Far Masovian dialect

Last updated
Far Mazovian dialect
Native to Poland
RegionCentral Masovia
Language codes
ISO 639-3 –

The Far Masovian dialect (Polish : gwary Mazowsza dalszego) belongs to the Masovian dialect group and is located in the part of Poland. It borders the Near Mazovian dialect to the south, the Podlachia dialect to the east, the Kurpie dialect and Masurian dialects to the north. and the Greater Polish Chełmno-Dobrzyń dialect to the west. Generally this dialect is fading, and many typical Masovian features are being replaced with Standard Polish features. [1]

Contents

Phonology

Typical of Masovian dialects, devoicing of word-final consonants before vowels and liquids is present here, including before clitics. This does not affect prepositions. Also typical of Masovian dialects is the presence of masuration, but it is now a sporadic change, and forms not having undergone masuration are more common. Hypercorrections may also occur. [2]

Vowels

The shift of initial ja-, ra- > je-, re- is present but limited to particular words: jek (jak), remię (ramię). Often this process is undone, as well. The shift of medial -ar- to -er- is found only in forms of the verbs trzeć, drzeć, żreć, umrzeć, uprzeć się, zaprzeć, zawrzeć and the nouns tartak, tarcica, umarlak, darń. This process is also being undone, particularly in the north. The shift of final -aj to -ej is rare here. Ablaut is sometimes levelled here, but often forms that of Standard Polish are preferred. y sometimes merges with i, but inconsistently, and usually the Standard Polish pronunciation of y is preferred. i can sometimes lower before liquids, but this is generally restricted to certain words. Otherwise, i may merge with y after m or w, especially in the first person dative singular pronoun my (mi), the instrumental plural endings for adjecttives, pronouns, and nouns, and some other words: śwynia, gmyna. e may be insterted in certain consonant clusters: wiater. [2] [3]

Slanted vowels

Slanted á was generally retained as á until at least the 1950s, and could sometimes raise to ó, u before a nasal, but in recent years is generally realized as a, as in Standard Polish. Slanted é is usually merged with e due to influence from Standard Polish, but in the past merged with i, y. e often raises to é in words ending in -ej and before final -rz, -r, and voiced consonants. The group irC often shifts to érzC: sierzp. The group éj may shift to i after soft consonants and y after hard consonants: boski (boskiej), dobry (dobrej). Slanted ó may be retained as ó, more frequently merge with u, or rarely merge with o, and o may become ó before nasals, except in the dative plural ending -om, and words ending in -o often shift to -ój. [2] [3]

Nasal vowels

ę tends to be realized like in Standard Polish: it decomposes medially except before sibilants (with exceptions). Medial ę sometimes lowers, but this is fading, it also sporadically raises to yN, iN, but this is also uncommon. Final -ę generally denasalizes to -e. Medial ą tends to also decompose to oN, and sometimes then rises to óN, uN. Final -ą often denasalizes to -o or sometimes -oł, and sporadically raises to -ó or -u. However, before sonorants, both ę and ą may lose nasality and/or gain j or ł: gęjśor, gołsior (gęsior), cięłżkie (ciężkie), ciełzar (ciężar). They may also sometimes decompose: krawenżnik (krawężnik), dzionsła (dziąsła). The group eN sometimes lower to aN, or sometimes raise to éN, yN/iN. However, a realization that of Standard Polish is becoming more common. The group oN also frequently raises to óN, uN. o may sporadically raise before r in certain words. y may lower to e before m and n, and shifts to ó before rz. u may lower to o before m and n. Sporadic secondary nasalization may occur. Future forms of być often lose nasality. [2] [3]

Prothesis

Initial i- sometimes takes prothetic j-, but more common are forms without this prothesis. Initial o- may labialize to ô-, but weakly, and this is often avoided, sometimes leading to hypercorrections: okieć (łokieć). Even less frequently, initial u- may also undergo weak labialization to û-. Initial a- may take a prothetic h- or j-, rarely it may labialize. Initial e- may gain a prothetic w or j, and words beginning with je- often shift to e-: esce (jeszcze). [2] [3]

