Spisz dialect

Last updated
Spisz dialect
Native to Poland
RegionSpisz
Language codes
ISO 639-3 –

The Spisz dialect (Polish : gwara spiska) belongs to the Lesser Poland dialect group and is located in the part of Poland. It is in part one of the dialects that belongs to the Goral ethnolect. It borders the Podhale dialect to the northwest. [2]

Contents

The Spisz dialect is found partially in Poland (14 settlements) and partially in Slovakia (33 settlements). It is one of the dialects belonging to the Goral group. Often spiska was considered part of Podhale dialectally. Due to its geographic position, effects from neighboring dialects and Slovakian can be seen in this dialect, causing ununiformity across the region. Many of the features here have varying levels of intensity depending on the given idiolect, but generally the usage of dialect here is strong and well preserved amongst older speakers. [3]

This article is about the Spisz dialect found in Poland, not in Slovakia.

Phonology

Typical of Lesser Polish dialects (as well as Greater Polish dialects), voicing of word-final consonants before vowels and liquids is present here. Also typical of Lesser Polish dialects is the presence of mazuration. Initial stress is present here. [3]

Vowels

The so-called “Podhalanian archaism”, whereby after etymological cz, ż, sz (now c, z, s) as well as after etymological cy, zy, sy, i is retained, is present in eleven settlements. [3]

Slanted vowels

Slanted vowels are both retained and merged: á is either separate or merged with o: teroz (teraz), ó is separate or merges with u: gazdówka (may be gazdówka or gazduwka), and é is either separate or has merged with y after both hard and soft consonants: mlyko (mleko). [3]

Nasal vowels

Nasal vowels are typically raised. Final -ą typically decomposes to -om, or sometimes -um. [3]

Prothesis

Initial vowels rarely undergo prothesis here, likely as a result of Slovakian influence, atypical of Goral and Lesser Polish dialects. [3]

Consonants

Whereas in other Goral dialects final -ch becomes -k, here it becomes -f, and ch can become f in other positions as well: o tyf (o tych), przykufennych (przykuchennych). The cluster -kt- always gives -ft-: nifto (nikto). However, in the south-east of Spisz, the typical shift of ch > k is present, but not only finally: kałup (chałup), tyk małyk (tych małych). As a result of -ch > -f, a regional hypercorrection can be seen in the genitive plural ending -ów, which may be realized as -uk. This is because the final -w often devoices to -f, which was then confused with final -ch becoming -f. Many consonant clusters are simplified: trz > cz, and strz > szcz. Both dark ł and /w/ are present here, with /w/ becoming the more common realization. h can appear in place of g as a result of Slovakian influence: hruby (gruby). r can appear in place of rz as a result of Slovakian influence: wrucały (wrzucały). ki and gi can harden due to Slovakian influence: słodke (słodkie). w can be voiced after t and k as a result of Slovakian influence. [3]

Contraction

ch is often weakened or lost: ᶜʰłop (chłop), fᶜʰodzić, fodzić (wchodzić). [3]

Inflection

Traits common to Southern Poland, notably to other Goral dialects are also found here. [3]

Nouns

The locative singular is often syncretic with the dative singular: w tym cłowiekowi (w tym człowieku). An archaic genitive singular -e is kept in feminine soft-stem nouns: z pościele (z pościeli). The locative plural may have -o- instead of -a- from Slovakian influence: w rynkof (w rynkach). [3]

Adjectives, adverbs, pronouns, and numerals

Superlatives are formed with both noj- and naj-. Many numerals are declined with -k: ośmiuk (ośmiu), śteruk (czterech). [3]

Verbs

The first person present/future singular of verbs is -ym: idym (idę). The first person present/future plural of verbs is -ma/-me: piecyme (pieczymy). -me also appears in the first person imperative plural: podźme (pójdźmy). The first person past (aorist) -ch is retained here, realized as either -f or as -k in the west: przysłaf (przyszłam), zef ucyła (żech uczyła). The first person singular and third person plural present/future tense are often levelled: jo mozym – my mozemy – oni mozum (ja mogę, my możemy, oni mogą); level can also occur in the other direction as well: jo mogym – my mogymy – oni mogum. [3]

Vocabulary

Word-Formation

Many typical Lesser Polish word-formation tendencies are present here. [3]

Verbs

The prefix roz- has lost initial r-: ozgrzoło (rozgrzało). -uwać appears here in place of -ować: buduwać (budować), brakuwało (brakuwało). [3]

Syntax

dwa may be used for feminine nouns instead of dwie due to Slovakian influence. Often virile past tense forms are used with non-virile subjects: baby byli (baby były). [3]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dialects of Polish</span> Overview of dialects of the Polish language

Polish dialects are regional vernacular varieties of the Polish language, and often show developments starting from an earlier stage of the language, often Old Polish or Middle Polish, namely the development of the so-called "pitched" or "slanted" vowels.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lesser Poland dialect group</span> Dialect of the Polish language

The Lesser Polish dialect group is a of dialect group of the Polish language used in Lesser Poland. The exact area is difficult to delineate due to the expansion of its features and the existence of transitional subdialects.

