huesca in 1096. The loss of capital status did not mean that Jaca lost other urban functions related to its geographical location. Thus, it continued to play its role as a market city and services for its region. [8]
The plagues and fires of the late Middle Ages plunged Jaca into a deep crisis from which it would not emerge until the intervention of Ferdinand the Catholic to form a local government. The bourgeoisie was favored by this situation and many became patrons of artists whose results can be seen especially in the cathedral. The city was consolidated as a military post from which to defend the peninsular kingdoms from a hypothetical French invasion. In this regard, Philip II ordered the construction of several fortresses throughout the Pyrenees, including in 1592 the pentagonal Jaca citadel, designed by the Italian engineer Tibúrcio Spannocchi in the fields that had formed the Burgo Nuevo, the neighborhood built outside the city walls. [9]
During the Middle Ages, Jaca was home to Aragon's oldest Jewish community until the 1492 expulsion of the Jews. [10]
On December 12–13 1930 the Jaca uprising, a mutiny whose leaders demanded abolition of the monarchy, was suppressed with some difficulty. It was an early event that preceded the Spanish Civil War.
Jaca has a submediterranean climate (Köppen: Cfb) bordering a submediterranean climate (Köppen: Cfa) with strong continental influences caused by the city's high altitude of 820 metres (2,690 ft). Winters are cool and summers are warm, with hot daytime temperatures but relatively cool nights. There isn't any real dry season, but the rainiest seasons are autumn and spring. The average precipitation is 768 millimetres (30.2 in) per year. Frost is common and so is snowfall, snow being common from late November to early March. Heavy snowfalls are sporadic and usually occur during cold spells. Jaca's average annual temperature is 12.2 °C (54.0 °F).
Climate data for Jaca, 1981–2010 | |||||||||||||
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Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 9.5 (49.1) | 11.0 (51.8) | 14.7 (58.5) | 16.2 (61.2) | 20.5 (68.9) | 25.7 (78.3) | 29.4 (84.9) | 29.0 (84.2) | 24.4 (75.9) | 19.0 (66.2) | 13.2 (55.8) | 9.8 (49.6) | 18.5 (65.4) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 4.4 (39.9) | 5.3 (41.5) | 8.3 (46.9) | 10.0 (50.0) | 14.0 (57.2) | 18.4 (65.1) | 21.6 (70.9) | 21.3 (70.3) | 17.5 (63.5) | 13.2 (55.8) | 7.9 (46.2) | 4.9 (40.8) | 12.2 (54.0) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −0.8 (30.6) | −0.4 (31.3) | 1.8 (35.2) | 3.7 (38.7) | 7.5 (45.5) | 11.1 (52.0) | 13.7 (56.7) | 13.6 (56.5) | 10.6 (51.1) | 7.3 (45.1) | 2.6 (36.7) | 0.0 (32.0) | 5.9 (42.6) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 57.9 (2.28) | 48.9 (1.93) | 47.8 (1.88) | 82.2 (3.24) | 76.4 (3.01) | 48.6 (1.91) | 37.4 (1.47) | 43.2 (1.70) | 68.2 (2.69) | 89.6 (3.53) | 89.0 (3.50) | 79.3 (3.12) | 768.5 (30.26) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 1 mm) | 10.0 | 8.7 | 8.6 | 11.8 | 12.5 | 7.1 | 6.1 | 6.4 | 7.5 | 10.9 | 11.3 | 11.0 | 111.9 |
Source: World Meteorological Organization (WMO) [11] |
Jaca boasts several medieval walls and towers surrounding the 11th-century Romanesque Jaca Cathedral.
The Jaca citadel, a fortification dating to the late 16th century, is home to a colony of rock sparrows.
The Diocesan Museum of Jaca (Museum of Medieval Sacred Art) protects Romanesque and Gothic frescos, some of which were found in the most remote locations in the Jaca district.
Jaca is a tourist destination in the region for summer holidays and winter sports.
Starting in the early 1970s, the city was transformed from being a small provincial and garrison town to become the gateway to a mid-tier mountain sports area with two major winter resorts (Valle de Astun and Candanchu) within a 30 km (19 mi) drive of the city.
The accompanying urban and infrastructure development in the 1970s and 1980s was controversial, with many claiming that the town lost a lot of its original charm and authenticity to the interests of developers.
The development experienced by the city, with the construction of a nationally known ice-skating rink (the Pista de Hielo del Pirineo), a small convention centre (the Palacio de Congresos) and countless second homes, had a profound impact on the economy of the Valley (Valle del Aragon), where many of its inhabitants evolved from small-scale subsistence farmera in Jaca and the surrounding villages to become part of a tertiary economy.
Jaca was the host city of the 1981 and 1995 Winter Universiades. The city also hosted the 2007 European Youth Olympic Winter Festival. Its popularity for winter sports was a motivating factor in the city's failed bids for the 1998 Winter Olympics, 2002 Winter Olympics and 2010 Winter Olympics, which were awarded to Nagano, Salt Lake City and Vancouver. It was again the applicant city of Spain for the 2014 Winter Olympics, but the bid failed again when it was not selected as a candidate city and the games were ultimately awarded to Sochi.
Aragonese is a Romance language spoken in several dialects by about 12,000 people as of 2011, in the Pyrenees valleys of Aragon, Spain, primarily in the comarcas of Somontano de Barbastro, Jacetania, Alto Gállego, Sobrarbe, and Ribagorza/Ribagorça. It is the only modern language which survived from medieval Navarro-Aragonese in a form distinct from Spanish.
