Type A1 submarines were versions of the preceding Type J3 with superior range and an improved aircraft installation, and they were fitted as squadronflagships.[2] They displaced2,966 tonnes (2,919 long tons) on the surface and 4,195 tonnes (4,129 long tons) submerged. The submarines were 113.7 meters (373ft 0in) long and had a beam of 9.5 meters (31ft 2in) and a draft of 5.3 meters (17ft 5in). They had a diving depth of 100 meters (328ft).[2]
For surface running, Type A1 submaries were powered by two 6,200-brake-horsepower (4,623kW)diesel engines, each driving one propeller shaft. When submerged each propeller was driven by a 1,200-horsepower (895kW)electric motor. They could reach 19 knots (35km/h; 22mph) on the surface[3] and 8.25 knots (15.28km/h; 9.49mph) underwater. On the surface, the Type A1s had a range of 16,000 nautical miles (29,600km; 18,400mi) at 16 knots (30km/h; 18mph); submerged, they had a range of 90nmi (170km; 100mi) at 3 knots (5.6km/h; 3.5mph).[4]
Unlike on the Type J3 submarines, the aircraft hangar was integrated into the conning tower and faced forward, and the aircraft catapult was forward of the hangar, while the deck gun was aft of the conning tower. Reversing the locations of the deck gun and catapult allowed aircraft launching from a Type A1 submarine to use the forward motion of the submarine to supplement the speed imparted by the catapult.[4]
I-11 was formally attached to the Kure Naval District on the day of her commissioning,[5] with Commander Tsuneo Shichiji in command,[1] and also became the new flagship of Submarine Squadron3 that day, replacing the damaged submarine I-8 in that role.[5] She moved to Kure, Japan, in late May 1942 for work-ups, embarking an 11th Naval Air ArsenalYokosuka E14Y1 (Allied reporting name "Glen") floatplane for aircraft launch and recovery exercises.[5]
I-11 departed Kure on 7 June 1942 and proceeded to Kwajalein Atoll, which she reached on 16 June.[5] She continued her floatplane launch and recovery exercises at Kwajalein, during which one member of her crew suffered injuries due to an aircraft catapult malfunction.[5] On 8 July 1942, she embarked the commander of Submarine Squadron 3, Rear AdmiralChimaki Kono, who transferred his flag from the submarine tenderYasukumi Maru, as well as his six-man staff and a war correspondent from the newspaper Yomiuri Shimbun.[5]
As I-11 continued to work her way to the southwest, her lookouts sighted what they reported as a convoy of eight transports escorted by two light cruisers and two destroyers at about 12:00 on 24 July 1942.[5]I-11 was unable to close with the ships because they were at a great distance.[5] At 04:06 on 27 July, she fired a single torpedo at the Australian 2,197-gross register ton merchant ship Coolana while 30 nautical miles (56km; 35mi) north of Cape Howe.[5] The torpedo missed, so I-11 surfaced and attempted to attack Coolana with gunfire, but rough seas made targeting Coolana difficult with I-11′s deck gun.[5] After Coolana transmitted an SOS, I-11 submerged and fired another torpedo, but it also missed, and Coolana escaped undamaged.[5]
At 05:00 on 29 July 1942, a Bristol Beaufort of the RAAF's No. 100 Squadron attacked I-11 when she was off Disaster Bay, 22 nautical miles (41km; 25mi) northeast of Gabo Island, and heading south at 7 knots (13km/h; 8.1mph).[5]I-11 made a crash dive and submerged before the Beaufort, whose bomb bay doors stuck, could drop its six 250-pound (113kg) bombs.[5] The Beaufort's pilot claimed a kill, but I-11 was undamaged, although her crew found numerous bomb fragments on her afterdeck after she surfaced.[5]
I-11′s lookouts sighted a convoy with several small escorts while she was on the surface in the Tasman Sea at 23:30 on 30 July 1942, and she set off in pursuit.[5] At 02:50 on 31 July, 15 nautical miles (28km; 17mi) southwest of the lighthouse at Cape Everard, she fired two torpedoes at overlapping targets and heard one explosion.[5] The convoy's escorts attempted a counterattack, but could not locate I-11.[5]
