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A referendum is a direct vote by the electorate on a proposal,law,or political issue. This is in contrast to an issue being voted on by a representative. This may result in the adoption of a new policy or specific law,or the referendum may be only advisory. In some countries,it is synonymous with and also known as plebiscite,votation,popular consultation,ballot question,ballot measure, or proposition.
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Quadratic voting is a collective decision-making procedure which involves individuals allocating votes to express the degree of their preferences,rather than just the direction of their preferences. By doing so,quadratic voting seeks to address issues of the Condorcet paradox and majority rule. Quadratic voting works by allowing users to "pay" for additional votes on a given matter to express their support for given issues more strongly,resulting in voting outcomes that are aligned with the highest willingness to pay outcome,rather than just the outcome preferred by the majority regardless of the intensity of individual preferences. The payment for votes may be through either artificial or real currencies. Quadratic voting is a variant of cumulative voting. It differs from cumulative voting by altering "the cost" and "the vote" relation from linear to quadratic.
Henrik Cronqvist is the Robert J. and Carolyn A. Waltos Dean and Professor of Economics of the George L. Argyros School of Business and Economics at Chapman University in Orange,California,a position he has held since August 2022. He previously served as a professor of finance,Bank of America scholar,and vice dean for faculty and research at the University of Miami School of Business,where he conducted interdisciplinary research and taught finance and management courses at both undergraduate and graduate levels.
Karen L. Remmer is an American political scientist,academic,author and researcher. She is a professor emerita of political science at Duke University.
The financial referendum is a form of the referendum and an instrument of direct democracy. It always relates to parts of the public budget of a government and allows citizens to vote directly on individual budget items.
References
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- ↑ Matsusaka, John G. (June 15, 2005). "A Rolling Snowball of Direct Democracy". Los Angeles Times.
- ↑ "Prop 8 Decision Allows Elected Officials To Veto Laws Passed by the People". HuffPost. July 2, 2013.
- ↑ Matsusaka, John G. (January 4, 2022). "Opinion | If Roe is Overturned, Democracy Could Be the Best Path Forward on Abortion". POLITICO.
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- ↑ Hunt, Albert R. (September 22, 2004). "Debate Posturing to Dominate Campaign Over Next Week". The Wall Street Journal.
- ↑ "Corporations turn to ballot to combat California's progressive agenda, raising alarms". Los Angeles Times. February 8, 2023.
- ↑ "Interrogating democracy in John G. Matsusaka's Let the People Rule".
- ↑ Tolbert, Caroline (February 11, 2006). "For the Many of the Few: The Initiative, Public Policy and American Democracy For the Many of the Few: The Initiative, Public Policy and American Democracy . By John Matsusaka. (University of Chicago Press, 2004.)". The Journal of Politics. 68 (1): 218–220. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2508.2006.00382_4.x. S2CID 153041744 – via CrossRef.
- ↑ "Book Review | Let the People Rule: How Direct Democracy Can Meet the Populist Challenge, by John G. Matsusaka". The Independent Institute.
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- ↑ Matsusaka, John G. (June 11, 2005). "Direct Democracy Works". Journal of Economic Perspectives. 19 (2): 185–206. doi: 10.1257/0895330054048713 .
- ↑ Matsusaka, John G. (October 11, 2008). Bowler, Shaun; Glazer, Amihai (eds.). Direct Democracy's Impact on American Political Institutions. Palgrave Macmillan US. pp. 115–135. doi:10.1057/9780230612020_7 – via Springer Link.
- ↑ Matsusaka, John G. (June 11, 1995). "Fiscal Effects of the Voter Initiative: Evidence from the Last 30 Years". Journal of Political Economy. 103 (3): 587–623. doi:10.1086/261996. S2CID 154044258 – via CrossRef.
- ↑ Feld, Lars P; Matsusaka, John G (December 1, 2003). "Budget referendums and government spending: evidence from Swiss cantons". Journal of Public Economics. 87 (12): 2703–2724. doi:10.1016/S0047-2727(02)00140-8 – via ScienceDirect.
- ↑ Matsusaka, John G. (June 1, 2016). "Ballot order effects in direct democracy elections". Public Choice. 167 (3): 257–276. doi:10.1007/s11127-016-0340-9. S2CID 254940883 – via Springer Link.
- ↑ Matsusaka, John G. (February 1, 2023). "Is Direct Democracy Good or Bad for Corporations and Unions?". The Journal of Law and Economics. 66 (1): 83–110. doi:10.1086/722391. S2CID 259985314 – via CrossRef.
- ↑ Matsusaka, John G. (1993). "Takeover Motives during the Conglomerate Merger Wave". The RAND Journal of Economics. 24 (3): 357–379. doi:10.2307/2555963. JSTOR 2555963 – via JSTOR.
- ↑ Matsusaka, John G. (2001). "Corporate Diversification, Value Maximization, and Organizational Capabilities on JSTOR". The Journal of Business. 74 (3): 409–431. doi:10.1086/321932. JSTOR 10.1086/321932.
- ↑ Matsusaka, John G.; Nanda, Vikram (April 1, 2002). "Internal Capital Markets and Corporate Refocusing". Journal of Financial Intermediation. 11 (2): 176–211. doi:10.1006/jfin.2001.0333 – via ScienceDirect.
- ↑ Duchin, Ran; Matsusaka, John G.; Ozbas, Oguzhan (May 1, 2010). "When are outside directors effective?". Journal of Financial Economics. 96 (2): 195–214. doi:10.1016/j.jfineco.2009.12.004. S2CID 2763474 – via ScienceDirect.
- ↑ "Opportunistic Proposals by Union Shareholders Get access Arrow".
- ↑ Gilligan, Thomas W.; Matsusaka, John G. (March 1, 2001). "Fiscal Policy, Legislature Size, and Political Parties: Evidence from State and Local Governments in the First Half of the 20th Century". National Tax Journal. 54 (1): 57–82. doi:10.17310/ntj.2001.1.03. S2CID 18989293 – via CrossRef.
- ↑ Gilligan, Thomas W.; Matsusaka, John G. (July 11, 1995). "Deviations from Constituent Interests: The Role of Legislative Structure and Political Parties in the States". Economic Inquiry. 33 (3): 383–401. doi:10.1111/j.1465-7295.1995.tb01870.x – via CrossRef.
- ↑ Matsusaka, John G. (July 1, 1995). "Explaining voter turnout patterns: An information theory". Public Choice. 84 (1): 91–117. doi:10.1007/BF01047803. S2CID 96472582 – via Springer Link.
- ↑ Köhler, Ekkehard; Matsusaka, John G.; Wu, Yanhui (June 1, 2023). "Street-level responsiveness of city governments in China, Germany, and the United States". Journal of Comparative Economics. 51 (2): 640–652. doi:10.1016/j.jce.2023.01.001 – via ScienceDirect.
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