Kielce dialect

Last updated
Kielce dialect
Native to Poland
RegionKielce
Language codes
ISO 639-3 –

The Kielce dialect (Polish : gwara kielecka) belongs to the Lesser Poland dialect group and is located in the part of Poland. It borders the Masovian Borderland dialect to the north, the Western Lublin dialect to the northeast, the Lasovia dialect to the southeast, the Eastern Krakow dialect to the south, the Krakow dialect to the southwest, the Sieradz dialect to the west, and the Łęczyca dialect to the northwest. [2]

Contents

Phonology

Typical of Lesser Polish dialects (as well as Greater Polish dialects), voicing of word-final consonants before vowels and liquids is present here. Also typical of Lesser Polish dialects is the presence of masuration, which is more common with older speakers and rather uncommon among younger speakers. [3]

Vowels

The cluster -eł- can sometimes shift to -oł-, but -eł- is more common. o can raise to ó in certain pronouns: cóś (coś) before liquids, and in many imperative forms: chódź (chodź). Liquids can also raise -a- to -o-, or rarely -e- (before r). Tautosyllabic -aj in adverbs and imperatives often shifts to -ej or -oj. u can lower to o before liquids. i and y can often lower to e before liquids or rarely before other consonants as well. The shift of initial ra-/re- is also limited to specific words. [3]

Slanted vowels

Slanted á raises to o. Slanted é typically lowers to e, can raise to i after soft consonants, and to y after hard consonants, but lowering the most common realization. Slanted ó is raised to u. [3]

Nasal vowels

Nasal vowels can decompose medially to eN or oN (sometimes before sibilants as well) and lose nasality before l, ł, denasalize word-finally to -e, -o (or -ą can decompose to -om), denasalize everywhere: sceście (szczęście). -ę- can shift to -iń- before two soft consonants. Some words show fluctuation: pawąz/pawęz. Secondary nasalization is also sporadically found. e can also raise to i/y before nasals. [3]

Prothesis

o can labialize initially or after labials/velars to ô-, and can further shift to e. Initial u can also labialize to û-. [3]

Consonants

Occasionally final -ch can shift to -k here. Historically śrz-, źrz- change to rś-, rź-, but śr- and źr- are more common. Other instances of consonantal prothesis before word-initial vowels occur, but are rare. ł can sometimes be lost when at the end of a consonant cluster or intervocalically. -ść, -źć shifts to just -ś, -ź. n before a velar assimaltes and realized as [ŋ]. ch- in a consonant cluster can shift to k-, and kt- shifts to cht-. strz, trz, zdrz, drz, st, stn simplify to szcz(sz), cz(sz), żdż(ż), dż(ż), s, sn, sf. rst, rsk, rszt, rz, rż, rść tend to simplify in various ways, usually with the loss of r. A change of s, ś to ss, śś, sc, ść occurs in many words. Many other consonant clusters simplify as well. [3]

Inflection

Typical features of Lesser Polish inflection are common here. [3]

Nouns

Many noun forms do not show ablaut, the result of levelling: mietła (miotła). Often mobile -e- is kept in inflections and added in some clusters: z bezu, mechu (z bzu, mchu); łoter (łotr). -a is preferred as the masculine genitive ending, especially in loanwords, and -u can sometimes be found where in Standard Polish would be -a.Softening -e can be found in place of -u for the masculine locative of soft stem nouns: w kapelusie (w kapeluszu), but also fluctuation between -e and -u for the locative/vocative of some masculine nouns: na dworzu//na dworze. Neuter nouns ending in -um can sometimes take -a in the genitive: do liceuma (do liceum). Many feminine nouns ending in a consonant instead end in -a here: krokwa (krokiew), or sometimes the opposite: potrzeb (potrzeba). The feminine accusative plural ending in a soft consonant has fluctuation: zapowiedzie//zapowiedzi. -ów can on occasion be used as the genitive plural ending for all nouns regardless of gender. Many nouns differ in gender from Standard Polish. The genitive as accusative singular is often used for masculine objects regardless of animacy: wypuścił dwóch psów, znaloz grzyba, or masculine personal nouns may be converted to masculine animal nouns: sąsiady; Robotniki boły sie wyńś (robotnicy bali się wejść). [3]

Adjectives, adverbs, pronouns, and numerals

The adverb comparative and genitive/dative feminine singular ending of pronouns and adjectives -ej shifts to -i/-y. Numerals often have archaic inflections. [3]

Verbs

The imperative may be formed with either -ej or -oj due to sound changes. Many verb forms do not show ablaut, the result of levelling: wieze (wiozę). Many first person present/future verb forms have hardened consonants via analogy: złape (złapię). -ta and -wa can sometimes be found in imperatives, where -wa has an archaic marking. Many verbs take different government than in Standard Polish. The contemporary adverbial participle is built with the archaic -ący, where in Standard Polish it is -ąc. Prefixed forms of -iść usually have -ń- instead of -j-: dońde (dojdę). Initial s-, ś- is partially retained here: słożyć (złożyć). [3]

