 | This article relies largely or entirely on a single source .(November 2024) |
| Pieniny dialect | |
|---|---|
| Native to | Poland |
| Region | Pieniny |
Indo-European
| |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | – |
The Pieniny dialect belongs to the Lesser Poland dialect group and is located in the part of Poland. It is in part one of the dialects that belongs to the Goral ethnolect. [1]
Typical of Lesser Polish dialects (as well as Greater Polish dialects), voicing of word-final consonants before vowels and liquids is present here. Also typical of Lesser Polish dialects is the presence of mazuration. Initial accent is present here. [1]
The Lechitic ablaut is often absent before hard dental consonants. -e- may be inserted between some consonant clusters. The so-called “Podhalanian archaism” is absent here. [1]
Slanted á is retained as á or more frequently raises to o. Slanted é raises to y after both hard and soft consonants. Slanted ó is retained as ó. [1]
Nasal vowels show much variety between generations and location. Most commonly today, medial ę become oN, medial ą becomes óN, except when they are before a sibilant, in which case they shift to u with no nasal consonant. Final ę and -em becomes o, and final ą becomes ó, including in inflectional endings. Other instances of eN, yN, and aN often shift to oN. [1]
Initial o- usually labializes to ô-. Initial a- may sporadically gain a prothetic h- or j-. [1]
As in the Spisz dialect, final -ch shifts to -f in inflectional endings and some grammatical particles. ch may also shift to k in many cluster: kwila (chwila), and the cluster kt- shifts to ft-: fto (kto). Infintives ending in -ść, -źć are usually simplified to -ś, -ź. s may geminate in certain words: do lassa (do lasu). [1]
Typical Goral inflectional tendencies are present here.
The masculine/neuter instrumental singular ending -em shifts to -o. The archaic -e of feminine genitive singular of soft stems is preserved. -owi is used for the dative for all masculine nouns and also in the masculine locative singular. -a is preferred for the masculine genitive singular over -u. [1]
-ej often changes to -y in adjectival-pronominal inflections.
The prefix roz- is usually realized as ôz-.
Typical word-formation tendencies of southern Poland can be found here.
Iteratives are often formed with -uwać instead of -ywać/-iwać. [1]
Masculine personal nouns and masculine animal nouns are often levelled. Plural forms may be used as a form of respect. [1]
The Podhale dialect belongs to the Lesser Poland dialect group and is located in the part of Poland. It is in part one of the dialects that belongs to the Goral ethnolect. It borders the Orawa dialect to the west, the Kliszczacy dialect to the north, and the Spisz dialect and Zagórze dialect to the east.
The Chełmno–Dobrzyń dialect belongs to the Greater Poland dialect group and is located in the northern part of Poland. It borders the Bory Tucholskie dialect to the East, the Kociewie dialect to the north, the Kujawy dialect to the south, the Masovian Lubawa dialect to the northeast, and the Near Mazovian dialect to the southeast.
The Łęczyca dialect belongs to the Lesser Poland dialect group and is located in the part of Poland. It borders the Sieradz dialect to the southeast, the Kielce dialect to the southwest, the Masovian Borderland dialect to the east, the Eastern Greater Polish dialect to the northeast, and the Kujawy dialect to the far northeast. Łęczyca, along with Sieradz, occupy central Poland, which greatly affects them. The classification of the Łęczyca and Sieradz subdialects is often debated; some have classified them as Lesser Polish, whereas others as belonging to Greater Polish. Łęczyca and Sieradz have even been considered as one group due to the large number of similarities by Eugeniusz Pawłowski and others. This unclear categorization is the result of the land being placed under control of various administrative territories throughout history, resulting in a transitional dialect between Greater Polish, Lesser Polish, and Masovian. Furthermore, many dialectal traits of the region are fading, and Standard Polish is becoming more prevalent.
The Masovian Borderland dialect belongs to the Lesser Poland dialect group and is located in the part of Poland. It borders the Kielce dialect to the south, the Łęczyca dialect to the east, the Western Lublin dialect, Masovian Łowicz dialect to the northeast, and the Near Mazovian dialect to the north. Similar to Łęczyca and Sieradz, influences from many dialect regions can be seen here.
The Kielce dialect belongs to the Lesser Poland dialect group and is located in the part of Poland. It borders the Masovian Borderland dialect to the north, the Western Lublin dialect to the northeast, the Lasovia dialect to the southeast, the Eastern Krakow dialect to the south, the Krakow dialect to the southwest, the Sieradz dialect to the west, and the Łęczyca dialect to the northwest.
The Kraków dialect belongs to the Lesser Poland dialect group and is located in the part of Poland. It borders the Sieradz dialect to the north, the Kielce dialect to the northeast, the Eastern Kraków dialect to the east, the Sącz dialect to the south, and Silesian to the west. Scholars often debate about the northern and western borders of this dialect. This dialect is slowly losing many features and replacing them with those from Standard Polish.
