Masovian dialect group

Last updated
Masovian dialect group
dialekty mazowieckie
Native to Poland
Region Mazovian Voivodeship, Podlaskie Voivodeship, Lublin Voivodeship, Warmia-Mazuria Voivodeship
Latin (Polish alphabet)
Language codes
ISO 639-3 –
Glottolog None
Linguasphere 53-AAA-cc
(varieties: 53-AAA-cca to 53-AAA-ccu)

The Masovian dialect group (Polish : dialekt mazowiecki), also Mazovian, is a dialect group of the Polish language spoken in Mazovia and historically related regions, in northeastern Poland. [1] It is the most distinct of the Polish dialects and the most expansive. [1]

Contents

Masovian dialect (B3) among languages of Central Europe Languages of CE Europe-3.PNG
Masovian dialect (B3) among languages of Central Europe

Mazovian dialects may exhibit such features as mazurzenie, sandhi (intervocalic voicing of obstruents on word boundaries), and asynchronous palatal pronunciation of labial consonants (so-called softening). Characteristics include:

Masovian dialects also contain certain vocabulary that is distinct from the standard Polish language and shares common characteristics with the Kashubian language. [2]

List of dialects

Descended from the language of the Mazovians, [3] [4] the dialects are: [5]

Features of the region

Features that can be found in various intensities and distributions in the region include: [6]

  1. Labiovelarization of *telt > tëłt > tołt > tłot *pelti > płoc (Compare Polish pleć) (perhaps with the exception of słoʒona, sledziona)
  2. *TorT > TroT
  3. *ľ̥ > l̥ except in Pľ̥T́PK (po wargowych, a przed palatalnymi, wargowymi, i tylkojęzykowymi)
  4. remaining *ľ̥ in Pľ̥T́PK > ‘el: ḿelli, hard *l̥ > oł (Stolpsko), Pľ̥T (after a labial, before a hard postalveolar > ṔołT: v́ołna
  5. hardening of consonants before *ŕ̥t> ar: tfardi except źarno and śarno
  6. interword devoicing of consonants before voiceless consonants, liquids, or vowels: sat rośnie, sat urós, ukratem, zav́eśmi (zawieźmy)
  7. w > v/f trój, kfiat, *χw > χv > χf > f fała (chwała)
  8. mazurzenie: š ž č ǯ > s z c ʒ: scekać (szczekać, or a merger of the retroflexes and palatal sibilants into postalveolar: szcziekać, sziano
  9. Old Polish ḷ > ł > u̯, especially in West Masovia
  10. Hardening of Old Polish ľ > l even before i: lis
  11. Decomposition of soft labials: ṕ, b́, f́, v́, ḿ > pš/pχ́, bž/bɣ́, vź, fś, mń: kurpχ́/karpś, pafχ́/ołófš́, mniasto, also śfat (świat), niedźwiedź (earlier mniedźwiedź)
  12. Simplification of resulting clusters containing labials: ołóš́, źara (wiara), niasto
  13. śř, źř > śr, źr, środa, źrėbåk
  14. penultimate stress
  15. Loss aje> ā, grai̯e > grā
  16. preference for pochylone ȯ (kłȯtka, skȯlni)
  17. ir > ėr, sėrce
  18. *y > i, sin, dim, dwa ribi (compare decomposition of bilabials)
  19. Fronting of Old Polish short ă, even softening velars, pråvdä, ḱäńå täg vołå, sometimes merging with e
    1. a > ä > e in some Old Polish texts
    2. i̯a- > i̯ä- > i̯e-: i̯epko
    3. ra- > rä- > re-: reno
    4. -ar- > -är- > -er-: umer, derń (compare also umárł)
    5. frequent and common *ěT > ä > e: osierze (ofiara)
    6. ăN > äN > śäno
  20. á > a: dobra trawä
  21. loss of the phonemically short nasal in short syllables into a front, middle noasal between a and e, indifferent to the width of the opening of ą̈: zą̈bi, sometimes going to ą (ćąsko) or ę (ćęsko), or sometimes denazalisation in unstressed codas or before sibilants (i̯azik, i̯ėnzik)
  22. lost of the phonemically long nasal vowel ą̄ > ǫ and in regions touching Małopolska > ų, with frequent denasalization as above (kśůska)
  23. -išče > -isko
  24. spread of -isty, -asty
  25. replacement of -’ev in soft stems with -’ov in the 16th century, and occasional hypercorrection to adding -’ev after hard stems: synev́i
  26. establishment of od(-) (<*otъ) before vowels and liquids, od okna, odnaleźć in the 15th century
  27. loss via analogy of mobile e: do Suvȧłk
  28. spread of -ywać
  29. replacement of neuter nouns ending in -ę with -ak: ćelȧk
  30. replacement of -eć infinitives with -ić/-yć: lezyć
  31. replacement of the superlative nȧ- with nai̯-
  32. establishment of voiced z(-) before vowels and liquids: zleźć, z ńim
  33. replacement of the locative plural -’eχ with -aχ in the middle of the 16th century
  34. mixing of the dative endings -ov́i with -u > -ov́u: bratoźu, χłopakoɣ́u, wołoju
  35. replacement of the genitive singular soft-stem ending -’e (<*-ě₃) with -i: z źä(m)ńi
  36. replacement of the nominative/accusative neuter ending -ē < *-ьje with -ĕ with declensions from *-jo-: zboze
  37. replacement of the genitive/locative adjective/pronoun plural ending -iχ with -ėχ
  38. sporadic use of adjective/pronoun endings for some nouns
  39. replacement of neuter/feminine dv́e with dva: dva krovi, dva okna
  40. replacement of the ending -i for numerals from 5-10 with -u: z dvu, seśću, or ṕę̇ćuχ
  41. replacement of ā < *ěja in preterite forms with the reflex of *ě by analogy: mńāł, mńăłă, mńeli
  42. loss of -ui̯e, -ovać (-ivać) in some verbs: kupać, zlatać
  43. loss of the dual with the dual form -ta replacing the second person plural: ńeśeta, ńeśta with -će being used for formal forms: ńeśeće
  44. in some subdialects spread of the first person dual -va in the present: ńeśeva
  45. in some subdialects replacement of the first person imperative -m with -my: ńeśmi or more often with -va: ńeźva, and occasional contamination of the two with -ma: neśma
  46. in the first person compound past (nosił(a) + jeśḿ) > -eśḿ > -(e)m: nosiłem/uśatem
  47. first person past: ńeśli(je)sm > neśliśmy, and also replacement with the dual: bẏliźva or -śma: nośiliśma
  48. merger of masculine personal with masculine animal endings by spread of -y and -e
    1. regional replacement of -li with -ły: spałi (for m.pr and m.an)
    2. regional replacement of -ły with -li: spali (for m.pr and m.an)

