Goral ethnolect

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Goral
Highlander Polish, Highland Polish
górolsko gwara
góralsko gwara
PronunciationSlavic pronunciation: [ˈɡorɔlskɔˈɡvara]
Native to Poland (Lesser Poland Voivodeship, Silesian Voivodeship)
Slovakia (Žilina Region, Prešov Region), Hungary, Ukraine, Romania
Region Goral Lands
Ethnicity Gorals
Native speakers
50,307 in Slovakia (2023 study) [1]
Latin script
Language codes
ISO 639-3 –
A map based on isoglosses within the Goral dialect group Map of Goral dialects.webp
A map based on isoglosses within the Goral dialect group

Goral, rarely called Highlander or Highland Polish, is an ethnolect of the Lechitic group, more specifically of the Lesser Poland dialect group spoken by the Gorals. Its vocabulary was significantly influenced by many languages like Slovak, [2] Rusyn, Hungarian, Romanian and German, being common vocabulary of the Carpathian region. [3] Some consider Goral to be a microlanguage, [4] alongside Silesian and to a lesser extent Masurian. [5]

Contents

The term Goral was first used in reference to the ethnolect by Pavol Jozef Šafárik in his book Slowanské starožitnosti, [6] [7] and the term derives from the Slavic word for mountain (góra, hora) and the noun-forming suffix denoting people -al. [8]

Due to their isolation, Goral dialects have many influences from Slovak, diverging significantly from the Polish literary standard and other dialects. The resulting system is also quite resilient to effects from Standard Polish, showing a more stable, unique system when compared to other Polish dialects. [9] It is often equated to the Podhale dialect; however, this is only one of the many Goral dialects. [10]

Transcription

Goral orthography is fairly unstandardized and may vary significantly dialect-to-dialect, most notably in the writing of the slanted vowels.

Letters [11] [12]
Majuscule forms (also called uppercase or capital letters)
AÁBCĆDEÉFGHIJKLŁMNŃOÓPRSŚTUWYÝZŹŻ
Minuscule forms (also called lowercase or small letters)
aábcćdeéfghijklłmnńoóprsśtuwyýzźż
Phonetic realizations in IPA
aɒbt͡st͡ɕdɛefgx~ɦijklwmnɲɔoprsɕtuvɨi [lower-alpha 1] zʑʐ
Digraphs
Majuscule forms (also called uppercase or capital letters)
AUCHCZDZDŹDŻEURZSZ
Minuscule forms (also called lowercase or small letters)
auchczdzdźdżeurzsz
Phonetic realizations in IPA
auxt͡ʂd͡zd͡ʑd͡ʐeur̝~ʐ~ʂʂ
  1. ↑ used after sibilants to show a lack of palatalization

Phonology

There is a tendency to reduce the number of phonemes in the phonological system of Goral, usually by raised the historic slanted vowels, by merging certain consonants, and by simplifying many consonant clusters. [13]

Vowels

A few vowel systems may occur throughout Goral, with one being the most dominant. [14]

Goral vowels [14]
Front Central Back
Close i ɨ [lower-alpha 1] u
Close-mid ( e ) [lower-alpha 2] o [lower-alpha 3]
Open-mid ɛ ɔ
Open a ( ɒ ) [lower-alpha 4]
  1. ↑ Preserved in most dialects, but may merge in Liptov, Pohorelá, Horelica na Kysuciach, and the Stará Ľubovňa District, where it approaches phonetically [ɪ]
  2. ↑ Preserved in Pohorelá, otherwise merges with y or i
  3. ↑ Preserved in most dialects, but merges with /ɔ/ in Liptov, Horelica na Kysuciach, and the Stará Ľubovňa District, with /u/ in Babia Góra or replaces Polish nasals in the Pogórze Goral dialects
  4. ↑ Now rare, generally merged with /ɔ/