Vocabulary

Word-Formation

Typical Lesser Polish word-formation is common here. [3]

Adjectives, adverbs, pronouns, and numerals

-iwny instead of -iwy can be found in many words, along with -ny instead of -owy for some relational adjectives, and -ny instead of -asty in some cases. A final -k and -j is added to many pronouns and adverbs: nikogój (nikogo), jeszczek (jeszcze). [3]

Verbs

-uwać is used for frequentative verbs here, and often -ić/-yć replaces -eć. Many verbal prefixes are preferred over standard verbs: ośmiać się (roześmiać się). The prefix roz- lost initial r- and labaliazed the following o. [3]

Syntax

The plural is sometimes used as a formal way to address someone: mama to jedli. Frequently bez and przez are conflated. An archaic style of prepositional phrases can be seen here: po podłącu. [3]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lesser Poland dialect group</span> Dialect of the Polish language

The Lesser Polish dialect group is a of dialect group of the Polish language used in Lesser Poland. The exact area is difficult to delineate due to the expansion of its features and the existence of transitional subdialects.

The Kuyavian dialect belongs to the Greater Poland dialect group and is spoken in Kuyavia. It borders the Chełmno-Dobrzyń dialect to the north, the Northern Greater Polish dialect to the west, the Eastern Greater Polish dialect to the south, the Masovian Near Mazovian dialect to the northwest and the Łęczyca dialect to the southeast.

The Northern Greater Polish dialect belongs to the Greater Poland dialect group and is located in the part of Poland. It borders the Krajna dialect to the northwest, the Kujawy dialect to the northeast, the Western Greater Polish dialect to the far southwest, and the Central Greater Polish dialect to the south. The exact borders of Northern Greater Polish are not clear. The Krzyszczewo and Wola Skorzęcka subdialect occupies part of Northern Greater Polish and part of Central Greater Polish geographically, and also somewhat linguistically. The dialect of these villages is increasingly affected by Standard Polish, as demonstrated by the number of similar features.

The Eastern Greater Poland dialect belongs to the Greater Poland dialect group and is located in the part of Poland. It borders the Kujawy dialect to the north, the Central Greater Polish dialect to the east, and the Lesser Poland Łęczyca dialect to the northwest and the Sieradz dialect to the southwest.

The Łęczyca dialect belongs to the Lesser Poland dialect group and is located in the part of Poland. It borders the Sieradz dialect to the southeast, the Kielce dialect to the southwest, the Masovian Borderland dialect to the east, the Eastern Greater Polish dialect to the northeast, and the Kujawy dialect to the far northeast. Łęczyca, along with Sieradz, occupy central Poland, which greatly affects them. The classification of the Łęczyca and Sieradz subdialects is often debated; some have classified them as Lesser Polish, whereas others as belonging to Greater Polish. Łęczyca and Sieradz have even been considered as one group due to the large number of similarities by Eugeniusz Pawłowski and others. This unclear categorization is the result of the land being placed under control of various administrative territories throughout history, resulting in a transitional dialect between Greater Polish, Lesser Polish, and Masovian. Furthermore, many dialectal traits of the region are fading, and Standard Polish is becoming more prevalent.

The Sieradz dialect belongs to the Lesser Poland dialect group and is located in the part of Poland. It borders the Łęczyca dialect to the north, the Krakow dialect to the south, the Łęczyca dialect to the east, the Central Greater Polish dialect to the northeast, and the Eastern Greater Polish dialect to the farn northeast. The classification of the Łęczyca and Sieradz subdialects is often debated; some classify them as Lesser Polish, whereas others classify them as belonging to Greater Polish. Łęczyca and Sieradz have even been considered as one group due to the large number of similarities. This unclear categorization is the result of the land being placed under control of various administrative territories throughout history, resulting in a transitional dialect between Greater Polish, Lesser Polish, and Masovian. Furthermore, many dialectal traits of the region are fading, and Standard Polish is becoming more prevalent.

The Masovian Borderland dialect belongs to the Lesser Poland dialect group and is located in the part of Poland. It borders the Kielce dialect to the south, the Łęczyca dialect to the east, the Western Lublin dialect, Masovian Łowicz dialect to the northeast, and the Near Mazovian dialect to the north. Similar to Łęczyca and Sieradz, influences from many dialect regions can be seen here.

The Kraków dialect belongs to the Lesser Poland dialect group and is located in the part of Poland. It borders the Sieradz dialect to the north, the Kielce dialect to the northeast, the Eastern Kraków dialect to the east, the Sącz dialect to the south, and Silesian to the west. Scholars often debate about the northern and western borders of this dialect. This dialect is slowly losing many features and replacing them with those from Standard Polish.

