| Kurpie dialect | |
|---|---|
| Native to | Poland |
| Region | Kurpie |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | – |
The Kurpie dialect (Polish : gwara kurpiowska) belongs to the Masovian dialect group and is located in the part of Poland. It borders the Masurian dialects to the north and the Far Mazovian dialect to the south. [1] The Kurpie dialect is generally well preserved, and a strong cultural connection to the dialect can be felt amongst speakers. Standard Polish is used by most people in the region, often alongside Kurpian, and code-switching between the two frequently happens. [2]
Typical of Masovian dialects, devoicing of word-final consonants before vowels and liquids is present here, including before clitics. Also typical of Masovian dialects is the presence of mazuration, however, due to influence from Standard Polish, this is disappearing. [2]
y phonemically merges with i (approaching it phonetically to ɪ), leaving the hardness of the previous consonant as the main phonemic determining factor: potraw·i (potrawy). Often the group er shifts to ir: dopsiro. Ablaut is often levelled: ziedro (wiadro), bzierzo (biorą). The shift of initial ja-, ra- > je-, re- is present: jek, (jak), redził (radzil). This was more common in the past, but often Standard Polish forms can be seen now. The shift of medial -ar- > -er- is also present: terło (tarło). This was more common in the past, but often Standard Polish forms can be seen now. [2]
Slanted á is generally retained as á, or may sometimes raise and merge with o, or uncommonly merge with a. Slanted é is generally retained as é, with much phonetic variation, or may also be merged with e due to influence from Standard Polish. Slanted ó is generally retained as ó, with much phonetic variation, and may also appear in places different than in Standard Polish. [2]
Typically medial ę as well as the group eN are lowered, and ę generally decomposes: bańdzie. However, much variety depends on the village, non-lowered or raised variants (to éN, yN/iN) also exist: bendzie, as well as non-decomposed forms. Lowering of ę is becoming less popular, and can mostly be seen in final position (with denasalization): na ziosna (na wiosnę), and either eN or yN/iN are more dominant. Word finally, -ę denalasaizes to -e. The lowering of eN is still relatively common: przed progam (przed progiem). Hypercorrections also occurs: peniętam (pamiętam). Medial ą tends to decompose to oN, or sometimes raises to uN: ciungnik (ciągnik). Word finally, -ą denasalizes to -o in the east; in the west nasality is retained. The group oN tends to raise to óN and sometimes further to uN: stróny (strony), but the standard realization oN also can be heard. iN, yN, and uN often lowers, particularly iN: jenacej (inaczej). o before a liquid often raises: kórole (korale), and e before a liquid often lowers to a: sztalmach (sztelmach). ył/ił often shifts to uł: pozwoluł (pozwolił). The groups ęł, ęl, ął tend to replace l, ł with n: wzieno (wzięło). [2]
Initial o- often labializes to ô-, and to a lesser extend u- to û-. However, non-labialized forms are also present. Initial i- and e- can rarely gain a prothetic j-. [2]
Soft labials are decomposed, most often to a labial and a palatal sibilant; rarely the palatalizing element is instead strengthened to j, or sometimes h, ch is the second element: robzio (robią), ustąpsiuł (ustąpił), wzino (wino). Sometimes the resulting cluster simplifies, particularly wź, fś, mń to ź, ś, ń: ziecora (wieczora). This decomposition can vary somewhat village to village. ki, gi, kie, gie are often hardened, but soft pronunciations are more common: kedyś (kiedyś). kt shifts to cht: chto (kto). chrz shifts to krz: krzesny (chrzestny). Geminated kk dissimilates to tk: letko (lekko). [2]
Verbs may appear in both contracted and uncontracted forms here: stojała, stała (stała). [2]
Typical Masovian features of inflection are present here.