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The Chełmno–Dobrzyń dialect belongs to the Greater Poland dialect group and is located in the northern part of Poland. It borders the Bory Tucholskie dialect to the East, the Kociewie dialect to the north, the Kujawy dialect to the south, the Masovian Lubawa dialect to the northeast, and the Near Mazovian dialect to the southeast.

The Kuyavuan dialect belongs to the Greater Poland dialect group and is located in the part of Poland. It borders the Chełmno-Dobrzyń dialect to the north, the Northern Greater Polish dialect to the west, the Eastern Greater Polish dialect to the south, the Masovian Near Mazovian dialect to the northwest and the Łęczyca dialect to the southeast.

The Łęczyca dialect belongs to the Lesser Poland dialect group and is located in the part of Poland. It borders the Sieradz dialect to the southeast, the Kielce dialect to the southwest, the Masovian Borderland dialect to the east, the Eastern Greater Polish dialect to the northeast, and the Kujawy dialect to the far northeast. Łęczyca, along with Sieradz, occupy central Poland, which greatly affects them. The classification of the Łęczyca and Sieradz subdialects is often debated; some have classified them as Lesser Polish, whereas others as belonging to Greater Polish. Łęczyca and Sieradz have even been considered as one group due to the large number of similarities by Eugeniusz Pawłowski and others. This unclear categorization is the result of the land being placed under control of various administrative territories throughout history, resulting in a transitional dialect between Greater Polish, Lesser Polish, and Masovian. Furthermore, many dialectal traits of the region are fading, and Standard Polish is becoming more prevalent.

The Masovian Borderland dialect belongs to the Lesser Poland dialect group and is located in the part of Poland. It borders the Kielce dialect to the south, the Łęczyca dialect to the east, the Western Lublin dialect, Masovian Łowicz dialect to the northeast, and the Near Mazovian dialect to the north. Similar to Łęczyca and Sieradz, influences from many dialect regions can be seen here.