On 1 August 1942, I-11 reached the southernmost boundary of her patrol area at the eastern entrance to the Bass Strait and began her return voyage.[5] She arrived at the Japanese naval base at Truk Atoll on 11 August 1942.[5]
Second war patrol
While I-11 was at sea, the Guadalcanal campaign began with United States Marine Corps landings on Guadalcanal, Tulagi, Florida Island, Gavutu, and Tanambogo in the southeastern Solomon Islands on 7 August 1942.[5] On 20 August 1942, she began her second war patrol, departing Truk for a patrol area in the vicinity of the Santa Cruz Islands and southeastern Solomons.[5] On 26 August 1942, the commander of the Advance Force ordered I-11 and the submarines I-15, I-17, I-19, I-26, I-33, I-174, and I-175 to deploy to the south and east of San Cristobal to interdict American supplies and reinforcements bound for Guadalcanal.[6] While in the Coral Sea146 nautical miles (270km; 168mi) southeast of Tulagi at 04:05 on 31 August 1942, I-11 attacked what she identified as a 15,000-ton transport escorted by a destroyer and claimed two torpedo hits.[5]
At 12:51, Hornet sighted a torpedo wake off her starboard quarter, and the pilot of a TBF-1 Avenger torpedo bomber patrolling overhead saw what he identified as the conning tower of a submarine breaking the surface between North Carolina and a destroyer on plane guard duty.[5] The Avenger pilot dropped a 325-pound (147kg) depth charge on what he thought was a conning tower; its explosion detonated two of I-11′s incoming torpedoes, and I-11′s crew heard two large explosions at 12:52.[5]Hornet began a hard turn to port, while North Carolina turned to starboard. One torpedo passed 400 yards (370m) off North Carolina′s port side.[5]
The task force's escorts began searching for I-11, and at 14:52 the destroyer USSRussell(DD-414) gained contact on her and dropped six 600-pound (272kg) depth charges.[5] At 15:13, Russell′s lookouts sighted an oil slick 1 nautical mile (1.9km; 1.2mi) long by 0.5 nautical mile (0.9km; 0.6mi) wide, but Russell lost contact with I-11 at a range of 700 yards (640m).[5] When Russell regained contact, I-11, operating at a depth of 100 feet (30m), made a late detection of the approaching destroyer and commenced a dive to 200 feet (61m).[5]Russell′s subsequent depth-charge attack resulted in a number of explosions close aboard that caused a minor leak at I-11′s stern through her propeller shaft gland, temporarily disabled her sound gear, and wrecked 80 per cent of her batteries.[5] The battery damage and leak caused her forward compartments to fill with poisonous chlorine gas.[5]I-11 reached a depth of 490 feet (149m) before her crew could regain control of her.[5]
I-11′s crew put on gas masks and rewired the intact batteries to partially restore electrical power.[5] During the evening of 6 September 1942, seven hours after the depth-charge attack, I-11 surfaced.[5] Her crew assessed that they could repair the leak, but determined that I-11 could not dive, so she made for Truk on the surface at best possible speed.[5] On 7 September 1942, a U.S. Navy PBY-5 Catalinaflying boat of Patrol Squadron 11 (VP-11) attacked her northeast of Santa Isabel Island at 07°12′S163°14′E / 7.200°S 163.233°E / -7.200; 163.233[5] while I-11′s crew fired at the PBY with her 140-millimeter (5.5in) deck gun and her four 25mm antiaircraft guns, along with three Type 38 carbines and her floatplane′s 7.7mm (0.303in) Type 92 machine gun, which they had lashed to her bridge railing.[5] The PBY dropped three bombs, one of which landed close aboard but inflicted no further damage.[5] Another PBY attacked her on 8 September 1942 between 14:00 and 14:15, making several strafing runs and scoring another near-miss with a bomb.[5] She reached Truk on 11 September 1942.[5]
September 1942–January 1943
