Lev Parnas and Igor Fruman

Last updated

Lev Parnas (born February 6, 1972) [1] and Igor Fruman (born 1966) [2] are associates of Rudy Giuliani who allegedly aided him with a search in Ukraine for detrimental information on U.S. President Donald Trump's political opponents. This allegedly included looking for evidence for a narrative to counter Robert Mueller's Special Counsel investigation and information on former Vice President Joe Biden. [3] [4] [5] [6] Both individuals are Soviet-born Florida real estate businessmen and naturalized American citizens. [7] [8] [9] As a result of their activities, they are figures involved in the Trump–Ukraine scandal.

Contents

Background and careers

Both men are immigrants and U.S. citizens.

Parnas was born in 1972 in Odessa, Ukraine, when it was still part of the USSR. His family brought him at the age of three to the U.S., first to Detroit, and then a year later to Brooklyn. He was a student at Brooklyn College and Baruch College. He also worked at Kings Highway Realty, where he sold Trump Organization co-ops. In 1995, Parnas moved to Florida, where he worked in several businesses. He became a broker, working with such organizations as Euro-Atlantic Securities, Mammoth Bullion and Monolith Bullion, and founding his own company, Parnas Holdings. After being involved in a failed film project, he partnered with Igor Fruman in an energy related venture. [1] [10] The Miami Herald maintains he "left a long trail of debts in Florida and beyond." [11]

In 2019, Parnas served as a translator for a legal case involving Dmytro Firtash, one of Ukraine's wealthiest oligarchs with self-admitted mob connections, [12] who is fighting extradition to the U.S. to face bribery charges. Firtash has lived in Vienna for five years. "Mr. Parnas was retained by DiGenova & Toensing, LLP as an interpreter in order to communicate with their client Mr. Firtash, who does not speak English," the Washington-based law firm said in a statement. [13] However, recordings of Parnas speaking Ukrainian and Russian evidence that he has not retained total fluency in these two languages since coming to the United States. A Swiss lawyer for Firtash loaned $1 million to Parnas's wife in September 2019, according to prosecutors. [14]

Fruman was born in Kalinkavichy, Gomel Region, Belarus, and immigrated to the U.S., later working in Ukraine for a time. [2] He lived in the Detroit metropolitan area before moving to South Florida. He has owned an import/export business in Ukraine as well as a beach bar named Mafia Rave in Odessa, Ukraine. [1] [15] [16] Fruman attended the state funeral in December 2018 of former U.S. president George H. W. Bush, apparently as a guest of Rudy Giuliani. [17] Fruman's marriage to Yelyzaveta Naumova ended in divorce. [18]

In addition to working on joint business and political efforts, Parnas and Fruman have been involved in Jewish charities and causes in the U.S., Ukraine and Israel. [19] Fruman and Parnas are on the board of a Ukrainian-Jewish charity, "Friends of Anatevka", founded by Ukrainian rabbi Moshe Reuven Azman, to provide a refuge for Jews affected by the Russian military intervention in Ukraine. [20] Parnas and Fruman visited Israel in the summer of 2018 as a part of a delegation, led by former Arkansas Governor Mike Huckabee and joined by Anthony Scaramucci, of "right-wing Jewish and evangelical supporters of Trump." While there, the group met with various leaders and personalities including the U.S. Ambassador to Israel, David M. Friedman, Benjamin Netanyahu's son Yair Netanyahu, as well as billionaire Simon Falic, one of Netanyahu's most generous donors. [21] Huckabee joined the two once again in March 2019 when they were awarded with the "Chovevei Zion" (Lovers of Zion) awards at a gala for the National Council of Young Israel, an event focused on supporting President Trump and Israeli West Bank settlements. Rudy Giuliani and House Minority Leader Kevin McCarthy were in attendance as well. While in Israel Parnas and Fruman also met with oligarch Ihor Kolomoyskyi, a wealthy Ukrainian under investigation by the Department of Justice for money laundering. [19]

Connection to Trump–Ukraine scandal

In 2018, Parnas and Fruman hired Giuliani, the president's personal attorney, to serve as a consultant as the two, according to Giulani, were "ramping up" a security business with the felicitous name "Fraud Guarantee". [22] (Parnas had chosen the name "Fraud Guarantee" in 2013 to clean up his Google search results after accusations of fraud in previous ventures. [23] ) Florida authorities had apparently dissolved Fraud Guarantee in September 2014 for failing to file an annual report, which would have limited the company to activities related to closing itself down. [24]

The Republican donor, Trump supporter and Long Island attorney Charles Gucciardo paid Giuliani on behalf of Fraud Guarantee in two $250,000 payments, in September and October 2018. [25] [26]