The dialect belongs to the Lesser Poland dialect group and is located in the part of Poland. It borders the Kielce dialect to the northwest, the Western Lublin dialect to the northeast, the Eastern Lublin dialect to the east, the Przemyśl dialect to the southeast, the Biecz dialect to the southwest, the Eastern Krakow dialect to the southwest. Lasowska can be divided into four regions: eastern, central, northern, and western. Villages by the San and Łęg rivers are more similar the central subdialects, villages between the Vistula and Łęg are more like subdialects in Sandomierz, and villages near Grębów have traits of both.
The dialect belongs to the Lesser Poland dialect group and is located in the part of Poland. It borders the Kielce dialect to the north, the Lasovia dialect to the east, the Biecz dialect to the southeast, the Sącz dialect to the south, and the Kraków dialect to the west.
The Eastern Lublin dialect belongs to the Lesser Poland dialect group and is located in the part of Poland. It borders the Western Lublin dialect to the west, the Lasovia dialect to the southwest, the Przemyśl dialect to the south, the Southern Borderlands dialect to the east, the Northern Borderlands dialect to the northeast, the Masovian Podlachia dialect to the north, and the Near Mazovian dialect to the northwest.
The Biecz dialect or Pogorzan dialect is a dialect of the Polish language belonging to the Lesser Poland dialect group. It borders the Sącz dialect to the west, the Eastern Krakow dialect to the north, the Lasovia dialect to the northeast, and the Przemyśl dialect to the east.
The Podegrodzie dialect belongs to the Lesser Poland dialect group and is located in the part of Poland. It borders the Krakow dialect to the northwest, the Eastern Krakow dialect to the northeast, the Biecz dialect to the east, the Piwniczna dialect to the southeast, and the Łącko dialect to the southwest. The region is generally split into east and west, and is characterized by having one reflex of the nasal vowels in three regions. Some residents here often do not consider themselves Gorals, but Lachs, particularly in the Podegrodzie region. Others consider themselves Gorals. Historically, Lemkos were also found here. Sądecka is considered a transitional dialect between Goral dialects and sub-Krakovian (Krakowskie) dialects, and features from this region have spread to many nearby regions, namely the feature that ę and ą have merged into nasal ǫ, which is then denasalized.
The Żywiec dialect belongs to the Lesser Poland dialect group and is located in the part of Poland. It is in part one of the dialects that belongs to the Goral ethnolect. It borders the Sącz dialect to the northeast, the Orawa dialect to the east, and Silesian to the northwest. In the past this region was often considered a subregion of neighboring areas, having been much affected by them, as well as by foreign languages, namely Czech, Slovak, German, Carpathian Rusyn, and Hungarian. Żywiecczyzna is a strongly varied dialect and is able to be divided into three regions: a south-east region, a south-west region, and a northern region.
The Orawa dialect belongs to the Lesser Poland dialect group and is located in part of Poland and Slovakia. It is in part one of the dialects that belongs to the Goral ethnolect. It borders the Żywiec dialect to the far northwest, the Babia Góra dialect to the north, and the Podhale dialect to the east. The Orawa dialect is partially Poland with 14 settlements, and partially in Slovakia with 11. The use of dialect here is strong, and the effects of Standard Polish are weaker than in other regions.
The dialect belongs to the Masovian dialect group and is located in the part of Poland. It borders the Near Mazovian dialect to the north, the Lesser Polish Masovian Borderland dialect to the east, and the Łęczyca dialect to the south and west.
The Near Masovian dialect belongs to the Masovian dialect group and is located in the part of Poland. It borders the Łowicz dialect to the southwest, the Lesser Polish Masovian Borderland dialect to the south, the Western Lublin dialect to the southeast, the Podlachia dialect to the east, the Far Mazovian dialect to the north, the Greater Polish Chełmno-Dobrzyń dialect to the northwest, the Kujawy dialect to the west, and the Lesser Polish Sieradz dialect to the southwest.
The Far Masovian dialect belongs to the Masovian dialect group and is located in the part of Poland. It borders the Near Mazovian dialect to the south, the Podlachia dialect to the east, the Kurpie dialect and Masurian dialects to the north. and the Greater Polish Chełmno-Dobrzyń dialect to the west. Generally this dialect is fading, and many typical Masovian features are being replaced with Standard Polish features.
The Zagórze dialect also known as the Gorce dialect belongs to the Lesser Poland dialect group and is located in the part of Poland. It is in part one of the dialects that belongs to the Goral ethnolect. It borders the Podhale dialect to the south, the Kliszczacy dialect to the west, the Kraków dialect to the north and the Goral and Lachy Sącz dialects to the east.
The Kliszczak dialect belongs to the Lesser Poland dialect group and is located in the southern part of Poland. It is in part one of the dialects that belongs to the Goral ethnolect.
The Łącko dialect belongs to the Lesser Poland dialect group and is located in the southern part of Poland. It is in part one of the dialects that belongs to the Goral ethnolect.
The Piwniczna dialect belongs to the Lesser Poland dialect group and is located in the southern part of Poland. It is in part one of the dialects that belongs to the Goral ethnolect.
 | This article needs additional or more specific categories .(November 2024) |