Western Lublin dialect

Last updated
Western Lublin dialect
Native to Poland
RegionSoutheastern Lesser Poland
Language codes
ISO 639-3 –

The Western Lublin dialect (Polish : gwary lubelszczyzny zachodniej) belongs to the Lesser Poland dialect group and is located in the part of Poland. It borders the Eastern Lublin dialect to the east, the Lasovia dialect to the south, the Kielce dialect to the west, and the Masovia Near Mazovian dialect to the north. [2] Due to position of this dialect, many transitional features can be seen, generally as the result of Masovian influence, particularly in the east. This region can be divided into three subregions: a northern region which is more transitional between Lesser Poland and Masovia, a central region with older Lesser Polish traits, and a southern region with newer Lesser Polish traits. [3]

Contents

Phonology

Atypical of Lesser Polish dialects, devoicing of word-final consonants before vowels and liquids is present here as the result of Masovian influence. Consonants may voice before clitics in the south, otherwise devoicing occurs also before clitics. mazuration is present in the east, but is quickly fading due to negative connotations, but c resulting from cz has the most cases of remaining, with s < sz, z < ż being the most undone. [3]

Vowels

In the east, unstressed e rarely raises to y (after hard consonants)/i (after soft consonants): w pudyłeczku (w pudełeczku), na pichote (na piechotę), however typically unstressed e is kept as e; more commonly, unstressed o raises to u, or sometimes ó: kutuniu kuchany (kotuniu kochany), gódzina (godzina with /o/). These phenomena may also occur in other regions, but very rarely. In the eastern edges of this region, y may lower to o, particularly when stressed: popłonecek (podpłomyczek). As in many other Lesser Polish dialects, levelling of ablaut often occurs: przyniesłam (przyniosłam). A few words in the north show a lack of ablaut due to Masovian influence: wietrak (wiatrak), powiedać (powiadać), and sometimes in the south: zamietać (zamiatać). This feature is generally limited to particular words. Atypical of Lesser Polish dialects, the change of -aj > -ej is not present here: nie daj Boże, tutaj. However, a shift of -ej > -yj (after hard consonants)/-ij (after soft consonants) can be seen: wincyj (więcej) późnij (później). This resulting -yj/-ij may often weaken the final -j, or even lose it: najwięcy (najwięcej). Many consonant clusters are broken up by the insertion of -e-: meter (metr), odeszedł (odszedł). [3]

Slanted vowels

Slanted á generally merged with normal a in the north: ublałam (oblałam), and elsewhere á generally merged with o: byłam młodo (byłam młoda). The reflexes of á in both regions have exceptions, in the north á is rarely o, and in the south á is rarely a. á before a nasal consonant and rarely before other liquids may raise further to u: kijunki (kijanki), miuł (miał). Slanted é is raised to y after hard consonants and to i after soft consonants, rarely it is kept as é; the groups ir/yr developed similarly: chlib (chleb), téż (też). Slanted ó is raised to u, and sometimes normal o was also raised to ó. [3]

Nasal vowels

Nasal vowels have many realizations depending on region and position in a word. ę word-medially lowers in parts of the central region: gąs (pronounced gãs) (gęs), in the eastern edges it remains ę: gęs. In the west it may raise to i/y or é: z mę́żem (z mężem), rynki (ręki), or normally: czszęśli (trzęśli). ą generally rises: wiųnzać (wiązać). Until recently, nasality was kept before all consonants, but recently in the east and west nasals may decompose before non-sibilants and lose nasality before l and ł. Future forms of to be are exceptionally denasalized: bedzie (będzie). Word final -ą raises and denasalizes in the western edge: pójdu (pójdą), in the east something similar may occur, but the raising may be the result of raising unaccented o: byłam panienku (byłam panienką). In the north final -ą only denasalizes to -o without raising: z to kanko (z tą kanką). Final -ę at the edges of this region denasalizes to -e: na szkołe (na szkołę). Secondary nasalization may occur in some words, particularly after nasal consonants. Unstressed ą may raise to ų: wydrųżyli (wydrążyli), ciungnęło się (ciągnęło się). The cluster eN often lowers to aN: ciamno (ciemno), except in the eastern and western edges, where it rises to yN after hard consonants and iN after soft consonants including eN resulting from the decomposition of ęC: pińć (pięć), rzymień (rzemień). o can sometimes raise to u before nasals as well, including o resulting from raising á: do dumu (do domu), ni mum (nie mam). i and y, conversely, may lower before a nasal, especially in the east: zrobiemy (zrobimy). [3]

Prothesis

o often labializes to ô, particularly word-initially. This can also occur to o resulting from á: pôcirz (pacierz). Medial labialization is limited to a few words in the north. A prothetic j may also occur before initial i in a few words. [3]

