 | This article relies largely or entirely on a single source .(November 2024) |
| Kliszczak dialect | |
|---|---|
| Native to | Poland |
| Region | Southern Poland |
Indo-European
| |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | – |
The Kliszczak dialect belongs to the Lesser Poland dialect group and is located in the southern part of Poland. It is in part one of the dialects that belongs to the Goral ethnolect. [1]
Typical of Lesser Polish dialects (as well as Greater Polish dialects), voicing of word-final consonants before vowels and liquids is present here. Also typical of Lesser Polish dialects is the presence of mazuration. [1]
-e- may be inserted between some consonant clusters: meter (metr). Notably, a common to the region shift of ił, il > to -eł, -el/-ył, -yl is absent here. i was retained after rz by older speakers, but now merges with y. The Lechitic ablaut is often absent before hard dental consonants. The so-called “Podhalanian archaism” is partially present here; after etymological cz, ż, sz (now c, z, s) as well as after etymological cy, zy, sy, i is retained. [1]
Slanted á is retained as á or raises to o, but is more commonly raised as to o, especially since the middle of the 20th century. Slanted é raises to y after both hard and soft consonants. Slanted ó is retained as ó. [1]
In the south, both nasals are merged into a single nasal vowel. Otherwise, ęC and ąC tend to decompose to yN and oN, especially in modern times, except before sibilants, where nasality can be retained. Final -ę was often retained in the first person singular present of verbs and feminine accusative singular of nouns, at least historically. Final -ą often retained nasality, at least historically, in the third person plural present of verbs and in the accusative feminine singular of adjectives, numerals and pronouns. Final -ą usually decomposes to -om in the instrumental feminine singular of nouns, adjectives, numerals and pronouns. [1]
Labialization of o to ô is common in all positions, but strongest initially. This often leads to hypercorrections: opata (łopata). Initial a- usually gains a prothetic j- in certain words. Prothetic h- may be inserted before other initial vowels including a-, but is usually restricted to particular words. [1]
Final -ch strengthens to -k in all contexts, i.e. in both stems and in morphological endings. ch can shift to k also in cluster: kcieć (chcieć). trz, strz, drz usually simplify to cz, szcz, dż. źr is present instead of jrz. n does not assimilate to a velar nasal consonant before velar consonants. Final and pre-sibilant ń often shifts to j and nasalizes the previous vowel. ł is often lost after other consonants. [1]
Common Goral inflectional patterns are present in this dialect.
-owi is used for the dative for all masculine nouns and also in the masculine locative singular - this replaced the ending -owiu (as a result of contamination of -u and -owi) that was used in the 20th century. -a is preferred for the masculine genitive singular over -u. The nominative plural of collective virile nouns is formed with -á/-o instead of -owie. The archaic -e of feminine genitive singular of soft stems is preserved. [1]
Final -ej shifts to -y (after hard consonants), -i (after soft consonants). However, within the pronoun ten, the feminine genitive singular (te) is distinguished from the feminine dative singular (ty). The superlative may be formed with either no- or noj-. [1]
Verbs whose past tense end in -ął, -ęl- shift to -on and -en(V) respectively. The aorist is retained in the first person singular, with a shift of -ch > -k: byłek (byłem), and can also be seen in the first person conditional: rôbiłbyk (robiłbym). być often takes analytical declensions: jo jest (jestem), sǫmy/my sǫ (jesteśmy), já byó (byłem), my byli (byliśmy). The contemporary adverbial participle is formed with -yncy instead of -ąc. Certain verb declensions are leveled from r||rz to r||r: bieres (bierzesz), but this is restricted to certain words. [1]
The prefix roz- is usually realized as ôz-. z- and z are often archaically retained as s- and s- and allophonically realized as ś- and ś. [1]
Word-formation tendencies typical of southern Poland are present here as well. [1]
-on is often used instead of -anin. [1]
Possessive adjectives may be formed with -in. [1]
Iteratives are often formed with -ować instead of -ywać/-iwać. [1]
Indefinite pronouns as well as adverbs of location are often formed with -si or -sik. [1]
Atypical of Polish dialects, masculine personal and masculine animal nouns are often not levelled. Plural forms may be used as a form of respect. [1]
The Podhale dialect belongs to the Lesser Poland dialect group and is located in the part of Poland. It is in part one of the dialects that belongs to the Goral ethnolect. It borders the Orawa dialect to the west, the Kliszczacy dialect to the north, and the Spisz dialect and Zagórze dialect to the east.
The Krajna dialect belongs to the Greater Poland dialect group and is located in the part of Poland. It borders the Bory Tucholskie dialect to the northeast, the Northern Greater Polish dialect to the south, and the Kashubian language to the north. Due to its position, it is a transitional dialect and shares many features with neighboring dialects and languages, and is very diverse.
The Chełmno–Dobrzyń dialect belongs to the Greater Poland dialect group and is located in the northern part of Poland. It borders the Bory Tucholskie dialect to the East, the Kociewie dialect to the north, the Kujawy dialect to the south, the Masovian Lubawa dialect to the northeast, and the Near Mazovian dialect to the southeast.
The Kuyavian dialect belongs to the Greater Poland dialect group and is spoken in Kuyavia. It borders the Chełmno-Dobrzyń dialect to the north, the Northern Greater Polish dialect to the west, the Eastern Greater Polish dialect to the south, the Masovian Near Mazovian dialect to the northwest and the Łęczyca dialect to the southeast.
