Lactobacillus crispatus

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Lactobacillus crispatus
Scientific classification Red Pencil Icon.png
Domain: Bacteria
Phylum: "Firmicutes"
Class: Bacilli
Order: Lactobacillales
Family: Lactobacillaceae
Genus: Lactobacillus
Species:
L. crispatus
Binomial name
Lactobacillus crispatus
(Brygoo and Aladame 1953)
Moore and Holdeman 1970

Lactobacillus crispatus is a common, rod-shaped species of genus Lactobacillus and is a hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) [1] producing beneficial microbiota species located in both the vagina, through vaginal discharge, and the vertebrate gastrointestinal tract. [2] The strain CTV-05 is used as a probiotic that can be used by premenopausal and postmenopausal women [3] that experience recurrent urinary tract infections. It is being evaluated specifically for the prevention and treatment of bacterial vaginosis, [4] which is characterized by the absence of Lactobacillus flora necessary to protect the host from infection. [5]

Contents

History

The species name derives from Latin crispatus, meaning "curled", referring to the shape of the bacteria. [6] L. crispatus was first isolated in 1953 by Brygoo and Aladame, who proposed it as a new species of the genus Eubacterium . [7] In the 1970s the type strain VPI 3199 (ATCC 33820) of L. crispatus (at the time still designated "Eubacterium crispatum") was deposited in the collection of the Anaerobe Laboratory, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (VPI), where it was identified as a Lactobacillus [8] and characterized [9] by Moore and Holdeman. Addressing the problem of genetic heterogeneity among a vast number of strains identified as L. acidophilus based on phenotypic similarity, Johnson et al. performed DNA homology experiments on 89 previously proposed L. acidophilus strains and delineated six distinct homology groups. [10] Only the strains pertaining to DNA homology group A1 were still designated L. acidophilus. Strains in the homology groups A2, A3, A4, B1 and B2 were proposed to be distinct species [10] and later reclassified as L. crispatus, L. amylovorus , L. gallinarum , L. gasseri and L. johnsonii respectively. [11] In the case of L. crispatus this happened in 1983 as Cato and her coworkers recharacterized strain VPI 3199 and discovered 100% DNA homology with VPI 7635 (ATCC 33197), the type strain of "L. acidophilus" group A2. [12]

Taxonomy

It is a species in the phylum Firmicutes, in the class Bacilli, in the order Lactobacillales, in the family Lactobacillaceae and the genus Lactobacillus . [13] It is one of 122 other species identified within the genus.

Genome

Even within L. crispatus there is substantial genetic variation: strains of L. crispatus have genome sizes ranging from 1.83 to 2.7 Mb, and encode 1,839 (EM-LC1) to 2,688 (FB077-07) proteins. [14]

The genome of Lactobacillus crispatus strain ST1, which colonizes chicken, consists of about 2,043,161 nucleotides [13] and encodes 2,024 proteins, [13] 76 RNA genes [13] and has a circular chromosomal shape. [13]

Ecology

The strain of Lactobacillus crispastus was originally isolated from a pouch in a chicken gullet [13] and is considered to be one of the strongest H2O2-producing lactobacilli. Like many other Lactobacillus species, it can be severely altered by changes to the immune system, hormone levels and from the use of antimicrobials. Lactobacillus crispatus is a normal inhabitant of the lower reproductive tract in healthy women. [15] [16]

Probiotic use

CTV-05 gelatin suppository capsules [4] are inserted into the vagina as a probiotic that can help maintain healthy flora. Studies have shown that L. crispastus CTV-05 effectively colonized the vagina and helped prevent and treat recurrent bacterial vaginosis and other genital infections. Scientists have stated that evidence from clinical trials proves that these probiotics will safely and effectively treat bacterial vaginosis if used alone or alongside an antibiotic treatment if an infection had already arisen. [3] [17]

Condom use has showed increased colonization of Lactobacillus crispatus in the vagina because it protects against both bacterial vaginosis (BV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). [18]

Related Research Articles

Bacterial vaginosis Excessive growth of bacteria in the vagina

Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a disease of the vagina caused by excessive growth of bacteria. Common symptoms include increased vaginal discharge that often smells like fish. The discharge is usually white or gray in color. Burning with urination may occur. Itching is uncommon. Occasionally, there may be no symptoms. Having BV approximately doubles the risk of infection by a number of sexually transmitted infections, including HIV/AIDS. It also increases the risk of early delivery among pregnant women.