The dialect belongs to the Lesser Poland dialect group and is located in the part of Poland. It borders the Kielce dialect to the northwest, the Western Lublin dialect to the northeast, the Eastern Lublin dialect to the east, the Przemyśl dialect to the southeast, the Biecz dialect to the southwest, the Eastern Krakow dialect to the southwest. Lasowska can be divided into four regions: eastern, central, northern, and western. Villages by the San and Łęg rivers are more similar the central subdialects, villages between the Vistula and Łęg are more like subdialects in Sandomierz, and villages near Grębów have traits of both.

The dialect belongs to the Lesser Poland dialect group and is located in the part of Poland. It borders the Kielce dialect to the north, the Lasovia dialect to the east, the Biecz dialect to the southeast, the Sącz dialect to the south, and the Kraków dialect to the west.

The Western Lublin dialect belongs to the Lesser Poland dialect group and is located in the part of Poland. It borders the Eastern Lublin dialect to the east, the Lasovia dialect to the south, the Kielce dialect to the west, and the Masovia Near Mazovian dialect to the north. Due to position of this dialect, many transitional features can be seen, generally as the result of Masovian influence, particularly in the east. This region can be divided into three subregions: a northern region which is more transitional between Lesser Poland and Masovia, a central region with older Lesser Polish traits, and a southern region with newer Lesser Polish traits.

The Eastern Lublin dialect belongs to the Lesser Poland dialect group and is located in the part of Poland. It borders the Western Lublin dialect to the west, the Lasovia dialect to the southwest, the Przemyśl dialect to the south, the Southern Borderlands dialect to the east, the Northern Borderlands dialect to the northeast, the Masovian Podlachia dialect to the north, and the Near Mazovian dialect to the northwest.

The Przemyśl dialect belongs to the Lesser Poland dialect group and is located in the part of Poland. It borders the Biecz dialect to the west, the Lasovia dialect to the northwest, the Eastern Lublin dialect to the northeast, and the Southern Borderlands dialect to the east.

The Biecz dialect or Pogorzan dialect is a dialect of the Polish language belonging to the Lesser Poland dialect group. It borders the Sącz dialect to the west, the Eastern Krakow dialect to the north, the Lasovia dialect to the northeast, and the Przemyśl dialect to the east.

The Żywiec dialect belongs to the Lesser Poland dialect group and is located in the part of Poland. It is in part one of the dialects that belongs to the Goral ethnolect. It borders the Sącz dialect to the northeast, the Orawa dialect to the east, and Silesian to the northwest. In the past this region was often considered a subregion of neighboring areas, having been much affected by them, as well as by foreign languages, namely Czech, Slovak, German, Carpathian Rusyn, and Hungarian. Żywiecczyzna is a strongly varied dialect and is able to be divided into three regions: a south-east region, a south-west region, and a northern region.

The Lubawa dialect belongs to the Masovian dialect group and is located in the part of Poland. It borders the Ostróda dialect to the northeast, the Masurian dialects to the east, the Greater Polish Chełmno-Dobrzyń dialect to the south and west, and the new mixed dialects to the north.

The Ostróda dialect belongs to the Masovian dialect group, but is sometimes considered part of the new mixed dialects, and is located in the part of Poland. It borders the Lubawa dialect to the west, the Masurian dialects to the south, the Warmia dialect to the east, and the new mixed dialects to the north.

The Suwałki dialect belongs to the Masovian dialect group and is located in the part of Poland. It borders the Podlachia dialect to the south, the Masurian dialects to the west, the Northern Borderlands dialect to the east, and the new mixed dialects to the north.

The dialect belongs to the Masovian dialect group and is located in the part of Poland. It borders the Near Mazovian dialect to the north, the Lesser Polish Masovian Borderland dialect to the east, and the Łęczyca dialect to the south and west.

The Near Masovian dialect belongs to the Masovian dialect group and is located in the part of Poland. It borders the Łowicz dialect to the southwest, the Lesser Polish Masovian Borderland dialect to the south, the Western Lublin dialect to the southeast, the Podlachia dialect to the east, the Far Mazovian dialect to the north, the Greater Polish Chełmno-Dobrzyń dialect to the northwest, the Kujawy dialect to the west, and the Lesser Polish Sieradz dialect to the southwest.

References

  1. ↑ Karaś, Halina (2010). "Kieleckie". dialektologia.uw.edu.pl. Retrieved 19 July 2024.
  2. ↑ Karaś, Halina (2010). "Kieleckie". dialektologia.uw.edu.pl. Retrieved 19 July 2024.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Cygan, Stanisław (2010). "Gwara regionu - Kieleckie". dialektologia.uw.edu.pl. Retrieved 19 July 2024.
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