The Kielce dialect belongs to the Lesser Poland dialect group and is located in the part of Poland. It borders the Masovian Borderland dialect to the north, the Western Lublin dialect to the northeast, the Lasovia dialect to the southeast, the Eastern Krakow dialect to the south, the Krakow dialect to the southwest, the Sieradz dialect to the west, and the Łęczyca dialect to the northwest.

The dialect belongs to the Lesser Poland dialect group and is located in the part of Poland. It borders the Kielce dialect to the north, the Lasovia dialect to the east, the Biecz dialect to the southeast, the Sącz dialect to the south, and the Kraków dialect to the west.

The Western Lublin dialect belongs to the Lesser Poland dialect group and is located in the part of Poland. It borders the Eastern Lublin dialect to the east, the Lasovia dialect to the south, the Kielce dialect to the west, and the Masovia Near Mazovian dialect to the north. Due to position of this dialect, many transitional features can be seen, generally as the result of Masovian influence, particularly in the east. This region can be divided into three subregions: a northern region which is more transitional between Lesser Poland and Masovia, a central region with older Lesser Polish traits, and a southern region with newer Lesser Polish traits.

The Eastern Lublin dialect belongs to the Lesser Poland dialect group and is located in the part of Poland. It borders the Western Lublin dialect to the west, the Lasovia dialect to the southwest, the Przemyśl dialect to the south, the Southern Borderlands dialect to the east, the Northern Borderlands dialect to the northeast, the Masovian Podlachia dialect to the north, and the Near Mazovian dialect to the northwest.

The Biecz dialect belongs to the Lesser Poland dialect group and is located in the part of Poland. It borders the Sącz dialect to the west, the Eastern Krakow dialect to the north, the Lasovia dialect to the northeast, and the Przemyśl dialect to the east.

The Żywiec dialect belongs to the Lesser Poland dialect group and is located in the part of Poland. It is in part one of the dialects that belongs to the Goral ethnolect. It borders the Sącz dialect to the northeast, the Orawa dialect to the east, and Silesian to the northwest. In the past this region was often considered a subregion of neighboring areas, having been much affected by them, as well as by foreign languages, namely Czech, Slovak, German, Carpathian Rusyn, and Hungarian. Żywiecczyzna is a strongly varied dialect and is able to be divided into three regions: a south-east region, a south-west region, and a northern region.

The dialect belongs to the Masovian dialect group and is located in the part of Poland. It borders the Near Mazovian dialect to the north, the Lesser Polish Masovian Borderland dialect to the east, and the Łęczyca dialect to the south and west.

The Near Mazovian dialect belongs to the Masovian dialect group and is located in the part of Poland. It borders the Łowicz dialect to the southwest, the Lesser Polish Masovian Borderland dialect to the south, the Western Lublin dialect to the southeast, the Podlachia dialect to the east, the Far Mazovian dialect to the north, the Greater Polish Chełmno-Dobrzyń dialect to the northwest, the Kujawy dialect to the west, and the Lesser Polish Sieradz dialect to the southwest.

The Far Mazovian dialect belongs to the Masovian dialect group and is located in the part of Poland. It borders the Near Mazovian dialect to the south, the Podlachia dialect to the east, the Kurpie dialect and Masurian dialects to the north. and the Greater Polish Chełmno-Dobrzyń dialect to the west. Generally this dialect is fading, and many typical Masovian features are being replaced with Standard Polish features.

The Podlachia dialect belongs to the Masovian dialect group and is located in the part of Poland. It borders the Suwałki dialect to the north, the Masurian dialects to the far northwest, the Far Mazovian dialect to the west, the Near Mazovian dialect to the southwest, the Lesser Polish Eastern Greater Polish dialect to the south, and the Northern Borderlands dialect to the east.

References

  1. 1 2 "Gwary polskie – Dialekt mazowiecki". gwarypolskie.uw.edu.pl. Archived from the original on 2011-04-14. Retrieved 2014-10-17.
  2. ↑ "Slavic languages – Encyclopædia Britannica". britannica.com. Retrieved 2014-10-17.
  3. ↑ Bronisław Wieczorkiewicz (1968). Gwara warszawska dawniej i dziś (in Polish). Warsaw: Państwowy Instytut Wydawniczy. p. 516.
  4. ↑ Halina Karas, Gwary Polskie, Dialects and gwary in Poland Archived 2011-04-14 at the Wayback Machine
  5. ↑ Karaś, Halina (2010). "Dialekt mazowiecki". dialektologia.uw.edu.pl. Retrieved 16 July 2024.
  6. ↑ Karol Dejna (1973). Dialekty polskie. pp. 242–248.

Bibliography

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