At Truk, Submarine Squadron 3's flag shifted from I-11 to the submarine tender Yasukuni Maru and makeshift repairs were made on I-11.[5] With them complete, she departed Truk on 15 September 1942 and headed for Kure, making the entire voyage on the surface. She reached Kure on 23 September 1942, returned her floatplane — which had survived Russell′s depth-charging in flyable condition — to the 11th Naval Air Arsenal, and began repairs.[5] After completion of her repairs, I-11 departed Kure on 9 January 1943 and arrived on 15 January at Truk, where on 18 January 1943 she was designated the flagship of Submarine Force A under the command of Rear Admiral Katsumi Komazawa.[5]
Third war patrol
The Japanese decided in January 1943 to evacuate their forces from Guadalcanal in Operation Ke.[5] With a Yokosuka E14Y (Allied reporting name "Glen") floatplane aboard, I-11 departed Truk on 19 January 1943 to begin her third war patrol,[5] resuming her participation in the Guadalcanal campaign. She was assigned a patrol area south of Guadalcanal and north of Rennell Island, where she and the submarines I-16, I-17, I-18, I-20, I-25, I-26, I-32, and I-176 were tasked to intercept Allied naval forces steaming to and from the Guadalcanal area.[5]
On 31 January 1943, I-11 received orders to proceed to the waters east of San Cristóbal[5] in support of ships of the 2nd and 3rd Fleets as they conducted the evacuation.[5] On 2 February 1943, Rear Admiral Komazawa ordered the submarines of Submarine Squadron 3 to intercept a U.S. Navy aircraft carrier task force reportedly operating 100 nautical miles (185km; 115mi) southeast of San Cristóbal.[5] At 10:00 on 7 February 1943, I-11 sighted a U.S. aircraft carrier steaming south and began an approach, but an inaccurate depth setting for I-11′s torpedoes prevented a successful attack.[5] The Japanese completed the evacuation of Guadalcanal on 8 February 1943.
Meanwhile, I-11 received orders on 7 February 1943 after her unsuccessful attempt to attack the aircraft carrier to use her floatplane to reconnoiter the harbor and nearby airfields at Nouméa on the coast of Grande Terre in New Caledonia.[5] The E14Y1 made the reconnaissance flight on 21February, and its crew reported an aircraft carrier, two battleships, and some smaller ships in the harbor.[5] The floatplane made another flight on 1March1943 to investigate the Chesterfield Reefs, and was damaged during its recovery after it returned to I-11.[5]I-11 concluded her patrol with her return to Truk on 10 March 1943.[5]
Fourth war patrol
I-11 got underway from Truk with Rear Admiral Komazaki and his staff aboard on 10 April 1943 to conduct her fourth war patrol.[5]I-11 and the submarines I-177, I-178, and I-180, which also departed that day, all were tasked with attacking Allied shipping off Australia.[5]I-11 was assigned a patrol area in the Tasman Sea off the east coast of Australia.[5] While 70 nautical miles (130km; 81mi) north of Gabo Island on 27 April 1943 she made an unsuccessful attack on Convoy OC-90 during its voyage from Melbourne, Victoria, to Newcastle, New South Wales.[5] On 29 May 1943, she fired two torpedoes at the American Liberty ship SSSheldon Jackson150 nautical miles (280km; 170mi) northeast of Sydney, Australia, but both missed.[5] She returned to Truk on 10 June 1943.[5]
Fifth war patrol
I-11 departed Truk with a Yokosuka E14Y1 (Allied reporting name "Glen") floatplane embarked to commence her fifth war patrol on 1 July 1943.[5] She received a new captain before the patrol, Commander Meiji Tagami, who was officially appointed on 7 July.[1] Her patrol area was in the New Caledonia area.[5] At sunset on 20 July 1943 she was off San Cristóbal when she sighted the mixed Royal Australian Navy–U.S. Navy Task Force 74.[5] She fired two Type 95 torpedoes at the heavy cruiserHMASAustralia.[5] They passed astern of Australia, but at 18:45 one of them struck the Australian light cruiser HMASHobart on her port quarter at 15°07′S163°43′E / 15.117°S 163.717°E / -15.117; 163.717, breaking her keel, blowing off two propellers, unseating "Y" turret, knocking out all power and steering control, and killing 13 crewmen and badly injuring seven others.[5]Hobart took on a port list, but made port at Espiritu Santo.[5] Repairs kept her out of the war for 17 months.[5]