Consonants

Goral consonants [15]
Labial Dental/
Alveolar 		Retroflex (Alveolo-)
palatal 		Velar
Nasal m n ɲ
Plosive voiceless p t k
voiced b d ɡ
Affricate voiceless t͡s t͡ʂ [lower-alpha 1] t͡ɕ [lower-alpha 2]
voiced d͡z d͡ʐ [lower-alpha 1] d͡ʑ [lower-alpha 2]
Fricative voiceless f s ʂ [lower-alpha 1] ɕ [lower-alpha 2] x
voiced v z ʐ [lower-alpha 1] ʑ [lower-alpha 2]
Trill r r̝ [lower-alpha 3]
Approximant ( w ) l j w
  1. 1 2 3 4 Typically merged with /t͡s d͡z s z/ due Masuration, or is the result from a loss of /r̝/
  2. 1 2 3 4 May be hardened towards [t͡ʃ d͡ʒ ʃ ʒ] due to Slovak influence
  3. ↑ often becomes /ʂ/ (after voiceless consonants) or /ʐ/ (after voiced consonants) in many dialects

Grammar

There is a strong tendency to level the multiple inherited declension patterns in Goral. [16]

The first person present/future singular of verbs is most commonly formed across the whole region with -m as a result of Slovak influence: bedem/bedym, idem/idym (Standard Polish będę, idę). [16] These forms can also be reinforced via levelling of paradigms such as móc > mozym, however, this is not a uniform process, and forms such as mogymy without the g||z alternation are also present. Forms such as bede in some regions, but often -m is preferred by the younger generation. [16] Most dialects form the first person present/future plural of verbs with -me, also the result of Slovak influence. [17]

Many dialects, namely Kysuce, Spisz, and parts of Orawa, level both mobile-e declensions as well as ablaut: zymb > zymba (Standard Polish ząb > zęba); lyn > lynu (Standard Polish len > lnu). [18]

The comparative is generally formed with -sy instead of -ejszy. [18]

The complex gender system of Polish distinguishing masculine personal, masculine animal, and masculine inanimate nouns is also levelled, whereby the plurals of masculine personal nouns are replaced with the plurals of masculine animal nouns, but the masculine virile plural forms of past tense verbs replace non-virile forms: hlopi robili, baby robili. Similarly, the feminine form of dwie is replaced with dwa: dwa baby. [19] A similar process of levelling occurs in eastern Slovak dialects, as well as most Polish dialects. [20] [21]

In southern Spiš, many feminine nouns ending in -w are extended with mobile e: kerwi (Standard Polish krwi). [20]

History and culture

Goral has a rich literary tradition reaching back to the 19th century with notable authors such as Władysław Orkan, Andrzej Stopka Nazimek or Kazimierz Przerwa Tetmajer. [22] Other sites exist, such as hawok.pl, a news site written in Goral and about Goral affairs.

The history of Goral stretches back to the XIII century. The area was initially fully part of Vistulia and later Poland in the Middle Ages but was at the time very sparsely populated, with the possible exceptions of the Dunajec and Poprad valleys where the locals spoke a Lechitic dialect related to the Muszyna dialect and similar to Eastern Slovak explaining the many similarities in lexicon and partially phonology. [23] This promoted settlement from the 13th to 17th century by Lesser Polish peasants, Germans and notably for the region migrating Vlachs (Rusyns and Slovaks) motivated by the lack of serfdom (similarly to Ukraine). The mix of these languages and a unique history compared to the rest of Poland gave rise to Goral. [24] [25] [26]

Slovak influences

Northern Slovak dialects have deeply influenced Goral dialects, but the direction of influence is one-way, as Goral has not affected Slovak dialects. [27] This effect has become stronger in recent years, with many Goral dialects borrowing even more from Slovak. [28] Soft labials and soft velars depalatalize in some villages due to Slovak influence: ciebe, slodke (ciebie, slodkie). [29]