The instrumental plural ending is generally -ani (from -ami). The typical Masovian ending is -amy, via hardening, which is exceptional here. The masculine dative singular ending for nouns is -oziu (rarely -owju or -oju) (from earlier -owiu) from contamination of -owi and -u: konioziu (koniowi). Masculine and neuter nouns ending in sz, ż, as a result of mazuration, sometimes take -e instead of -u in the locative singular: o kosie (o koszu). The nominative plural of masculine personal nouns is formed with -e more commonly than in Standard Polish: ojce byli (ojcowie byli). Alternatively, masculine personal nouns are often converted to masculine animal nouns: te majstry (ci majstrowie/majstrzy). There is a preference for -ów as the genitive plural ending regardless of gender or the softness of the stem. Feminine nouns ending in -ew are often declined differently: za krokwe (za krokiew), as if from the nominative singular krokwa. A few nouns have a gender different than in Standard Polish. Often neuter nouns ending in -ę do not take -n- in declensions: dwa wynia (dwa wymiona). [2]
Adjectives, pronouns, and numerals take -em in the masculine instrumental/locative singular instead of standard -ym/-im: po tem wszystkiem (po tym wszystkim). The plural is often -eni (from earlier -emi): całeni dniani (całymi dniami). Similarly, the genitive/locative plural is -ech: tech (tych). [2]
The first person plural present tense of verbs is formed with the archaic -m: idziem (idziemy). In the past tense, -m is also present in place of standard -śmy: robilim (robiliśmy). The second person plural past tense and imperative of verbs is sporadically formed with -ta in place of -cie: daliśta (daliście). The third person plural past tense if often formed with -eli in place of standard -ali: sieli (siali). Forms and derivatives often appear without j: przyde (przyjdę). [2]
Typical Masovian features of word-formation are present here.
Nouns denoting young animals and people are formed with -ak: dziewcoki (dziewczęta). [2]
Frequentatives may be formed with -ać where in Standard Polish is often -ywać/-ować: kupać (kupować). [2]
Dwa may be used for feminine nouns instead of dwie: dwa krowy (dwie krowy). [2]
The Kociewie dialect belongs to the Greater Poland dialect group and is located in the northern part of Poland. It borders the Bory Tucholskie dialect to the northwest, the Chełmno-Dobrzyń dialect to the south, the Kashubian language to the north, and the Masovian Lubawa dialect to the northeast. Due to its position, the Kociewie dialect sometimes shares more features with Masovian dialects than with Greater Polish dialects, and is usually considered a transitional dialect, and some Kashubian influence can also be seen.
The Krajna dialect belongs to the Greater Poland dialect group and is located in the part of Poland. It borders the Bory Tucholskie dialect to the northeast, the Northern Greater Polish dialect to the south, and the Kashubian language to the north. Due to its position, it is a transitional dialect and shares many features with neighboring dialects and languages, and is very diverse.
The Chełmno-Dobrzyń dialect belongs to the Greater Poland dialect group and is located in the northern part of Poland. It borders the Bory Tucholskie dialect to the East, the Kociewie dialect to the north, the Kujawy dialect to the south, the Masovian Lubawa dialect to the northeast, and the Near Mazovian dialect to the southeast.
The Łęczyca dialect belongs to the Lesser Poland dialect group and is located in the part of Poland. It borders the Sieradz dialect to the southeast, the Kielce dialect to the southwest, the Masovian Borderland dialect to the east, the Eastern Greater Polish dialect to the northeast, and the Kujawy dialect to the far northeast. Łęczyca, along with Sieradz, occupy central Poland, which greatly affects them. The classification of the Łęczyca and Sieradz subdialects is often debated; some have classified them as Lesser Polish, whereas others as belonging to Greater Polish. Łęczyca and Sieradz have even been considered as one group due to the large number of similarities by Eugeniusz Pawłowski and others. This unclear categorization is the result of the land being placed under control of various administrative territories throughout history, resulting in a transitional dialect between Greater Polish, Lesser Polish, and Masovian. Furthermore, many dialectal traits of the region are fading, and Standard Polish is becoming more prevalent.
The Masovian Borderland dialect belongs to the Lesser Poland dialect group and is located in the part of Poland. It borders the Kielce dialect to the south, the Łęczyca dialect to the east, the Western Lublin dialect, Masovian Łowicz dialect to the northeast, and the Near Mazovian dialect to the north. Similar to Łęczyca and Sieradz, influences from many dialect regions can be seen here.
The Kraków dialect belongs to the Lesser Poland dialect group and is located in the part of Poland. It borders the Sieradz dialect to the north, the Kielce dialect to the northeast, the Eastern Kraków dialect to the east, the Sącz dialect to the south, and Silesian to the west. Scholars often debate about the northern and western borders of this dialect. This dialect is slowly losing many features and replacing them with those from Standard Polish.