Consonants

As a result of Masovian influence, partial decomposition of soft labials occurs: pjechotu (piechotą), nie wjedzioł (nie wiedział), mnieli (mieli), wjanki (wianki), and similarly św’ (śf’), partially depaltalizes in the west: śfynia (świnia). In the east, w may pronounced voiced after voiceless consonants: cwaniak (with /v/). In the east, dark ł is still present as the result of Eastern Slavic influence, and similarly, soft l’ is also present, particularly in the east: liokal’ (lokal). Elsewhere l may harden, lipa (as opposed to Standard Polish l’ipa), or even lypa, as a result of Masovian influence. k’ and g’ may inconsistently harden as a result of Masovian influence: w keszeniach (w kieszeniach).The group kt typically changes to cht: chto (kto), kk changes to tk: mintki (miękki). Some instances of changes in individual words are also noted: krzan (chrzan). A Lesser Polish shift of initial chf > kf is present: kfila (chwila). Many other consonant clusters typical of Lesser Polish dialects are also present. In the south, realizations of rś-, rź- instead of śr-, źr- can be found, as in other Lesser Polish dialects: przer-ziadło (przeźradło (lustro)), rziódło (źródło), rsioda (środa). [3]

Inflection

Both Lesser Polish and Masovian tendencies can be seen in the inflection of this dialect. [3]

Nouns

In the north-west the instrumental plural ending -ami hardens to -amy also as a result of Masovian influence: pienindzmy (pieniędzmi). Some nouns have grammatical gender different than in Standard Polish. There is a preference for -a as the masculine genitive singular ending over -u. An archaic genitive singular -e is kept in feminine soft-stem nouns: do studnie (do studni). -ów is often used as a genitive plural ending regardless of gender alongside -∅ in the feminine and neuter. [3]

Adjectives, adverbs, pronouns, and numerals

The comparative of adverbs may be -y/-i due to sound changes. The dative forms naju, waju of my, wy can still be seen here. The pronoun ten may take the masculine/neuter genitive singular form tégo in Janów Lubelski i Biłgoraj, resulting from Masovian influence. Adjectives, pronouns, and numerals may sometimes take -e (from *-ę) in the feminine accusative singular in the eastern edge, as in nouns: szyło sie damskie bielizne (szyło się damską bieliznę). They may also take -ech/-éch in the genitive plural, as in Masovia and other Western Lubelszczyzna: téch dobréch (tych dobrych). [3]

Verbs

i and y may lower before l, ł in past tense forms: beli (byli), beło (było). In the south, they may go to u in the same circumstances: buł (był), piuł (pił). Many verbs ending in -ać with -eję declension sometimes see levelling in the past tense in the north east: zaleli (zalali). This does not occur elsewhere. The past tense of żąć was levelled by analogy to the present tense, also with possible contamination with the verb rżnąć: żnęłam (żęłam). Many verbs across the whole region that normally end in -eć may end in -ić, which may also be seen in Masovian dialects: powedzić (powiedzieć). In the first person plural present, past, and imperative forms of verbs, -(ź)wa may be seen: byliźwa (byliśmy), chodźwa (chodźmy). In Bychawa and Kraśnik, it can even retain its original function as a dual marker, and -(ś)my is used for the plural. In the edges of this region -wa and -ma (resulting from contamination between -my and -wa) can be seen: wozima (wozimy). At the eastern edge -m for the first person present/past/future plural, from Masovian influence, can be seen: wozim (wozimy). In the west, the first person plural present, past, and imperative forms of verbs ending -(ś)ta is common alongside standard -cie: mota (macie). -(ś)ta may also serve as a formal ending, where most dialects use -cie for formality: dajta, mamo. The third person plural may also be used as a form of respect: dziadek przynosili słómy snop (dziadek przynosił snop słomy). In the east, analytic past tenses are often formed: my trzęśli (trzęśliśmy). In the northeast, synthetic forms occur, and synthetic forms are less common in the east. The third person singular present tense of być is je, as opposed to Standard Polish jest. In the east, iść and its prefixed derivatives can take a masculine third person singular past tense form influenced by Eastern Slavic languages: poszeł (poszedł). Verbs ending in -ąć typically take -n- in the past tense: wypłynena (wypłynęła), but in the far north-east standard forms occur. Passive participles may also differ: łobgnite (obgniłe). [3]

Vocabulary

Word-Formation

Both Lesser Polish and Masovian word-formation tendencies can be seen here. [3]

Nouns

Nouns formed with both -ę and -ak for young people and animals are common here. -yna is a common, expressive suffix here to imply a given object is old and not in good condition: łóżcyna (old and tired bed), from łóżko. Diminutives are sometimes used for this purpose as well, along with the standard, positive connotations. [3]