Common features

Many features indicate a Lechitic origin for Goral:

  1. As in Polish and Polish dialects, Proto-Slavic *TorT, TolT developed into TroT, TloT (as opposed to Slovak TraT, TlaT): broda, głowa. This feature is one of the defining sound changes evincing the Lechitic origin of Goral, and not Slovak. A few Slovak forms are present via borrowing. [30]
  2. Also as in Polish, an ablaut of the Proto-Slavic front vowels *ě, e, ę 'a ʼo ʼǫ and depalitalisation of the syllabic sonorants *r̥', ľ̥ to r̥, l̥ before t, d, n, r, ł, (l), s, z: wiara, wierzýć. [31]
  3. Many vowel alternations are levelled due to morphological analogy as well as Polish-Slovak influence: niese, niesym; niesies; niesie (Standard Polish niosę; niesiesz; niesie and Slovak nesiem; nesieš; nesie). [32]
  4. A raising of old slanted é to y, even after soft consonants: chlyb. [33] [34] However, slanted é may rarely be heard regionally. Slanted ó is still present, but may sporadically with o on occasion due to Slovak influence. Slanted á has generally merged with o, but can rarely be heard regionally. o resulting from old slanted á does not undergo labialization. Due to Slovak influence, this o may also be replaced by a, especially in morphological endings due to analogy. [35]
  5. Frequent labialization of o to ô: ôkno. [36]
  6. A decomposition or denasalisation of nasal vowels. Decomposition usually occurs when a nasal is before a consonant. Word-final -ę denasalises, and word-final -ą decomposes to -om. Regionally, total denasalisation in all positions occurs. The resulting denasalised vowel can have either a more Polish or Slovak realisation depending on the region. [37] [38]
  7. As in other Lesser Poland dialects, masuration is present, except in a few dialects. Jabłonkowanie and even hardening ś ź ć to s z c is also present in some dialects. [39] [40]
  8. The alternation of g||ch, common in Polish, is only marginally present here, and often ch weakens to h, as does g. Final -ch usually strengthens to -k or regionally -f, especially in morphological endings. This change happens less frequently in stems, and some dialects restore original -ch due to Slovak influence. As a result of Slovak influence, the phoneme h may contrast with ch in some dialects. [41] [42]
  9. A fricative pronunciation of rz as /r̝/ can be heard regionally here. Elsewhere, it either merges with ż, sz, as in Polish (but notably does not undergo masuration), or hardens to r as in Slovak. [43]
  10. The preservation of the so-called Podhale archaism: after etymological cz, ż, sz (now c, z, s) as well as after etymological cy, zy, sy, i is retained, which is the original pronunciation, and i is also preserved after rz. [44]
  11. The preservation of the first person aorist as -k/-f. [45]
  12. A common vocabulary different from other Lesser Polish dialects.
  13. Initial accent. [46]

Example

Goral [lower-alpha 1] [47] PolishSlovakEnglish

Ôjce nas, côś jes w niebié;
niek sié świynci imié Twôjé;
Niek przýdzié Twôjé królôwanié;
Niek sié spełniyło Twôja wólo na ziymi, tak jakô i w niebié;
Chlyba nasegô posedniygô dej nom dzisiok;
I ôdpuść nom nase przewiny,
tak jakô my darujemy tym, cô nom przewiniyli;
I nié dej, côby my sié dali pôkusie,
ba nos uchowoj ôde złegô
Jamyn.

Ojcze nasz, któryś jest w niebie,
święć się imię Twoje,
przyjdź królestwo Twoje,
bądź wola Twoja
jako w niebie tak i na ziemi.
Chleba naszego powszedniego daj nam dzisiaj.
I odpuść nam nasze winy,
jako i my odpuszczamy naszym winowajcom.
I nie wódź nas na pokuszenie,
ale nas zbaw od złego.
Amen.