After sunset on 25 July 1943, I-11′s floatplane made a reconnaissance flight over the Nouméa area, its crew reporting cruisers and smaller ships in the harbor there.[5] She was off Nouméa on 11 August 1943 when she hit the American 7,176-ton Liberty ship SSMatthew Lyon with one torpedo at 22°30′S165°59′W / 22.500°S 165.983°W / -22.500; -165.983.[5] The torpedo opened a 35-foot (11m) long hole in Matthew Lyon′s No. 3 hold and injured one sailor, but the ship managed to reach Espiritu Santo under her own power.[5]I-11 returned to Truk on 13 September 1943.[5]
September–December 1943
While I-11 was at Truk, Submarine Squadron 3 was abolished on 15 September 1943, and I-11 became flagship of Submarine Squadron 1.[5] She departed Truk on 18 September 1943 bound for Kure, which she reached on 26 September.[5] She received a new commanding officer, Commander Hisaichi Izu, on 10 October.[1] After undergoing repairs, she departed Kure on 4 December 1943 and headed back to Truk, where she arrived in mid-December 1943.[5]
Sixth war patrol
On 21 December 1943, I-11 departed Truk with a Yokosuka E14Y1 (Allied reporting name "Glen") floatplane aboard for her sixth war patrol, bound for a patrol area in the vicinity of the Ellice Islands, Samoan Islands, Fiji Islands, and Tonga Islands.[5] On 31 December 1943, she conducted a submerged reconnaissance of Funafuti in the Ellice Islands, reporting that she observed two battleships, two other large warships resembling battleships, and two cruisers there.[5] On 11 January 1944, she transmitted a report from the Funafuti area and received orders to attack Allied ships in the vicinity of the Ellice Islands and Samoan Islands, as well as to reconnoiter Funafuti again in early February 1944.[5][7] The Japanese never heard from her again.
Loss
I-11′s fate remains a mystery. One source claims the U.S. Navy destroyer USSNicholas(DD-449) sank her on 17 February 1944[5][8] but that assertion appears to confuse I-11 with the submarine I-175, sunk off Wotje Atoll in the Marshall Islands on 4 February 1944.[9] Post-World War II Japanese research has suggested that a mine laid by the U.S. Navy minelayerUSSTerror(CM-5) sank I-11.[5]
On 20 March 1944, the Japanese declared I-11 to be presumed lost south of Funafuti[5] with all 114 men on board.[1] She was stricken from the navy list on 30 April 1944.[5]
I-68, later renumbered I-168, was an Imperial Japanese Navy Kaidai–type cruiser submarine of the KD6 sub-class commissioned in 1934. She served in World War II, operating in support of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor and taking part in the Battle of Midway, the Guadalcanal campaign, and the Aleutian Islands campaign before she was sunk in 1943. She is best known for her achievements during the Battle of Midway when, under the command of Lieutenant Commander Yahachi Tanabe, she sank the only United States Navy warships lost in the battle: the already badly damaged aircraft carrier USS Yorktown (CV-5) and the destroyer USS Hammann (DD-412).
I-26 was an Imperial Japanese Navy B1 type submarine commissioned in 1941. She saw service in the Pacific War theatre of World War II, patrolling off the West Coast of Canada and the United States, the east coast of Australia, and Fiji and in the Indian Ocean and taking part in Operation K, preparatory operations for the Aleutian Islands campaign, and the Guadalcanal campaign, the Marianas campaign, and the Battle of Leyte Gulf. She was the first Japanese submarine to sink an American merchant ship in the war, sank the first ship lost off the coast of State of Washington during the war, damaged the aircraft carrier USS Saratoga (CV-3), sank the light cruiser USS Juneau (CLAA-52), and was the third-highest-scoring Japanese submarine of World War II in terms of shipping tonnage sunk. Her bombardment of Vancouver Island in 1942 was the first foreign attack on Canadian soil since 1870. In 1944, I-26′s crew committed war crimes in attacking the survivors of a ship she sank. She was sunk in November 1944 during her ninth war patrol.