The Podhale dialect belongs to the Lesser Poland dialect group and is located in the part of Poland. It is in part one of the dialects that belongs to the Goral ethnolect. It borders the Orawa dialect to the west, the Kliszczacy dialect to the north, and the Spisz dialect and Zagórze dialect to the east.

The Krajna dialect belongs to the Greater Poland dialect group and is located in the part of Poland. It borders the Bory Tucholskie dialect to the northeast, the Northern Greater Polish dialect to the south, and the Kashubian language to the north. Due to its position, it is a transitional dialect and shares many features with neighboring dialects and languages, and is very diverse.

The Chełmno-Dobrzyń dialect belongs to the Greater Poland dialect group and is located in the northern part of Poland. It borders the Bory Tucholskie dialect to the East, the Kociewie dialect to the north, the Kujawy dialect to the south, the Masovian Lubawa dialect to the northeast, and the Near Mazovian dialect to the southeast.

The Kuyavuan dialect belongs to the Greater Poland dialect group and is located in the part of Poland. It borders the Chełmno-Dobrzyń dialect to the north, the Northern Greater Polish dialect to the west, the Eastern Greater Polish dialect to the south, the Masovian Near Mazovian dialect to the northwest and the Łęczyca dialect to the southeast.

The Northern Greater Polish dialect belongs to the Greater Poland dialect group and is located in the part of Poland. It borders the Krajna dialect to the northwest, the Kujawy dialect to the northeast, the Western Greater Polish dialect to the far southwest, and the Central Greater Polish dialect to the south. The exact borders of Northern Greater Polish are not clear. The Krzyszczewo and Wola Skorzęcka subdialect occupies part of Northern Greater Polish and part of Central Greater Polish geographically, and also somewhat linguistically. The dialect of these villages is increasingly affected by Standard Polish, as demonstrated by the number of similar features.

The Łęczyca dialect belongs to the Lesser Poland dialect group and is located in the part of Poland. It borders the Sieradz dialect to the southeast, the Kielce dialect to the southwest, the Masovian Borderland dialect to the east, the Eastern Greater Polish dialect to the northeast, and the Kujawy dialect to the far northeast. Łęczyca, along with Sieradz, occupy central Poland, which greatly affects them. The classification of the Łęczyca and Sieradz subdialects is often debated; some have classified them as Lesser Polish, whereas others as belonging to Greater Polish. Łęczyca and Sieradz have even been considered as one group due to the large number of similarities by Eugeniusz Pawłowski and others. This unclear categorization is the result of the land being placed under control of various administrative territories throughout history, resulting in a transitional dialect between Greater Polish, Lesser Polish, and Masovian. Furthermore, many dialectal traits of the region are fading, and Standard Polish is becoming more prevalent.

The Sieradz dialect belongs to the Lesser Poland dialect group and is located in the part of Poland. It borders the Łęczyca dialect to the north, the Krakow dialect to the south, the Łęczyca dialect to the east, the Central Greater Polish dialect to the northeast, and the Eastern Greater Polish dialect to the farn northeast. The classification of the Łęczyca and Sieradz subdialects is often debated; some classify them as Lesser Polish, whereas others classify them as belonging to Greater Polish. Łęczyca and Sieradz have even been considered as one group due to the large number of similarities. This unclear categorization is the result of the land being placed under control of various administrative territories throughout history, resulting in a transitional dialect between Greater Polish, Lesser Polish, and Masovian. Furthermore, many dialectal traits of the region are fading, and Standard Polish is becoming more prevalent.

The Kraków dialect belongs to the Lesser Poland dialect group and is located in the part of Poland. It borders the Sieradz dialect to the north, the Kielce dialect to the northeast, the Eastern Kraków dialect to the east, the Sącz dialect to the south, and Silesian to the west. Scholars often debate about the northern and western borders of this dialect. This dialect is slowly losing many features and replacing them with those from Standard Polish.