Otče náš, ktorý si na nebesiach,
posväť sa meno tvoje,
príď kráľovstvo tvoje,
buď vôľa tvoja ako v nebi, tak i na zemi.
Chlieb náš každodenný daj nám dnes
a odpusť nám naše viny,
ako aj my odpúšťame svojim vinníkom,
a neuveď nás do pokušenia,
ale zbav nás zlého. Amen.

Our Father who art in heaven,
hallowed be thy name.
Thy kingdom come,
thy will be done,
on earth, as it is in heaven.
Give us this day our daily bread,
and forgive us our trespasses,
as we forgive those who trespass against us.
And lead us not into temptation,
but deliver us from evil.
Amen.

  1. ↑ In most dialects, é is as y or e word-finally and á is often written as o. Labialization of ô is often not written as well.

Dialects

Dialects of Goral include:

  • Carpathian-Podgórze Goral dialects

The dialects spoken by Silesian Gorals are considered closer Silesian but are referred to as Goral by Silesian Gorals in Poland, due to them feeling more Goral than Silesian. [48] Silesian Gorals in Zaolzie usually consider themselves more Silesian and are more likely to call it Silesian. [49] [50] The Łącko and northern Piwniczna dialects have been under very heavy Lach influence, with some even claiming that there are only a few traits of Goral left in the dialects. [51]

Related Research Articles

The Lechiticlanguages are a language subgroup consisting of Polish and several other languages and dialects that were once spoken in the area that is now Poland and eastern Germany. It is one of the branches of the larger West Slavic subgroup; the other branches of this subgroup are the Czech–Slovak languages and the Sorbian languages.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dialects of Polish</span> Overview of dialects of the Polish language

Polish dialects are regional vernacular varieties of the Polish language, and often show developments starting from an earlier stage of the language, often Old Polish or Middle Polish, namely the development of the so-called "pitched" or "slanted" vowels.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lesser Poland dialect group</span> Dialect of the Polish language

The Lesser Polish dialect group is a of dialect group of the Polish language used in Lesser Poland. The exact area is difficult to delineate due to the expansion of its features and the existence of transitional subdialects.

The Podhale dialect belongs to the Lesser Poland dialect group and is located in the part of Poland. It is in part one of the dialects that belongs to the Goral ethnolect. It borders the Orawa dialect to the west, the Kliszczacy dialect to the north, and the Spisz dialect and Zagórze dialect to the east.

The Kociewie dialect belongs to the Greater Poland dialect group and is located in the northern part of Poland. It borders the Bory Tucholskie dialect to the northwest, the Chełmno-Dobrzyń dialect to the south, the Kashubian language to the north, and the Masovian Lubawa dialect to the northeast. Due to its position, the Kociewie dialect sometimes shares more features with Masovian dialects than with Greater Polish dialects, and is usually considered a transitional dialect, and some Kashubian influence can also be seen.

The Tuchola Forest dialect belongs to the Greater Poland dialect group and is located in the part of Poland. It borders the Krajna dialect to the south, the Chełmno-Dobrzyń dialect to the southeast, the Kociewie dialect to the east, and the Kashubian language to the north.

The Krajna dialect belongs to the Greater Poland dialect group and is located in the part of Poland. It borders the Bory Tucholskie dialect to the northeast, the Northern Greater Polish dialect to the south, and the Kashubian language to the north. Due to its position, it is a transitional dialect and shares many features with neighboring dialects and languages, and is very diverse.

The Kuyavuan dialect belongs to the Greater Poland dialect group and is located in the part of Poland. It borders the Chełmno-Dobrzyń dialect to the north, the Northern Greater Polish dialect to the west, the Eastern Greater Polish dialect to the south, the Masovian Near Mazovian dialect to the northwest and the Łęczyca dialect to the southeast.