Late in 2018, Giuliani allegedly sent the two to Ukraine to search for damaging information on Trump's U.S. political rivals. According to The New York Times , "Their mission was to find people and information that could be used to undermine the Special Counsel's investigation, and also to damage former Vice President Joseph R. Biden." [27] Both were allegedly also at the center of the pro-Trump forces' push to remove Marie Yovanovitch, the U.S. ambassador to Ukraine, because her loyalty to President Trump was deemed deficient as Trump pursued his agenda there. [27] It is also alleged that the two pressed for support for allegations that former Ukrainian officials schemed to manipulate the 2016 election to support Hillary Clinton, by revealing adverse information about Paul Manafort, chairman of Trump's campaign, which became a central element in Mueller's special counsel investigation.[ citation needed ]

In the United States, while lodging at the Trump Hotel in Washington, D.C., Parnas, Fruman and leading members of Congress pushed for the ambassador's removal because she had angered Ukrainian confederates in Kiev.[ citation needed ] Also, over the course of a year beginning in 2018, the two men allegedly introduced Giuliani to Ukrainians who were amenable to promoting "a largely unsubstantiated narrative about the Bidens." [27] These included Yuriy Lutsenko, a former Prosecutor General of Ukraine, who was critical to Giuliani's efforts to produce damaging information. Viktor Shokin, also a former Prosecutor General of Ukraine, was part of this group. Parnas and Robert F. Hyde reportedly exchanged messages indicating that then-Ambassador Marie Yovanovitch was under surveillance and that they were working to have her removed. [28] [29]

The New York field office of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), along with SDNY prosecutors, are conducting a criminal investigation of Giuliani's relationship with Parnas and Fruman. [30] Giuliani is under investigation for potentially violating lobbying laws. [31] Parnas was initially being legally represented by John M. Dowd, who was Trump's personal attorney in the Mueller investigation in 2017-18, until he fired him and hired Joseph A. Bondy. [32] Dowd initially represented Fruman as well. [33]

On November 22, 2019, Parnas stated to CNN that he would be willing to testify to Congress regarding his, Representative Devin Nunes (R-CA), Giuliani's and Trump's role in the Ukraine affairs. [34] Documents released to a watchdog group show communication took place between Giuliani and Pompeo shortly before Ambassador Yovanovitch was removed from her post. Memos from Giuliani to Pompeo regarding a Jan. 23, 2019, meeting with Ukraine's former prosecutor general Victor Shokin were included. Giuliani notes that Igor Fruman and Lev Parnas were present at the meeting. Shokin was ousted from his job in 2016 because of his lack of attention to corruption cases. [35]

In January 2020, an attorney for Parnas turned over photos, text messages and thousands of pages of documents to the House Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations. [36] Some text messages appeared to show that an associate of Parnas, Robert Hyde, had surveilled the American ambassador to Ukraine, Marie Yovanovitch, in March 2019 in an effort to get her fired. Trump removed Yovanovitch from her post in May 2019. [37] [38]

On January 15, 2020, Parnas said in an interview by Rachel Maddow on MSNBC that "President Trump knew exactly what was going on." He also said that "Attorney General Barr was basically on the team" and conferred with Giuliani frequently. [39]

Arrest

External video
Nuvola apps kaboodle.svg Press conference with U.S. Attorney for the Southern District of New York Geoffrey Berman and Assistant Director in Charge of the FBI's New York office William Sweeney on the arrest of Parnas and Fruman, October 10, 2019, C-SPAN

Parnas and Fruman were arrested on the evening of October 9, 2019, at Dulles International Airport, and charged with planning to direct funds from a foreign government "to U.S. politicians while trying to influence U.S.-Ukraine relations".[ citation needed ] It has been reported that they were arrested while trying to leave the United States.[ citation needed ] The reason for their arrest was described as a "complex web of financial and political interactions linking diplomacy to alleged violations of campaign finance law." [40] The head of the New York's FBI office described the investigation as "about corrupt behavior, deliberate lawbreaking". [8] [7] [40]

The charges have also allegedly connected Parnas and Fruman to the campaign to oust the United States ambassador to Ukraine, Marie Yovanovitch, from her post and have her recalled. [41] This occurred over many months. [7] In 2018, the operation included Parnas and Fruman donating funds and pledging further additional moneys to an unnamed Congressman, who was recruited for the "campaign to oust her." [41] Some of the funds violated campaign limits. The funds were funneled through a shell company, Global Energy Producers. [42] Parnas and Fruman were also charged with unlawful campaign contributions. Based on campaign finance filings, former congressional Representative Pete Sessions (R-Texas) has been identified as the unnamed Congressman. In 2018, as the Chairman of the House Rules Committee, Sessions wrote a letter to Secretary of State Mike Pompeo saying that Yovanovitch should be fired for privately expressing "disdain" for the Trump administration. [41]

See also

Related Research Articles

Rudy Giuliani American attorney, businessperson and politician, former mayor of New York City

Rudolph William Louis Giuliani is an American politician, attorney, and public speaker who served as the 107th Mayor of New York City from 1994 to 2001. He currently acts as an attorney to President Donald Trump. Politically first a Democrat, then an Independent in the 1970s, and a Republican since the 1980s, Giuliani served as United States Associate Attorney General from 1981 to 1983. That year he became the United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York, holding the position until 1989.