<i>Lactobacillus</i> Genus of bacteria

Lactobacillus is a genus of Gram-positive, aerotolerant anaerobes or microaerophilic, rod-shaped, non-spore-forming bacteria. Until March 2020, the genus Lactobacillus comprised over 260 phylogenetically, ecologically, and metabolically diverse species; a taxonomic revision of the genus in 2020 assigned lactobacilli to 25 genera.

Vaginitis, also known as vulvovaginitis, is inflammation of the vagina and vulva. Symptoms may include itching, burning, pain, discharge, and a bad smell. Certain types of vaginitis may result in complications during pregnancy.

Probiotic microorganisms said to provide health benefits when consumed

Probiotics are live microorganisms promoted with claims that they provide health benefits when consumed, generally by improving or restoring the gut flora. Probiotics are considered generally safe to consume, but may cause bacteria-host interactions and unwanted side effects in rare cases. There is some evidence that probiotics are beneficial for some conditions, but there is little evidence for many of the health benefits claimed for them.

<i>Lactobacillus acidophilus</i> Species of bacterium

Lactobacillus acidophilus is a species of Gram-positive bacteria in the genus Lactobacillus. L. acidophilus is a homofermentative, microaerophilic species, fermenting sugars into lactic acid, and grows readily at rather low pH values and has an optimum growth temperature of around 37 °C (99 °F). L. acidophilus is found in the human and animal gastrointestinal tract and mouth. Some strains of L. acidophilus may be considered to have probiotic characteristics. These strains are commercially used in many dairy products, sometimes together with Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus in the production of acidophilus-type yogurt, or acidophiline. Its genome has been sequenced.

<i>Bacillus coagulans</i> Species of bacterium

Bacillus coagulans is a lactic acid–forming bacterial species first isolated and described in 1915 by B.W. Hammer at the Iowa Agricultural Experiment Station as a cause of an outbreak of coagulation in evaporated milk packed by an Iowa condensary. Separately isolated in 1935 and described as Lactobacillus sporogenes in the fifth edition of Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, it exhibits characteristics typical of both genera Lactobacillus and Bacillus; its taxonomic position between the families Lactobacillaceae and Bacillaceae was often debated. However, in the seventh edition of Bergey's, it was finally transferred to the genus Bacillus. DNA-based technology was used in distinguishing between the two genera of bacteria, which are morphologically similar and possess similar physiological and biochemical characteristics.

<i>Lacticaseibacillus casei</i> Species of bacterium

Lacticaseibacillus casei is a species of genus Lacticaseibacillus. This particular species of Lacticaseibacillus is documented to have a wide pH and temperature range, and complements the growth of L. acidophilus, a producer of the enzyme amylase.

<i>Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus</i> Species of bacterium

Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus is a bacterium that originally was considered to be a subspecies of L. casei, but genetic research found it to be a separate species in the L. casei clade, which also includes L. paracasei and L. zeae. It is a short Gram-positive homofermentative facultative anaerobic non-spore-forming rod that often appears in chains. Some strains of L. rhamnosus bacteria are being used as probiotics, and are particularly useful in treating infections of the female urogenital tract, most particularly very difficult to treat cases of bacterial vaginosis. The species Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus and Limosilactobacillus reuteri are commonly found in the healthy female genito-urinary tract and are helpful to regain control of dysbiotic bacterial overgrowth during an active infection. L. rhamnosus sometimes is used in dairy products such as fermented milk and as non-starter-lactic acid bacterium (NSLAB) in long-ripened cheese. While frequently considered a beneficial organism, L. rhamnosus may not be as beneficial to certain subsets of the population; in rare circumstances, especially those primarily involving weakened immune system or infants, it may cause endocarditis. Despite the rare infections caused by L. rhamnosus, the species is included in the list of bacterial species with qualified presumed safety (QPS) status of the European Food Safety Agency.

Levilactobacillus brevis is a gram-positive, rod shaped species of lactic acid bacteria which is heterofermentative, creating CO2, lactic acid and acetic acid or ethanol during fermentation. L. brevis is the type species of the genus Levilactobacillus (previously L. brevis group), which comprises 24 species (http://www.lactobacillus.ualberta.ca/, http://www.lactobacillus.uantwerpen.be/). It can be found in many different environments, such as fermented foods, and as normal microbiota. L.brevis is found in food such as sauerkraut and pickles. It is also one of the most common causes of beer spoilage. Ingestion has been shown to improve human immune function, and it has been patented several times. Normal gut microbiota L.brevis is found in human intestines, vagina, and feces.

Vaginal flora

Vaginal flora, vaginal microbiota or vaginal microbiome are the microorganisms that colonize the vagina. They were discovered by the German gynecologist Albert Döderlein in 1892 and are part of the overall human flora. The amount and type of bacteria present have significant implications for a woman's overall health. The primary colonizing bacteria of a healthy individual are of the genus Lactobacillus, such as L. crispatus, and the lactic acid they produce is thought to protect against infection by pathogenic species.