The Northern Greater Polish dialect belongs to the Greater Poland dialect group and is located in the part of Poland. It borders the Krajna dialect to the northwest, the Kujawy dialect to the northeast, the Western Greater Polish dialect to the far southwest, and the Central Greater Polish dialect to the south. The exact borders of Northern Greater Polish are not clear. The Krzyszczewo and Wola Skorzęcka subdialect occupies part of Northern Greater Polish and part of Central Greater Polish geographically, and also somewhat linguistically. The dialect of these villages is increasingly affected by Standard Polish, as demonstrated by the number of similar features.

The Łęczyca dialect belongs to the Lesser Poland dialect group and is located in the part of Poland. It borders the Sieradz dialect to the southeast, the Kielce dialect to the southwest, the Masovian Borderland dialect to the east, the Eastern Greater Polish dialect to the northeast, and the Kujawy dialect to the far northeast. Łęczyca, along with Sieradz, occupy central Poland, which greatly affects them. The classification of the Łęczyca and Sieradz subdialects is often debated; some have classified them as Lesser Polish, whereas others as belonging to Greater Polish. Łęczyca and Sieradz have even been considered as one group due to the large number of similarities by Eugeniusz Pawłowski and others. This unclear categorization is the result of the land being placed under control of various administrative territories throughout history, resulting in a transitional dialect between Greater Polish, Lesser Polish, and Masovian. Furthermore, many dialectal traits of the region are fading, and Standard Polish is becoming more prevalent.

The Kielce dialect belongs to the Lesser Poland dialect group and is located in the part of Poland. It borders the Masovian Borderland dialect to the north, the Western Lublin dialect to the northeast, the Lasovia dialect to the southeast, the Eastern Krakow dialect to the south, the Krakow dialect to the southwest, the Sieradz dialect to the west, and the Łęczyca dialect to the northwest.

The Kraków dialect belongs to the Lesser Poland dialect group and is located in the part of Poland. It borders the Sieradz dialect to the north, the Kielce dialect to the northeast, the Eastern Kraków dialect to the east, the Sącz dialect to the south, and Silesian to the west. Scholars often debate about the northern and western borders of this dialect. This dialect is slowly losing many features and replacing them with those from Standard Polish.

The Podegrodzie dialect belongs to the Lesser Poland dialect group and is located in the part of Poland. It borders the Krakow dialect to the northwest, the Eastern Krakow dialect to the northeast, the Biecz dialect to the east, the Piwniczna dialect to the southeast, and the Łącko dialect to the southwest. The region is generally split into east and west, and is characterized by having one reflex of the nasal vowels in three regions. Some residents here often do not consider themselves Gorals, but Lachs, particularly in the Podegrodzie region. Others consider themselves Gorals. Historically, Lemkos were also found here. Sądecka is considered a transitional dialect between Goral dialects and sub-Krakovian (Krakowskie) dialects, and features from this region have spread to many nearby regions, namely the feature that ę and ą have merged into nasal ǫ, which is then denasalized.

The Żywiec dialect belongs to the Lesser Poland dialect group and is located in the part of Poland. It is in part one of the dialects that belongs to the Goral ethnolect. It borders the Sącz dialect to the northeast, the Orawa dialect to the east, and Silesian to the northwest. In the past this region was often considered a subregion of neighboring areas, having been much affected by them, as well as by foreign languages, namely Czech, Slovak, German, Carpathian Rusyn, and Hungarian. Żywiecczyzna is a strongly varied dialect and is able to be divided into three regions: a south-east region, a south-west region, and a northern region.

The Orawa dialect belongs to the Lesser Poland dialect group and is located in part of Poland and Slovakia. It is in part one of the dialects that belongs to the Goral ethnolect. It borders the Żywiec dialect to the far northwest, the Babia Góra dialect to the north, and the Podhale dialect to the east. The Orawa dialect is partially Poland with 14 settlements, and partially in Slovakia with 11. The use of dialect here is strong, and the effects of Standard Polish are weaker than in other regions.