Adjectives, adverbs, pronouns, and numerals

Adverbs are sometimes formed differently than in Standard Polish: normalno (normalnie). Numerals under 5 often govern the genitive plural: dwa pópłónycków (dwa podpłomyczki), dwie wiunchów (dwie wiąchy(wiązki)); conversely numerals above five may not govern the genitive plural: pińć kilumetry (pięć kilometrów). [3]

Verbs

Frequentatives are typically formed with -ywać/-iwać from Masovian influence; in most of Lesser Poland -ować dominates. In parts of the eastern region -uwać is common. Verbs formed from -jąć form the frequentative with -ać, and not -ować: wyjmało sie (wyjmowało się). [3]

Syntax

Masculine personal nouns generally take the so-called “deprecative” forms neutrally: dziadki (dziadkowie). Similarly, the plural past tense is usually formed with -ły, regardless of gender: łojcowie zaprosiły (ojcowie zaprosili). However, in Giełczew and Stare Komaszyce, -li can still be found in the first person plural past tense regularly: my tak sie śmioli (tak się śmialiśmy), sadziliśmy (sadzaliśmy), or rarely in the third person plural. In the north, however, -li is preferred for all genders: byli takie ruzmaite kwiatki (były takie rozmaite kwiatki). [3]

See also

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The Krajna dialect belongs to the Greater Poland dialect group and is located in the part of Poland. It borders the Bory Tucholskie dialect to the northeast, the Northern Greater Polish dialect to the south, and the Kashubian language to the north. Due to its position, it is a transitional dialect and shares many features with neighboring dialects and languages, and is very diverse.

The Chełmno–Dobrzyń dialect belongs to the Greater Poland dialect group and is located in the northern part of Poland. It borders the Bory Tucholskie dialect to the East, the Kociewie dialect to the north, the Kujawy dialect to the south, the Masovian Lubawa dialect to the northeast, and the Near Mazovian dialect to the southeast.

The Kuyavian dialect belongs to the Greater Poland dialect group and is spoken in Kuyavia. It borders the Chełmno-Dobrzyń dialect to the north, the Northern Greater Polish dialect to the west, the Eastern Greater Polish dialect to the south, the Masovian Near Mazovian dialect to the northwest and the Łęczyca dialect to the southeast.

The Eastern Greater Poland dialect belongs to the Greater Poland dialect group and is located in the part of Poland. It borders the Kujawy dialect to the north, the Central Greater Polish dialect to the east, and the Lesser Poland Łęczyca dialect to the northwest and the Sieradz dialect to the southwest.

The Łęczyca dialect belongs to the Lesser Poland dialect group and is located in the part of Poland. It borders the Sieradz dialect to the southeast, the Kielce dialect to the southwest, the Masovian Borderland dialect to the east, the Eastern Greater Polish dialect to the northeast, and the Kujawy dialect to the far northeast. Łęczyca, along with Sieradz, occupy central Poland, which greatly affects them. The classification of the Łęczyca and Sieradz subdialects is often debated; some have classified them as Lesser Polish, whereas others as belonging to Greater Polish. Łęczyca and Sieradz have even been considered as one group due to the large number of similarities by Eugeniusz Pawłowski and others. This unclear categorization is the result of the land being placed under control of various administrative territories throughout history, resulting in a transitional dialect between Greater Polish, Lesser Polish, and Masovian. Furthermore, many dialectal traits of the region are fading, and Standard Polish is becoming more prevalent.

The Sieradz dialect belongs to the Lesser Poland dialect group and is located in the part of Poland. It borders the Łęczyca dialect to the north, the Krakow dialect to the south, the Łęczyca dialect to the east, the Central Greater Polish dialect to the northeast, and the Eastern Greater Polish dialect to the farn northeast. The classification of the Łęczyca and Sieradz subdialects is often debated; some classify them as Lesser Polish, whereas others classify them as belonging to Greater Polish. Łęczyca and Sieradz have even been considered as one group due to the large number of similarities. This unclear categorization is the result of the land being placed under control of various administrative territories throughout history, resulting in a transitional dialect between Greater Polish, Lesser Polish, and Masovian. Furthermore, many dialectal traits of the region are fading, and Standard Polish is becoming more prevalent.

The Masovian Borderland dialect belongs to the Lesser Poland dialect group and is located in the part of Poland. It borders the Kielce dialect to the south, the Łęczyca dialect to the east, the Western Lublin dialect, Masovian Łowicz dialect to the northeast, and the Near Mazovian dialect to the north. Similar to Łęczyca and Sieradz, influences from many dialect regions can be seen here.

The Kraków dialect belongs to the Lesser Poland dialect group and is located in the part of Poland. It borders the Sieradz dialect to the north, the Kielce dialect to the northeast, the Eastern Kraków dialect to the east, the Sącz dialect to the south, and Silesian to the west. Scholars often debate about the northern and western borders of this dialect. This dialect is slowly losing many features and replacing them with those from Standard Polish.