I-8 was an Imperial Japanese Navy Junsen III -type submarine commissioned in 1938 that served during World War II. Designed as submarine aircraft carriers, I-8 and her sister ship I-7 were the largest Japanese submarines to be completed before the outbreak of the war in the Pacific in 1941. With embarked floatplanes, I-8 participated in operations related to the attack on Pearl Harbor, patrolled off the United States West Coast, and took part in the Guadalcanal campaign and the Okinawa campaign.
The second I-24 was one of five Type C cruiser submarines of the C1 sub-class built for the Imperial Japanese Navy. During World War II, she operated as the mother ship for a midget submarine during the attack on Pearl Harbor and the attack on Sydney Harbour, supported Japanese forces during the Battle of the Coral Sea and the Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands, and served in the Guadalcanal campaign, New Guinea campaign, and Aleutian Islands campaign. She was sunk in June 1943.
I-74, later I-174, was an Imperial Japanese Navy Kaidai type cruiser submarine of the KD6B sub-class commissioned in 1938. During World War II, she took part in the attack on Pearl Harbor, the Battle of Midway, the Guadalcanal campaign, the New Guinea campaign, and the Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign and operated off Australia before she was sunk during her ninth war patrol in 1944.
I-9 was an Imperial Japanese Navy Type A1 submarine commissioned in 1941. She saw service during World War II, including operations related to the attack on Pearl Harbor, a patrol off the United States West Coast, and in Operation K. She also took part in the Aleutians campaign and the Guadalcanal campaign before she was sunk in June 1943.
I-10 was an Imperial Japanese Navy Type A1 submarine that served during World War II. Designed as a submarine aircraft carrier, she was commissioned in 1941 and supported the attack on Pearl Harbor, operated in the Indian Ocean — including support for the 1942 midget submarine attack on Diego Suarez — and in the New Caledonia and New Zealand areas, and took part in the Guadalcanal campaign and Marianas campaign before she was sunk in 1944 during her seventh war patrol.
I-75, later I-175, was an Imperial Japanese Navy Kaidai-type cruiser submarine of the KD6B sub-class commissioned in 1938. During World War II, she took part in the attack on Pearl Harbor, the Battle of Midway, the Guadalcanal campaign, the Aleutian Islands campaign, and the Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign and operated off Australia, before she was sunk in 1944 during her tenth war patrol. She is best known for sinking the United States Navy escort carrier USS Liscome Bay on 24 November 1943.
I-16 was one of five Type C cruiser submarines of the C1 sub-class built for the Imperial Japanese Navy, Commissioned in 1940, she deployed a midget submarine for the attack on Pearl Harbor and for an attack on ships at Diego-Suarez in Madagascar, conducted an anti-shipping patrol in the Indian Ocean, and took part in the Guadalcanal campaign, New Guinea campaign, and Bougainville campaign before she was sunk in May 1944.
I-71, later I-171, was a Kaidai-class cruiser submarine of the KD6 sub-class built for the Imperial Japanese Navy during the 1930s. She served in World War II, and took part in operations supporting the attack on Pearl Harbor, the Battle of Midway, and the Aleutian Islands campaign. She was sunk on1 February 1944 after being detected on the surface by U.S. Navy destroyers off Buka Island.
I-121, laid down in 1924 as Submarine No. 48 and known as I-21 from November 1924 to June 1938, was an I-121-class submarine of the Imperial Japanese Navy that served during the Second Sino-Japanese War and World War II. During the latter conflict, she conducted operations in support of the Japanese invasion of Malaya, the Japanese invasion of the Philippines, the bombing of Darwin, the Battle of Midway, the Guadalcanal campaign, the Battle of the Eastern Solomons, and the New Guinea campaign. She surrendered at the end of the war in 1945 and was scuttled in 1946.
I-122, laid down in 1925 as Submarine No. 49 and known as I-22 from her construction period until June 1938, was an I-121-class submarine of the Imperial Japanese Navy that served during the Second Sino-Japanese War and World War II. During the latter conflict, she conducted operations in support of the Japanese invasion of Malaya, the Japanese invasion of the Philippines, the bombing of Darwin, the Battle of Midway, the Guadalcanal campaign, the Battle of the Eastern Solomons, and the New Guinea campaign. From mid-1943 she served as a training ship in Japanese waters until she was sunk during a training voyage in 1945.