The Spisz dialect belongs to the Lesser Poland dialect group and is located in the part of Poland. It is in part one of the dialects that belongs to the Goral ethnolect. It borders the Podhale dialect to the northwest.

The Lubawa dialect belongs to the Masovian dialect group and is located in the part of Poland. It borders the Ostróda dialect to the northeast, the Masurian dialects to the east, the Greater Polish Chełmno-Dobrzyń dialect to the south and west, and the new mixed dialects to the north.

The Ostróda dialect belongs to the Masovian dialect group, but is sometimes considered part of the new mixed dialects, and is located in the part of Poland. It borders the Lubawa dialect to the west, the Masurian dialects to the south, the Warmia dialect to the east, and the new mixed dialects to the north.

The Warmia dialect belongs to the Masovian dialect group and is located in the part of Poland. It borders the Ostróda dialect to the west, the Masurian dialects to the south, and the new mixed dialects to the east and north.

The Chwalim dialect was a Lechitic dialect spoken up to first half of 20th century in Chwalim in present-day western Poland. Historically, the village belongs to Lower Silesia. Although the dialect features are typical for Silesian, the speakers believed that they were descendants of Sorbs. The dialect is classified as a Silesian dialect, and more specifically, the Lower Silesian dialect group, but displays some Greater Polish influence.