The dialect belongs to the Lesser Poland dialect group and is located in the part of Poland. It borders the Kielce dialect to the northwest, the Western Lublin dialect to the northeast, the Eastern Lublin dialect to the east, the Przemyśl dialect to the southeast, the Biecz dialect to the southwest, the Eastern Krakow dialect to the southwest. Lasowska can be divided into four regions: eastern, central, northern, and western. Villages by the San and Łęg rivers are more similar the central subdialects, villages between the Vistula and Łęg are more like subdialects in Sandomierz, and villages near Grębów have traits of both.

The dialect belongs to the Lesser Poland dialect group and is located in the part of Poland. It borders the Kielce dialect to the north, the Lasovia dialect to the east, the Biecz dialect to the southeast, the Sącz dialect to the south, and the Kraków dialect to the west.

The Eastern Lublin dialect belongs to the Lesser Poland dialect group and is located in the part of Poland. It borders the Western Lublin dialect to the west, the Lasovia dialect to the southwest, the Przemyśl dialect to the south, the Southern Borderlands dialect to the east, the Northern Borderlands dialect to the northeast, the Masovian Podlachia dialect to the north, and the Near Mazovian dialect to the northwest.

The Przemyśl dialect belongs to the Lesser Poland dialect group and is located in the part of Poland. It borders the Biecz dialect to the west, the Lasovia dialect to the northwest, the Eastern Lublin dialect to the northeast, and the Southern Borderlands dialect to the east.

The Podegrodzie dialect belongs to the Lesser Poland dialect group and is located in the part of Poland. It borders the Krakow dialect to the northwest, the Eastern Krakow dialect to the northeast, the Biecz dialect to the east, the Piwniczna dialect to the southeast, and the Łącko dialect to the southwest. The region is generally split into east and west, and is characterized by having one reflex of the nasal vowels in three regions. Some residents here often do not consider themselves Gorals, but Lachs, particularly in the Podegrodzie region. Others consider themselves Gorals. Historically, Lemkos were also found here. Sądecka is considered a transitional dialect between Goral dialects and sub-Krakovian (Krakowskie) dialects, and features from this region have spread to many nearby regions, namely the feature that ę and ą have merged into nasal ǫ, which is then denasalized.

The Żywiec dialect belongs to the Lesser Poland dialect group and is located in the part of Poland. It is in part one of the dialects that belongs to the Goral ethnolect. It borders the Sącz dialect to the northeast, the Orawa dialect to the east, and Silesian to the northwest. In the past this region was often considered a subregion of neighboring areas, having been much affected by them, as well as by foreign languages, namely Czech, Slovak, German, Carpathian Rusyn, and Hungarian. Żywiecczyzna is a strongly varied dialect and is able to be divided into three regions: a south-east region, a south-west region, and a northern region.

The Ostróda dialect belongs to the Masovian dialect group, but is sometimes considered part of the new mixed dialects, and is located in the part of Poland. It borders the Lubawa dialect to the west, the Masurian dialects to the south, the Warmia dialect to the east, and the new mixed dialects to the north.

The Suwałki dialect belongs to the Masovian dialect group and is located in the part of Poland. It borders the Podlachia dialect to the south, the Masurian dialects to the west, the Northern Borderlands dialect to the east, and the new mixed dialects to the north.

The dialect belongs to the Masovian dialect group and is located in the part of Poland. It borders the Near Mazovian dialect to the north, the Lesser Polish Masovian Borderland dialect to the east, and the Łęczyca dialect to the south and west.

The Near Masovian dialect belongs to the Masovian dialect group and is located in the part of Poland. It borders the Łowicz dialect to the southwest, the Lesser Polish Masovian Borderland dialect to the south, the Western Lublin dialect to the southeast, the Podlachia dialect to the east, the Far Mazovian dialect to the north, the Greater Polish Chełmno-Dobrzyń dialect to the northwest, the Kujawy dialect to the west, and the Lesser Polish Sieradz dialect to the southwest.

The Podlachia dialect belongs to the Masovian dialect group and is located in the part of Poland. It borders the Suwałki dialect to the north, the Masurian dialects to the far northwest, the Far Mazovian dialect to the west, the Near Mazovian dialect to the southwest, the Lesser Polish Eastern Greater Polish dialect to the south, and the Northern Borderlands dialect to the east.

References

  1. ↑ Karaś, Halina (2010). "Lubelszczyzna zachodnia". dialektologia.uw.edu.pl. Retrieved 19 July 2024.
  2. ↑ Karaś, Halina (2010). "Lubelszczyzna zachodnia". dialektologia.uw.edu.pl. Retrieved 19 July 2024.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Krawczyk-Wieczorek, Aleksandra (2010). "Dialektologia Polska". dialektologia.uw.edu.pl. Retrieved 19 July 2024.
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