I-2 was an Imperial Japanese Navy J1 type cruiser submarine commissioned in 1926. She served in the Second Sino-Japanese War and World War II. During the latter conflict she operated in support of the attack on Pearl Harbor, conducted anti-shipping patrols in the Indian Ocean, supported the Indian Ocean raid, and took part in the Aleutian Islands campaign, the Guadalcanal campaign, Operation Ke, and the New Guinea campaign before she was sunk in April 1944.
I-3 was an Imperial Japanese Navy J1 type submarine commissioned in 1926. She was a large cruiser submarine. She served in the Second Sino-Japanese War and World War II. During the latter conflict she operated in support of the attack on Pearl Harbor, conducted anti-shipping patrols in the Indian Ocean, supported the Indian Ocean raid, and took part in the Aleutian Islands campaign and the Guadalcanal campaign before she was sunk in December 1942.
I-7 was an Imperial Japanese Navy J3 type submarine commissioned in 1937. She was a large cruiser submarine that served in World War II. She operated in support of the attack on Pearl Harbor, conducted anti-shipping patrols in the Indian Ocean, supported the Indian Ocean raid, and took part in the Guadalcanal campaign and the Aleutian Islands campaign. She was wrecked in the Aleutian Islands after a lengthy battle with the destroyer USS Monaghan (DD-354) in June 1943.
I-18 was one of five Type C cruiser submarines of the C1 sub-class built for the Imperial Japanese Navy. During World War II, she operated as the mother ship for a midget submarine during the attack on Pearl Harbor and the attack of Diego-Suarez, conducted a war patrol in the Indian Ocean, and served in the Guadalcanal campaign before she was sunk in February 1943.
I-32 was an Imperial Japanese Navy B1 type submarine. Completed and commissioned in 1942, she served in World War II, operating in the Pacific Ocean and Indian Ocean and supporting Japanese forces in the New Guinea campaign and the Guadalcanal campaign before she was sunk in March 1944.
I-36 was an Imperial Japanese Navy B1 type submarine. Completed and commissioned in 1942, she served in World War II, operating in the Guadalcanal campaign, New Guinea campaign, Aleutian Islands campaign, and the Marshall Islands. She finished the war as a kaiten manned suicide attack torpedo carrier, operating against Allied ships at Ulithi Atoll and in the Philippine Sea. The only submarine of her class to survive the war, she surrendered to the Allies in September 1945 after the end of the war and was scuttled by the United States Navy in 1946.
Ro-100 was an Imperial Japanese Navy Ro-100-class submarine. Completed and commissioned in September 1942, she served in World War II, operating in the Solomon Islands, Rabaul, and New Guinea areas. She sank in November 1943 when she struck a mine during her seventh war patrol.
Ro-103 was an Imperial Japanese Navy Ro-100-class submarine. Completed and commissioned in October 1942, she served in World War II, operating in the Solomon Islands, Rabaul, and New Guinea areas and sinking two cargo ships. She disappeared in July 1943 during her fifth war patrol.
References
Bagnasco, Erminio (1977). Submarines of World War Two. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN0-87021-962-6.
Boyd, Carl & Yoshida, Akikiko (2002). The Japanese Submarine Force and World War II. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-55750-015-0.
Carpenter, Dorr B. & Polmar, Norman (1986). Submarines of the Imperial Japanese Navy 1904–1945. London: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN0-85177-396-6.
Chesneau, Roger, ed. (1980). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946. Greenwich, UK: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN0-85177-146-7.
Hackett, Bob; Kingsepp, Sander (2012). "IJN Submarine I-11: Tabular Record of Movement". SENSUIKAN! Stories and Battle Histories of the IJN's Submarines. Combinedfleet.com. Retrieved 18 August 2015.
Hashimoto, Mochitsura (1954). Sunk: The Story of the Japanese Submarine Fleet 1942 – 1945. Colegrave, E.H.M. (translator). London: Cassell and Company. ASIN B000QSM3L0.
Stille, Mark (2007). Imperial Japanese Navy Submarines 1941-45. New Vanguard. Vol.135. Botley, Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing. ISBN978-1-84603-090-1.
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