Consonants

Soft labials tend to decompose here, and in various ways. The most common ways is for the palatal element to become stronger and become j, but soft ḿ may become mń, or rarely a palatal consonant may be inserted. The result consonant clusters can then sometimes further reduce: ofiara > ofsiara > osiara, miasto > mniasto > niasto. This final shift is rare here, but hypercorrections can occur: śmjodanie (śniadanie). Similarly, ń may shift to mń initially before e: mnieuk (nieuk). Soft w between vowels often shifts to j: cłojek (człowiek), spojedź (spowiedź). The groups śf’, ćf’, and dźw’ may also harden: śfynie (świnie). However, this change is limited to the word świnia and its derivatives. źw- may shift to dźw-: dźwierzyna (zwierzyna). m may also harden in the instrumental plural ending -ami, -ymi/-imi: wołamy (wołami), takymy (takimi). The group li may harden to ly, but this is rare, and has been rare since after World War II. In the northwest, kie, gie, ki, gi tend to remain soft; elsewhere, they tend to harden: cukerek (cukierek), takymy (takimi). chy may also soften: chiba (chyba). The groups chrz, chw sometes change to krz, kw or f: krzan (chrzan), kwasty (chwasty), fytać (chwytać). The group kt tends to shift to cht: chto (kto), and similarly kł to chł. The group kk tends to reduce to k: lekki i (lekkie), mjenkie (miękkie). tk may shift to tch. Initial ju-, ja-, and je- often shifts to u-, a-, and e-. Masuration is common in this dialect. Final -ł is often lost in the past tense of verbs whose stems end in a consonant: jad (jadł). d may shift to g before ł, l: mgły (mdły), jeglina (jedlina). rd- shifts to drd-: drdzeń (rdzeń). The clusters kć, kp shift to kść, kśp: kśpić (kpić). śćk is often retained: śćkło (szkło), and śćklep from sklep was formed via analogy to this. Final -z is lost in certain adverbs: tera, zara. [2] [3]

Contraction

Uncontracted forms often exist and can raise: stojać, postojić. [3]

Inflection

Many typical Masovian inflectional traits can be found here.

Nouns

Masculine nouns ending in -a take adjectival declension: organista (nom. s.) > organistégo (gen. s.). The genitive singular is often formed with -a instead of -u for masculine nouns. Feminine nouns have ja type stems take -e in the genitive singular: od wiecerze. The masculine dative is formed with -oju via contamination of -owi (reduced to -oji) and -u. The masculine nominative plural is often formed with -y (-i) alongside -oje (from -owie), or -e for jo type stems. The neutral nominative plural is often formed -y (-i). The genitive plural is often formed with -ów regardless of gender, but standard forms can occur. The feminine accusative plural is often formed with -e for all stems, and the instrumental plural is formed with -amy for all genders. Often slanted é is retained in declensions: paciérz (nom. s.) > paciérza (gen. s.) [3]

Adjectives and adverbs

The instrumental plural is formed typically with -emi/-emy as well as -oma. The feminine accusative singular may sometimes be formed with -ę, which is realized as -e phonetically. Slanted é was retained in the genitive masculine/neuter singular ending of adjectives and pronouns. Comparatives may also be formed differently, twardziejsy, tniejsy (cieńszy). [3]

Verbs

The second person singular imperative for -ić (-yj) type verbs is most commonly -ij (-yj) instead of -∅. For the second person plural imperative, -wa and -ta are common alongside -cie. The endings -wa and -ta are also used in the present tense conjugations for the second person plural. -m is preserved over the innovated -my, which is heard rarely, in the first person plural. -śwa and -śta are used in the second person plural past tense, and -m is found in the first person plural past tense instead of -śmy. The past tense may often contain -ół for -ić (-yć) type verbs: kupiół, krół (krył). Infitives ending in -eć often raise to -éć. Verbs ending in -ąć take -on in the past tense: wzion (wziął), or -en- in other forms: wyjeni (wyjęli). Verbs formed from iść may occur with or without j in declension: póde, pójde. The form jest is usually reduced to je. [3]

Vocabulary

Word-Formation

Many typical Masovian word-formation traits can be found here.

Proper nouns

The names of towns are often formed with the ending -owo, -iec, -ice, and -ki. Forest names are often derived from a neighboring village name + -ak, and rivers from the village name + -ka. Minor nobility often takes their name from the village name, and peasant surnames are often formed with -ski, -cki, -ak, and -ek. The surnames of wives are often formed from the husbands surname + -owa for respect, and -ka for familiarity. The surnames of daughters are often formed with -anka from the father's surname. A son's surname is sometimes formed from the father's + -ak. [3]

Nouns

Nouns are often formed with -ak, especially for young animals and people. -ek is also often used. -aś and -ul are common diminutive endings, especially for names. [3]

Adjectives

Many adjectives are formed by combining other adjectival suffixes, resulting in the suffixes -alki, -ulki, -ulenki, -ulecki, -achny, -uchny, -urny, -usienki, -utki, -uteńki [3]