The dialect belongs to the Lesser Poland dialect group and is located in the part of Poland. It borders the Kielce dialect to the northwest, the Western Lublin dialect to the northeast, the Eastern Lublin dialect to the east, the Przemyśl dialect to the southeast, the Biecz dialect to the southwest, the Eastern Krakow dialect to the southwest. Lasowska can be divded into four regions: eastern, central, northern, and western. Villages by the San and Łęg rivers are more similar the central subdialects, villages between the Vistula and Łęg are more like subdialects in Sandomierz, and villages near Grębów have traits of both.

The dialect belongs to the Lesser Poland dialect group and is located in the part of Poland. It borders the Kielce dialect to the north, the Lasovia dialect to the east, the Biecz dialect to the southeast, the Sącz dialect to the south, and the Kraków dialect to the west.

The Western Lublin dialect belongs to the Lesser Poland dialect group and is located in the part of Poland. It borders the Eastern Lublin dialect to the east, the Lasovia dialect to the south, the Kielce dialect to the west, and the Masovia Near Mazovian dialect to the north. Due to position of this dialect, many transitional features can be seen, generally as the result of Masovian influence, particularly in the east. This region can be divided into three subregions: a northern region which is more transitional between Lesser Poland and Masovia, a central region with older Lesser Polish traits, and a southern region with newer Lesser Polish traits.

The Biecz dialect belongs to the Lesser Poland dialect group and is located in the part of Poland. It borders the Sącz dialect to the west, the Eastern Krakow dialect to the north, the Lasovia dialect to the northeast, and the Przemyśl dialect to the east.

The Sącz dialect belongs to the Lesser Poland dialect group and is located in the part of Poland. It is in part one of the dialects that belongs to the Goral ethnolect. It borders the Krakow dialect to the northwest, the Eastern Krakow dialect to the northeast, the Biecz dialect to the east, the Podhale dialect to the southeast, and the Żywiec dialect to the southwest. The region is generally split into east and west, and is characterized by having one reflex of the nasal vowels in three regions. Some residents here often do not consider themselves Gorals, but Lachs, particularly in the Podegrodzie region. Others consider themselves Gorals. Historically, Lemkos were also found here. Sądecka is considered a transitional dialect between Goral dialects and sub-Krakovian (Krakowskie) dialects, and features from this region have spread to many nearby regions, namely the feature that ę and ą have merged into nasal ǫ, which is then denasalized.

The Żywiec dialect belongs to the Lesser Poland dialect group and is located in the part of Poland. It is in part one of the dialects that belongs to the Goral ethnolect. It borders the Sącz dialect to the northeast, the Orawa dialect to the east, and Silesian to the northwest. In the past this region was often considered a subregion of neighboring areas, having been much affected by them, as well as by foreign languages, namely Czech, Slovak, German, Carpathian Rusyn, and Hungarian. Żywiecczyzna is a strongly varied dialect and is able to be divided into three regions: a south-east region, a south-west region, and a northern region.

The Orawa dialect belongs to the Lesser Poland dialect group and is located in part of Poland and Slovakia. It is in part one of the dialects that belongs to the Goral ethnolect. It borders the Żywiec dialect to the far northwest, the Babia Góra dialect to the north, and the Podhale dialect to the east. The Orawa dialect is partially Poland with 14 settlements, and partially in Slovakia with 11. The use of dialect here is strong, and the effects of Standard Polish are weaker than in other regions.

The Ostróda dialect belongs to the Masovian dialect group, but is sometimes considered part of the new mixed dialects, and is located in the part of Poland. It borders the Lubawa dialect to the west, the Masurian dialects to the south, the Warmia dialect to the east, and the new mixed dialects to the north.

The Suwałki dialect belongs to the Masovian dialect group and is located in the part of Poland. It borders the Podlachia dialect to the south, the Masurian dialects to the west, the Northern Borderlands dialect to the east, and the new mixed dialects to the north.

The Kurpie dialect belongs to the Masovian dialect group and is located in the part of Poland. It borders the Masurian dialects to the north and the Far Mazovian dialect to the south. The Kurpie dialect is generally well preserved, and a strong cultural connection to the dialect can be felt amongst speakers. Standard Polish is used by most people in the region, often alongside Kurpian, and code-switching between the two frequently happens.

References

  1. ↑ Karaś, Halina (2010). "Spisz". dialektologia.uw.edu.pl. Retrieved 19 July 2024.
  2. ↑ Karaś, Halina (2010). "Spisz". dialektologia.uw.edu.pl. Retrieved 19 July 2024.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Karaś, Halina (2010). "Gwara regionu Spisz - Charakterystyka gwar spiskich". dialektologia.uw.edu.pl. Retrieved 19 July 2024.
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