The dialect belongs to the Lesser Poland dialect group and is located in the part of Poland. It borders the Kielce dialect to the northwest, the Western Lublin dialect to the northeast, the Eastern Lublin dialect to the east, the Przemyśl dialect to the southeast, the Biecz dialect to the southwest, the Eastern Krakow dialect to the southwest. Lasowska can be divded into four regions: eastern, central, northern, and western. Villages by the San and Łęg rivers are more similar the central subdialects, villages between the Vistula and Łęg are more like subdialects in Sandomierz, and villages near Grębów have traits of both.
The dialect belongs to the Lesser Poland dialect group and is located in the part of Poland. It borders the Kielce dialect to the north, the Lasovia dialect to the east, the Biecz dialect to the southeast, the Sącz dialect to the south, and the Kraków dialect to the west.
The Western Lublin dialect belongs to the Lesser Poland dialect group and is located in the part of Poland. It borders the Eastern Lublin dialect to the east, the Lasovia dialect to the south, the Kielce dialect to the west, and the Masovia Near Mazovian dialect to the north. Due to position of this dialect, many transitional features can be seen, generally as the result of Masovian influence, particularly in the east. This region can be divided into three subregions: a northern region which is more transitional between Lesser Poland and Masovia, a central region with older Lesser Polish traits, and a southern region with newer Lesser Polish traits.
The Eastern Lublin dialect belongs to the Lesser Poland dialect group and is located in the part of Poland. It borders the Western Lublin dialect to the west, the Lasovia dialect to the southwest, the Przemyśl dialect to the south, the Southern Borderlands dialect to the east, the Northern Borderlands dialect to the northeast, the Masovian Podlachia dialect to the north, and the Near Mazovian dialect to the northwest.
The Przemyśl dialect belongs to the Lesser Poland dialect group and is located in the part of Poland. It borders the Biecz dialect to the west, the Lasovia dialect to the northwest, the Eastern Lublin dialect to the northeast, and the Southern Borderlands dialect to the east.
The Sącz dialect belongs to the Lesser Poland dialect group and is located in the part of Poland. It is in part one of the dialects that belongs to the Goral ethnolect. It borders the Krakow dialect to the northwest, the Eastern Krakow dialect to the northeast, the Biecz dialect to the east, the Podhale dialect to the southeast, and the Żywiec dialect to the southwest. The region is generally split into east and west, and is characterized by having one reflex of the nasal vowels in three regions. Some residents here often do not consider themselves Gorals, but Lachs, particularly in the Podegrodzie region. Others consider themselves Gorals. Historically, Lemkos were also found here. Sądecka is considered a transitional dialect between Goral dialects and sub-Krakovian (Krakowskie) dialects, and features from this region have spread to many nearby regions, namely the feature that ę and ą have merged into nasal ǫ, which is then denasalized.
The Ostróda dialect belongs to the Masovian dialect group, but is sometimes considered part of the new mixed dialects, and is located in the part of Poland. It borders the Lubawa dialect to the west, the Masurian dialects to the south, the Warmia dialect to the east, and the new mixed dialects to the north.
The Warmia dialect belongs to the Masovian dialect group and is located in the part of Poland. It borders the Ostróda dialect to the west, the Masurian dialects to the south, and the new mixed dialects to the east and north.
The dialect belongs to the Masovian dialect group and is located in the part of Poland. It borders the Near Mazovian dialect to the north, the Lesser Polish Masovian Borderland dialect to the east, and the Łęczyca dialect to the south and west.
The Near Mazovian dialect belongs to the Masovian dialect group and is located in the part of Poland. It borders the Łowicz dialect to the southwest, the Lesser Polish Masovian Borderland dialect to the south, the Western Lublin dialect to the southeast, the Podlachia dialect to the east, the Far Mazovian dialect to the north, the Greater Polish Chełmno-Dobrzyń dialect to the northwest, the Kujawy dialect to the west, and the Lesser Polish Sieradz dialect to the southwest.
The Far Mazovian dialect belongs to the Masovian dialect group and is located in the part of Poland. It borders the Near Mazovian dialect to the south, the Podlachia dialect to the east, the Kurpie dialect and Masurian dialects to the north. and the Greater Polish Chełmno-Dobrzyń dialect to the west. Generally this dialect is fading, and many typical Masovian features are being replaced with Standard Polish features.