Vaginal yeast infection Medical condition

Vaginal yeast infection, also known as candidal vulvovaginitis and vaginal thrush, is excessive growth of yeast in the vagina that results in irritation. The most common symptom is vaginal itching, which may be severe. Other symptoms include burning with urination, a thick, white vaginal discharge that typically does not smell bad, pain during sex, and redness around the vagina. Symptoms often worsen just before a woman's period.

Lactobacillus gasseri is a species in the genus Lactobacillus identified in 1980 by François Gasser and his associates. It is part of the vaginal flora. Its genome has been sequenced. L. gasseri is a normal inhabitant of the lower reproductive tract in healthy women. It also produces Lactocillin.

<i>Lactobacillus johnsonii</i> Species of bacterium

Lactobacillus johnsonii is a species in the genus Lactobacillus identified in 1980 by John L. Johnson, an American microbiologist and his associates. Its type strain is ATCC 33200. It is part of the healthy vaginal microbiota and has been identified as having probiotic properties. The L. johnsonii strain La1 was one of the first cultures to be proposed as a probiotic dairy supplement in 1995 at the Nestlé Research Center, Lausanne. Although yeast and bacteria have been used in dairy products for fermenting purposes for centuries, the investigation and choice of a microorganism as a fermenting agent based on its health benefits was novel at the time. Today the probiotic culture is used in the LC1 yogurt products by Nestlé.

Lactobacillus gallinarum is a species in the genus Lactobacillus. Its type strain is ATCC 33199.

Lactobacillus iners is a species in the genus Lactobacillus. It is a Gram-positive, catalase-negative, facultatively anaerobic rod-shaped bacterium with type strain CCUG 28746T. Lactobacillus iners is a normal inhabitant of the lower reproductive tract in healthy women.

Lactobacillus jensenii is a normal inhabitant of the lower reproductive tract in healthy women. L. jensenii makes up 23% of vaginal microflora that is naturally occurring. It is also found on the skins of grapes at the time of their harvest. L. jensenii is sometimes used in producing fermented foods.

Lactobacillus vaccine Vaccine using an inactivated strain of Lactobacillus

Lactobacillus vaccines are used in the therapy and prophylaxis of non-specific bacterial vaginitis and trichomoniasis. The vaccines consist of specific inactivated strains of Lactobacilli, called "aberrant" strains in the relevant literature dating from the 1980s. These strains were isolated from the vaginal secretions of patients suffering from acute colpitis. The lactobacilli in question are polymorphic, often shortened or coccoid in shape and do not produce an acidic, anti-pathogenic vaginal environment. A colonization with aberrant lactobacilli has been associated with an increased susceptibility to vaginal infections and a high rate of relapse following antimicrobial treatment. Intramuscular administration of inactivated aberrant lactobacilli provokes a humoral immune response. The production of specific antibodies both in serum and in the vaginal secretion has been demonstrated. As a result of the immune stimulation, the abnormal lactobacilli are inhibited, the population of normal, rod-shaped lactobacilli can grow and exert its defense functions against pathogenic microorganisms.

Limosilactobacillus vaginalis is a lactic acid bacterium that is a normal, but infrequent part of the vaginal microbiome.