The Eastern Greater Poland dialect belongs to the Greater Poland dialect group and is located in the part of Poland. It borders the Kujawy dialect to the north, the Central Greater Polish dialect to the east, and the Lesser Poland Łęczyca dialect to the northwest and the Sieradz dialect to the southwest.
The Masovian Borderland dialect belongs to the Lesser Poland dialect group and is located in the part of Poland. It borders the Kielce dialect to the south, the Łęczyca dialect to the east, the Western Lublin dialect, Masovian Łowicz dialect to the northeast, and the Near Mazovian dialect to the north. Similar to Łęczyca and Sieradz, influences from many dialect regions can be seen here.
The Kraków dialect belongs to the Lesser Poland dialect group and is located in the part of Poland. It borders the Sieradz dialect to the north, the Kielce dialect to the northeast, the Eastern Kraków dialect to the east, the Sącz dialect to the south, and Silesian to the west. Scholars often debate about the northern and western borders of this dialect. This dialect is slowly losing many features and replacing them with those from Standard Polish.
The dialect belongs to the Lesser Poland dialect group and is located in the part of Poland. It borders the Kielce dialect to the north, the Lasovia dialect to the east, the Biecz dialect to the southeast, the Sącz dialect to the south, and the Kraków dialect to the west.
The Podegrodzie dialect belongs to the Lesser Poland dialect group and is located in the part of Poland. It borders the Krakow dialect to the northwest, the Eastern Krakow dialect to the northeast, the Biecz dialect to the east, the Piwniczna dialect to the southeast, and the Łącko dialect to the southwest. The region is generally split into east and west, and is characterized by having one reflex of the nasal vowels in three regions. Some residents here often do not consider themselves Gorals, but Lachs, particularly in the Podegrodzie region. Others consider themselves Gorals. Historically, Lemkos were also found here. Sądecka is considered a transitional dialect between Goral dialects and sub-Krakovian (Krakowskie) dialects, and features from this region have spread to many nearby regions, namely the feature that ę and ą have merged into nasal ǫ, which is then denasalized.
The Żywiec dialect belongs to the Lesser Poland dialect group and is located in the part of Poland. It is in part one of the dialects that belongs to the Goral ethnolect. It borders the Sącz dialect to the northeast, the Orawa dialect to the east, and Silesian to the northwest. In the past this region was often considered a subregion of neighboring areas, having been much affected by them, as well as by foreign languages, namely Czech, Slovak, German, Carpathian Rusyn, and Hungarian. Żywiecczyzna is a strongly varied dialect and is able to be divided into three regions: a south-east region, a south-west region, and a northern region.
The Orawa dialect belongs to the Lesser Poland dialect group and is located in part of Poland and Slovakia. It is in part one of the dialects that belongs to the Goral ethnolect. It borders the Żywiec dialect to the far northwest, the Babia Góra dialect to the north, and the Podhale dialect to the east. The Orawa dialect is partially Poland with 14 settlements, and partially in Slovakia with 11. The use of dialect here is strong, and the effects of Standard Polish are weaker than in other regions.
The Ostróda dialect belongs to the Masovian dialect group, but is sometimes considered part of the new mixed dialects, and is located in the part of Poland. It borders the Lubawa dialect to the west, the Masurian dialects to the south, the Warmia dialect to the east, and the new mixed dialects to the north.
The dialect belongs to the Masovian dialect group and is located in the part of Poland. It borders the Near Mazovian dialect to the north, the Lesser Polish Masovian Borderland dialect to the east, and the Łęczyca dialect to the south and west.
The Near Masovian dialect belongs to the Masovian dialect group and is located in the part of Poland. It borders the Łowicz dialect to the southwest, the Lesser Polish Masovian Borderland dialect to the south, the Western Lublin dialect to the southeast, the Podlachia dialect to the east, the Far Mazovian dialect to the north, the Greater Polish Chełmno-Dobrzyń dialect to the northwest, the Kujawy dialect to the west, and the Lesser Polish Sieradz dialect to the southwest.
The Far Masovian dialect belongs to the Masovian dialect group and is located in the part of Poland. It borders the Near Mazovian dialect to the south, the Podlachia dialect to the east, the Kurpie dialect and Masurian dialects to the north. and the Greater Polish Chełmno-Dobrzyń dialect to the west. Generally this dialect is fading, and many typical Masovian features are being replaced with Standard Polish features.
The Kurpie dialect belongs to the Masovian dialect group and is located in the part of Poland. It borders the Masurian dialects to the north and the Far Mazovian dialect to the south. The Kurpie dialect is generally well preserved, and a strong cultural connection to the dialect can be felt amongst speakers. Standard Polish is used by most people in the region, often alongside Kurpian, and code-switching between the two frequently happens.
The Zagórze dialect also known as the Gorce dialect belongs to the Lesser Poland dialect group and is located in the part of Poland. It is in part one of the dialects that belongs to the Goral ethnolect. It borders the Podhale dialect to the south, the Kliszczacy dialect to the west, the Kraków dialect to the north and the Goral and Lachy Sącz dialects to the east.
The Pieniny dialect belongs to the Lesser Poland dialect group and is located in the part of Poland. It is in part one of the dialects that belongs to the Goral ethnolect.
The Łącko dialect belongs to the Lesser Poland dialect group and is located in the southern part of Poland. It is in part one of the dialects that belongs to the Goral ethnolect.
The Piwniczna dialect belongs to the Lesser Poland dialect group and is located in the southern part of Poland. It is in part one of the dialects that belongs to the Goral ethnolect.
 | This article needs additional or more specific categories .(November 2024) |