Verbs

Frequentatives are often formed with -ywać/-iwać: robiwać, as well as -ać: kupać, and also -ować: wypytować. Prefixed forms of iść often retain medial -ń-: wyńść (wyjść). The third person plural past tense often is formed -eli, such as kazeli via analogy to forms such as wiedzieli. [3]

Syntax

Sometimes a verb can govern a different case than in Standard Polish. co is used as a coordinating conjunction instead of że in subordinate sentences and clauses of result, and can also be used instead of który (alongside chtóren and kozden) as a relative pronoun. bez and przez are often used interchangeably. o when governing the accusative can mean za or na: zeby go bór o jeden dzień ścion, pamiętajze o me dzieci. [3]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Warmian dialect</span> Subdialect of the Polish language

Warmian subdialect is a subdialect of Polish language, present in the historical region of Warmia, in Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, Poland. It is spoken by Warmians. It is commonly regarded as a part of Masovian dialect, and sometimes alternatively as a part of Chełmno Kociewie Warmian dialect. It borders the Ostróda dialect to the west, the Masurian dialects to the south, and the new mixed dialects to the east and north.

The Kociewie dialect belongs to the Greater Poland dialect group and is located in the northern part of Poland. It borders the Bory Tucholskie dialect to the northwest, the Chełmno-Dobrzyń dialect to the south, the Kashubian language to the north, and the Masovian Lubawa dialect to the northeast. Due to its position, the Kociewie dialect sometimes shares more features with Masovian dialects than with Greater Polish dialects, and is usually considered a transitional dialect, and some Kashubian influence can also be seen.

The Krajna dialect belongs to the Greater Poland dialect group and is located in the part of Poland. It borders the Bory Tucholskie dialect to the northeast, the Northern Greater Polish dialect to the south, and the Kashubian language to the north. Due to its position, it is a transitional dialect and shares many features with neighboring dialects and languages, and is very diverse.

The Chełmno–Dobrzyń dialect belongs to the Greater Poland dialect group and is located in the northern part of Poland. It borders the Bory Tucholskie dialect to the East, the Kociewie dialect to the north, the Kujawy dialect to the south, the Masovian Lubawa dialect to the northeast, and the Near Mazovian dialect to the southeast.

The Kuyavian dialect belongs to the Greater Poland dialect group and is spoken in Kuyavia. It borders the Chełmno-Dobrzyń dialect to the north, the Northern Greater Polish dialect to the west, the Eastern Greater Polish dialect to the south, the Masovian Near Mazovian dialect to the northwest and the Łęczyca dialect to the southeast.

The Northern Greater Polish dialect belongs to the Greater Poland dialect group and is located in the part of Poland. It borders the Krajna dialect to the northwest, the Kujawy dialect to the northeast, the Western Greater Polish dialect to the far southwest, and the Central Greater Polish dialect to the south. The exact borders of Northern Greater Polish are not clear. The Krzyszczewo and Wola Skorzęcka subdialect occupies part of Northern Greater Polish and part of Central Greater Polish geographically, and also somewhat linguistically. The dialect of these villages is increasingly affected by Standard Polish, as demonstrated by the number of similar features.

The Eastern Greater Poland dialect belongs to the Greater Poland dialect group and is located in the part of Poland. It borders the Kujawy dialect to the north, the Central Greater Polish dialect to the east, and the Lesser Poland Łęczyca dialect to the northwest and the Sieradz dialect to the southwest.

The Łęczyca dialect belongs to the Lesser Poland dialect group and is located in the part of Poland. It borders the Sieradz dialect to the southeast, the Kielce dialect to the southwest, the Masovian Borderland dialect to the east, the Eastern Greater Polish dialect to the northeast, and the Kujawy dialect to the far northeast. Łęczyca, along with Sieradz, occupy central Poland, which greatly affects them. The classification of the Łęczyca and Sieradz subdialects is often debated; some have classified them as Lesser Polish, whereas others as belonging to Greater Polish. Łęczyca and Sieradz have even been considered as one group due to the large number of similarities by Eugeniusz Pawłowski and others. This unclear categorization is the result of the land being placed under control of various administrative territories throughout history, resulting in a transitional dialect between Greater Polish, Lesser Polish, and Masovian. Furthermore, many dialectal traits of the region are fading, and Standard Polish is becoming more prevalent.

The Masovian Borderland dialect belongs to the Lesser Poland dialect group and is located in the part of Poland. It borders the Kielce dialect to the south, the Łęczyca dialect to the east, the Western Lublin dialect, Masovian Łowicz dialect to the northeast, and the Near Mazovian dialect to the north. Similar to Łęczyca and Sieradz, influences from many dialect regions can be seen here.