References

  1. ↑ Antonio MA, Hillier SL (May 2003). "DNA fingerprinting of Lactobacillus crispatus strain CTV-05 by repetitive element sequence-based PCR analysis in a pilot study of vaginal colonization". Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 41 (5): 1881–7. doi:10.1128/jcm.41.5.1881-1887.2003. PMC   154705 . PMID   12734221.
  2. ↑ Ojala T, Kuparinen V, Koskinen JP, Alatalo E, Holm L, Auvinen P, Edelman S, Westerlund-Wikström B, Korhonen TK, Paulin L, Kankainen M (July 2010). "Genome sequence of Lactobacillus crispatus ST1". Journal of Bacteriology. 192 (13): 3547–8. doi:10.1128/JB.00399-10. PMC   2897677 . PMID   20435723.
  3. 1 2 Dwyer JP, Dwyer PL (August 2013). "Lactobacillus probiotics may prevent recurrent UTIs in postmenopausal women". Evidence Based Medicine. 18 (4): 141–142. doi:10.1136/eb-2012-100961. PMID   23125237. S2CID   41235446.
  4. 1 2 Antonio MA, Meyn LA, Murray PJ, Busse B, Hillier SL (May 2009). "Vaginal colonization by probiotic Lactobacillus crispatus CTV-05 is decreased by sexual activity and endogenous Lactobacilli". The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 199 (10): 1506–13. doi: 10.1086/598686 . PMID   19331578.
  5. ↑ Vásquez A, Jakobsson T, Ahrné S, Forsum U, Molin G (August 2002). "Vaginal lactobacillus flora of healthy Swedish women". Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 40 (8): 2746–9. doi:10.1128/JCM.40.8.2746-2749.2002. PMC   120688 . PMID   12149323.
  6. ↑ Zheng, Jinshui; Wittouck, Stijn; Salvetti, Elisa; Franz, Charles M.A.P.; Harris, Hugh M.B.; Mattarelli, Paola; O’Toole, Paul W.; Pot, Bruno; Vandamme, Peter; Walter, Jens; Watanabe, Koichi; Wuyts, Sander; Felis, Giovanna E.; Gänzle, Michael G.; Lebeer, Sarah (1 April 2020). "A taxonomic note on the genus Lactobacillus: Description of 23 novel genera, emended description of the genus Lactobacillus Beijerinck 1901, and union of Lactobacillaceae and Leuconostocaceae". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 70 (4): 2782–2858. doi:10.1099/ijsem.0.004107.
  7. ↑ Brygoo, E. R.; Aladame, N. (1953). "Étude d'une espèce nouvelle anaérobie stricte du genre Eubacterium: E. crispatum n. sp" [Study of a new strictly anaerobic species of the genus Eubacterium: Eubacterium crispatum n. sp.]. Annales de l'Institut Pasteur (in French). 84 (3): 640–641. PMID   13124957.
  8. ↑ Moore, W. E. C.; Holdeman, L. V. (1970). "Propionibacterium, Arachnia, Actinomyces, Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium". In Cato, E. P.; Cummins, C. S.; Holdeman, L. V.; Johnson, J. L.; Moore, W. E. C.; Smibert, R. M.; Smith, L. D. S. (eds.). Outline of Clinical Methods in Anaerobic Bacteriology (2nd ed.). Blacksburg: Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Anaerobe Laboratory. pp. 15–21.
  9. ↑ Holdeman, L. V.; Cato, E. P.; Moore, W. E. C. (1977). Anaerobe Laboratory Manual (4th ed.). Blacksburg: Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. pp. 1–156.
  10. 1 2 Johnson, J. L.; Phelps, C. F.; Cummins, C. S.; London, J.; Gasser, F. (1980). "Taxonomy of the Lactobacillus acidophilus group". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 30 (1): 53–68. doi: 10.1099/00207713-30-1-53 .
  11. ↑ Du Plessis, E. M.; Dicks, L. M. T. (1995). "Evaluation of random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD)-PCR as a method to differentiate Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus crispatus, Lactobacillus amylovorus, Lactobacillus gallinarum, Lactobacillus gasseri, and Lactobacillus johnsonii". Current Microbiology. 31 (2): 114–118. doi:10.1007/BF00294286. PMID   7606186. S2CID   25714596.
  12. ↑ Cato, E. P.; Moore, W. E. C. (1983). "Synonymy of strains of "Lactobacillus acidophilus" group A2 (Johnson et al. 1980) with the type strain of Lactobacillus crispatus (Brygoo and Aladame 1953) Moore and Holdeman 1970". International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology. 33 (2): 426–428. doi: 10.1099/00207713-33-2-426 .
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "KEGG GENOME: Lactobacillus crispatus".
  14. ↑ France MT, Mendes-Soares H, Forney LJ (December 2016). "Genomic Comparisons of Lactobacillus crispatus and Lactobacillus iners Reveal Potential Ecological Drivers of Community Composition in the Vagina". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 82 (24): 7063–7073. doi:10.1128/AEM.02385-16. PMC   5118917 . PMID   27694231.
  15. ↑ Nardis C, Mosca L, Mastromarino P (September 2013). "Vaginal microbiota and viral sexually transmitted diseases". Annali di Igiene. 25 (5): 443–56. doi:10.7416/ai.2013.1946. PMID   24048183.
  16. ↑ Bennett J (2015). Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier/Saunders. ISBN   978-1-4557-4801-3.
  17. ↑ Randomized Trial of Lactin-V to Prevent Recurrence of Bacterial Vaginosis N Engl J Med 2020; 382:1906-1915, DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1915254
  18. ↑ Ma L, Lv Z, Su J, Wang J, Yan D, Wei J, Pei S (2013-07-23). "Consistent condom use increases the colonization of Lactobacillus crispatus in the vagina". PLOS ONE. 8 (7): e70716. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...870716M. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070716 . PMC   3720897 . PMID   23894682.
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