Aragon is an autonomous community in Spain, coextensive with the medieval Kingdom of Aragon. In northeastern Spain, the Aragonese autonomous community comprises three provinces : Huesca, Zaragoza, and Teruel. Its capital is Zaragoza. The current Statute of Autonomy declares Aragon a historic nationality of Spain.
Huesca is a city in north-eastern Spain, within the autonomous community of Aragon. It was the capital of the Kingdom of Aragon between 1096 and 1118. It is also the capital of the Spanish province of the same name and of the comarca of Hoya de Huesca. In 2009, it had a population of 52,059, almost a quarter of the total population of the province. The city is one of the smallest provincial capitals in Spain.
Sancho Ramírez was King of Aragon from 1063 until 1094 and King of Pamplona from 1076 under the name of Sancho V. He was the eldest son of Ramiro I and Ermesinda of Bigorre. His father was the first king of Aragon and an illegitimate son of Sancho III of Pamplona. He inherited the Aragonese crown from his father in 1063. Sancho Ramírez was chosen king of Pamplona by Navarrese noblemen after Sancho IV was murdered by his siblings.
Huesca, officially Huesca/Uesca, is a province of northeastern Spain, in northern Aragon. The capital is Huesca.
The Kingdom of Aragon was a medieval and early modern kingdom on the Iberian Peninsula, corresponding to the modern-day autonomous community of Aragon, in Spain. It should not be confused with the larger Crown of Aragon, which also included other territories—the Principality of Catalonia, the Kingdom of Valencia, the Kingdom of Majorca, and other possessions that are now part of France, Italy, and Greece—that were also under the rule of the King of Aragon, but were administered separately from the Kingdom of Aragon.
Villanúa is a Pyrenean municipality in Spain in the north of Huesca province, in la Jacetania, set where the Aragon valley gets wider. Its name refers to the "new village" repopulated in the late 10th century. Villanúa's altitude is 953 m and it covers 58.2 km2. The village is at the bottom of mount Collarada and in 2018 had 447 inhabitants.
Biescas is a municipality of northeastern Spain close to the border with France, in the midst of the Pyrenees in the province of Huesca. The name seems to provide from the term bizka, which means "hill" in a Proto-Indo-European language.
The Diocese of Jaca is a Latin ecclesiastical territory or diocese of the Catholic Church in the northeastern Spanish province of Huesca, part of the autonomous community of Aragón. The diocese is a suffragan in the ecclesiastical province of the metropolitan Archdiocese of Pamplona y Tudela.
Canfranc is a municipality in the Aragón Valley of north-eastern Spain consisting of two villages, the original village and Canfranc Estación, which developed with the establishment of Canfranc International railway station to serve railway traffic across the Pyrenees.
Puente la Reina de Jaca is a municipality located in Jacetania, province of Huesca, Aragon, Spain. According to the 2009 census (INE), the municipality has a population of 218 inhabitants.
Sabiñánigo is a municipality located in the province of Huesca, Aragón, Spain, capital of the comarca of Alto Gállego. Formerly, the region was called Serrablo, hence the demonym "serrablese". Sabiñánigo is at an altitude of 780 m and lies 52 km from Huesca.
Santa Cilia is a municipality located in Jacetania, province of Huesca, Aragon, Spain. It is 14 km from the town of Jaca between the River Aragon and the national highway N-240.
La Jacetania is a comarca in northern Aragon, Spain. It is located in the northwestern corner of the Huesca and Zaragoza provinces. The administrative capital is Jaca, with 13,374 inhabitants the largest town of the comarca. The area is famous for its ski resorts.
The Iacetani or Jacetani were a pre-Roman people who populated the area north of Aragon (Spain). They settled the Ebro valley, specifically in the area along the Pyrenees. Its capital was Iaca. According to Strabo, their land stretched from the Pyrenees to Lleida and Huesca. It is believed that they could be related to the Aquitanes. They were known to stamp coins. They also appear in the texts of Pliny the Elder and Ptolemy.
In 1063, at the Synod of Jaca, under the auspices of King Ramiro I of Aragon and the presidency of the Archbishop of Auch, the ancient diocese of Huesca, whose seat was under Muslim Zaragozan control, was reestablished in the town of Jaca, which became "an instant city". Besides the archbishop of Auch, Austind, the synod was attended by other prelates of Gascony, Navarre and Aragon. Much of Jaca's early settlers were Gascons at this time. The synod determined the boundaries of the diocese, both present and future, that is, after its reconquista. Much of the new territory was taken at the expense of the diocese of Roda, whose bishop, Raymond, later litigated over Alquézar. It placed the canons of Jaca under the Augustinian Rule, and also introduced that rule into the royal chapels of Siresa, Loarre, Montearagón and Alquézar. Unspecified reform was introduced into the monasteries of San Juan de la Peña and San Victorián de Huesca, and the Roman rite replaced the old Visigothic liturgy. A new, eclectic cathedral, San Pedro Apóstol, was consecrated in Jaca.
Pascual Rabal Petriz was a Spanish politician who served as a Senator.
Villanovilla is a Spanish settlement belonging to the municipality of Jaca, in the Jacetania, province of Huesca, Aragon.
Acín is an unpopulated village in Spain, within the municipality of Jaca, in the province of Huesca. It is located in the valley of the Garcipollera, in the Aragonese region of the Jacetania.
La Garcipollera, also known as Garcipollera Valley, is a small area of the Aragonese Pyrenees, within the Jacetania, in the province of Huesca, practically coinciding with the basin of the Ijuez river, a tributary of Aragon. It is characteristic because most of its villages were depopulated during the 20th century.