The dialect belongs to the Lesser Poland dialect group and is located in the part of Poland. It borders the Kielce dialect to the north, the Lasovia dialect to the east, the Biecz dialect to the southeast, the Sącz dialect to the south, and the Kraków dialect to the west.

The Western Lublin dialect belongs to the Lesser Poland dialect group and is located in the part of Poland. It borders the Eastern Lublin dialect to the east, the Lasovia dialect to the south, the Kielce dialect to the west, and the Masovia Near Mazovian dialect to the north. Due to position of this dialect, many transitional features can be seen, generally as the result of Masovian influence, particularly in the east. This region can be divided into three subregions: a northern region which is more transitional between Lesser Poland and Masovia, a central region with older Lesser Polish traits, and a southern region with newer Lesser Polish traits.

The Eastern Lublin dialect belongs to the Lesser Poland dialect group and is located in the part of Poland. It borders the Western Lublin dialect to the west, the Lasovia dialect to the southwest, the Przemyśl dialect to the south, the Southern Borderlands dialect to the east, the Northern Borderlands dialect to the northeast, the Masovian Podlachia dialect to the north, and the Near Mazovian dialect to the northwest.

The Biecz dialect or Pogorzan dialect is a dialect of the Polish language belonging to the Lesser Poland dialect group. It borders the Sącz dialect to the west, the Eastern Krakow dialect to the north, the Lasovia dialect to the northeast, and the Przemyśl dialect to the east.

The Żywiec dialect belongs to the Lesser Poland dialect group and is located in the part of Poland. It is in part one of the dialects that belongs to the Goral ethnolect. It borders the Sącz dialect to the northeast, the Orawa dialect to the east, and Silesian to the northwest. In the past this region was often considered a subregion of neighboring areas, having been much affected by them, as well as by foreign languages, namely Czech, Slovak, German, Carpathian Rusyn, and Hungarian. Żywiecczyzna is a strongly varied dialect and is able to be divided into three regions: a south-east region, a south-west region, and a northern region.

The Ostróda dialect belongs to the Masovian dialect group, but is sometimes considered part of the new mixed dialects, and is located in the part of Poland. It borders the Lubawa dialect to the west, the Masurian dialects to the south, the Warmia dialect to the east, and the new mixed dialects to the north.

The Suwałki dialect belongs to the Masovian dialect group and is located in the part of Poland. It borders the Podlachia dialect to the south, the Masurian dialects to the west, the Northern Borderlands dialect to the east, and the new mixed dialects to the north.

The dialect belongs to the Masovian dialect group and is located in the part of Poland. It borders the Near Mazovian dialect to the north, the Lesser Polish Masovian Borderland dialect to the east, and the Łęczyca dialect to the south and west.

The Near Masovian dialect belongs to the Masovian dialect group and is located in the part of Poland. It borders the Łowicz dialect to the southwest, the Lesser Polish Masovian Borderland dialect to the south, the Western Lublin dialect to the southeast, the Podlachia dialect to the east, the Far Mazovian dialect to the north, the Greater Polish Chełmno-Dobrzyń dialect to the northwest, the Kujawy dialect to the west, and the Lesser Polish Sieradz dialect to the southwest.

The Kurpie dialect belongs to the Masovian dialect group and is located in the part of Poland. It borders the Masurian dialects to the north and the Far Mazovian dialect to the south. The Kurpie dialect is generally well preserved, and a strong cultural connection to the dialect can be felt amongst speakers. Standard Polish is used by most people in the region, often alongside Kurpian, and code-switching between the two frequently happens.

The Podlachia dialect belongs to the Masovian dialect group and is located in the part of Poland. It borders the Suwałki dialect to the north, the Masurian dialects to the far northwest, the Far Mazovian dialect to the west, the Near Mazovian dialect to the southwest, the Lesser Polish Eastern Greater Polish dialect to the south, and the Northern Borderlands dialect to the east.

References

  1. 1 2 Karaś, Halina (2010). "Mazowsze dalsze". dialektologia.uw.edu.pl. Retrieved 19 July 2024.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Garczyńska, Justyna (2010). "Charakterystyka gwary – wersja rozszerzona". dialektologia.uw.edu.pl. Retrieved 19 July 2024.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Wojciech Grzegorzewicz (1894). "O języku ludowym w powiecie przasnyskim". Sprawozdania Komisyi Językowéj Akademii Umiejętności (in Polish). 5: 72–126.
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