References

  1. ↑ Ravasz, Ábel; Kovács, Ľuboš; Zamišková, Anna (2023). Atlas rozmanitosti Slovenska: Gorali a Rusíni na Strednom Slovensku (in Slovak). p. 27.
  2. 1 2 Dudášová-Kriššáková 2016, pp. 7.
  3. ↑ Dudášová-Kriššáková 2016, pp. 74.
  4. ↑ Artur Czesak (2006). A. Dulichenko; J. Dunn (eds.). "Góralski i śląski - mikrojęzyki literackie in statu nascendi?". Slavic Literary Microlanguages and Language Contacts (in Polish). Kraków.
  5. ↑ Mętrak, Maciej (2017). Unrecognised languages of Poland? The case of nonstandard dialects struggling to protect their identity (in Polish). Polish Academy of Sciences.
  6. ↑ "Gorali z Hladovky a Suchej Hory - Gorali".
  7. ↑ Dudášová-Kriššáková 2016, pp. 18.
  8. ↑ Boryś, Wiesław (2008). Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego (in Polish). Kraków: Wydawnictwo literackie. p. 175. ISBN   978-83-08-04191-8. góral od XVIII w. 'mieszkaniec gór', dial. też gorał (gorol) 'ts.'. Por. cz. horal 'ts.', sic. hora/ 'ts.'. Od góry mn (zob. góra), z przyr. -al (co do budowy por. np. brzydal). Do języka liter, przejęte z gwar płd. (może z gwary podhalańskiej), gdzie prawdopodobnie jest zapożyczeniem ze słowackiego bądź z czeskiego. — Od tego góralka; góralski -> góralszczyzna.
  9. ↑ Dudášová-Kriššáková 2016, pp. 36.
  10. ↑ Artur Białek (12 May 2024). "Gwara góralska niejedno ma imię. Najlepiej zachowała się na Podhalu". national-geographic (in Polish). Archived from the original on August 6, 2024.
  11. ↑ Anna Mlekodaj, ed. (2004). Edukacja regionalna na Podtatrzu : Ścieżki i manowce (PDF) (in Polish). Nowy Targ: Podhalańska Państwowa Wyższa Szkoła Zawodowa w Nowym Targu. ISBN   83-921589-1-1.
  12. ↑ "Nasza Pisownia Podhalańka – Zwięzłe Przedstawienie Zasad Zapisu". www.facebook.com. Gwara Góralsko Skolnego Podholo. January 18, 2017. Retrieved 16 July 2024.
  13. ↑ Dudášová-Kriššáková 2016, pp. 50.
  14. 1 2 Dudášová-Kriššáková 2016, pp. 60–62.
  15. ↑ Dudášová-Kriššáková 2016, pp. 63–69.
  16. 1 2 3 Dudášová-Kriššáková 2016, pp. 70.
  17. ↑ Dudášová-Kriššáková 2016, pp. 71.
  18. 1 2 Dudášová-Kriššáková 2016, pp. 72.
  19. ↑ Dudášová-Kriššáková 2016, pp. 72–73.
  20. 1 2 Dudášová-Kriššáková 2016, pp. 73.
  21. ↑ Makowska 2012, pp. 100–101.
  22. ↑ "Podhalańskie "słowo pisane"". z-ne.pl (in Polish). 2011. Archived from the original on May 18, 2024.
  23. ↑ Bednarczuk, Leszek (2001). Uwagi o pochodzeniu gwary muszyńskiej.
  24. ↑ Dudášová-Kriššáková 2016, pp. 40.
  25. ↑ "historia". z-ne.pl (in Polish). 1999–2024. Archived from the original on June 18, 2021.
  26. ↑ Józef Kąś (2018). "Gwara, ciekawostki gwarowe w regionach". etnozagroda.pl (in Polish). Archived from the original on July 20, 2024.
  27. ↑ Dudášová-Kriššáková 2016, pp. 37–38.
  28. ↑ Dudášová-Kriššáková 2016, pp. 38.
  29. ↑ Dudášová-Kriššáková 2016, pp. 58.
  30. ↑ Dudášová-Kriššáková 2016, pp. 42.
  31. ↑ Dudášová-Kriššáková 2016, pp. 42–43.
  32. ↑ Dudášová-Kriššáková 2016, pp. 43.
  33. ↑ Dudášová-Kriššáková 2016, pp. 43–44.
  34. ↑ Makowska 2012, pp. 97–98.
  35. ↑ Dudášová-Kriššáková 2016, pp. 46–48.
  36. ↑ Dudášová-Kriššáková 2016, pp. 44–45.
  37. ↑ Dudášová-Kriššáková 2016, pp. 45–46.
  38. ↑ Makowska 2012, pp. 98–99.
  39. ↑ Dudášová-Kriššáková 2016, pp. 48–50.
  40. ↑ Makowska 2012, pp. 96–97.
  41. ↑ Dudášová-Kriššáková 2016, pp. 50–52.
  42. ↑ Makowska 2012, pp. 97.
  43. ↑ Dudášová-Kriššáková 2016, pp. 52–53.
  44. ↑ Makowska 2012, pp. 99.
  45. ↑ Makowska 2012, pp. 99–100.
  46. ↑ Wajda, Ludwika (1976). "Pogranicze gwarowe Góralsko-Lachowskie" [The Goral-Lach dialectal borderlands]. Rocznik Naukowo-Dydaktyczny. Prace Językoznawcze (in Polish). 3: 273–290. Retrieved 20 July 2024.
  47. ↑ Nowy Testament : Biblia Tysiąclecia (in Polish). Translated by Maria Matejowa Torbiarz. Pallottinum. 2002–2005. ISBN   83-7014-440-3.
  48. ↑ Zbigniew Greń (2000). "Zależności między typami poczucia regionalnego i etnicznego". Śląsk Cieszyński. Dziedzictwo językowe. Warszawa: Towarzystwo Naukowe Warszawskie. Instytut Slawistyki Polskiej Akademii Nauk. p. 121. ISBN   83-86619-09-0.
  49. ↑ J.w. s. 132.
  50. ↑ 4:00: „[…] miyndzy nami gorolami […]” w: "Soužití Čechů a Poláků". www.ceskatelevize.cz (in Czech). 2010-04-30.
  51. ↑ Józef Kąś (2018). "Gwara Górali Sądeckich (gwara łącka)". etnozagroda.pl (in Polish). Archived from the original on August 6, 2024.

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