Devin Nunes American politician

Devin Gerald Nunes is an American Republican politician and former dairy farmer serving as the U.S. Representative for California's 22nd congressional district since 2003. He was Chair of the House Intelligence Committee from 2015 to 2019 and a member of President Trump's transition team. Nunes's district, numbered as the 21st from 2003 to 2013 and as the 22nd after redistricting, is in the San Joaquin Valley and includes most of western Tulare County and much of eastern Fresno County.

John Maguire Dowd is an American attorney, former attorney for the United States Department of Justice, and former Marine Corps Judge Advocate. Dowd was employed by several law firms in the Washington, D.C. area for his expertise in defending clients accused of white-collar crimes. He was appointed by Major League Baseball (MLB) to lead the special counsel in multiple investigations with the organization in the 1980s and 1990s involving sports betting and bribery, the most notable investigation being the Dowd Report in 1989, which resulted in Pete Rose being banned from baseball for life.

Victoria Ann Toensing is a conservative lawyer, Republican Party operative and partner with her husband, Joseph diGenova, in the Washington law firm diGenova & Toensing. The couple reportedly have worked with Rudy Giuliani and Ukrainian interests in support of President Donald Trump. Toensing and her husband frequently appear on Fox News and Fox Business Channel.

William B. Taylor Jr. American diplomat, United States Ambassador to Ukraine

William Brockenbrough Taylor Jr. is an American diplomat, government official, and former soldier, who served as the 6th United States ambassador to Ukraine 2006 to 2009 and as acting ambassador to Ukraine from June 2019 to January 2020.

Marie Yovanovitch Former American ambassador

Marie Louise "Masha" Yovanovitch is an American diplomat and member of the senior ranks of the United States Foreign Service. She served in a variety of State Department posts, including Senior Advisor to the Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs (2004–2005); U.S. Ambassador to Kyrgyzstan (2005–2008); U.S. Ambassador to Armenia (2008–2011); Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary for the Bureau of European and Eurasian Affairs (2012–2013); and Ambassador to Ukraine (2016–2019). Yovanovitch is a diplomat in residence at the Institute for the Study of Diplomacy at Georgetown University.

Hunter Biden Son of former Vice President of the United States Joe Biden

Robert Hunter Biden is an American lawyer and lobbyist who is the second son of former U.S. Vice President Joe Biden. He co-founded Rosemont Seneca Partners, an international consulting firm, in 2009.

Derek Harvey US Army officer and civil servant

Derek J. Harvey is a retired US Army Colonel who currently serves on the staff of Congressman Devin Nunes, ranking member of the House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence. Harvey is a former National Security Council (NSC) staffer in President Donald Trump's administration and was the first Director of the Afghanistan-Pakistan Center of Excellence at U.S. Central Command (CENTCOM), having been selected by General David Petraeus in 2009 to lead the new organization. Harvey was the previous senior analytical specialist for Iraq to Petraeus, then Commander, Multi-National Forces-Iraq.

Dmytro Firtash Ukrainian businessman

Dmytro Vasylovych Firtash is a Ukrainian businessman who heads the board of directors of Group DF. U.S. federal prosecutors described Firtash in 2017 court papers as an associate of Russian organized crime. He was highly influential during the Yuschenko administration and the Yanukovych administration. As a middleman for the Russian natural gas giant Gazprom, Firtash funneled money into the campaigns of pro-Russia politicians in Ukraine.

Gordon Sondland American businessman and diplomat

Gordon David Sondland is an American diplomat and businessperson. He is the United States Ambassador to the European Union. Sondland is also the founder and former chairman of Provenance Hotels. In November 2019, Sondland testified as a witness at the Impeachment inquiry against Donald Trump.

Viktor Shokin Former prosecutor-general in Ukraine

Viktor Mykolayovych Shokin is a former Prosecutor General of Ukraine. Having previously worked as an investigator for the Prosecutor General Office, he served as Prosecutor General for a year between 2015 and 2016. His appointment was controversial from the outset and he was widely considered to be a key obstacle in the fight against corruption, with accusations that he had blocked cases against allies and influential figures. He was dismissed in March 2016 after pressure from the United States, European Union and international financial institutions, as well as Ukrainian anti-corruption campaigners. In 2019, Shokin became embroiled in the scandal that led to the impeachment of Donald Trump, the US president, for soliciting foreign interference in the 2020 US presidential election to help his re-election bid.

Brian Benczkowski

Brian Allen Benczkowski is an American lawyer who currently serves as the Assistant Attorney General for the Criminal Division of the United States Department of Justice. Prior to assuming his current role, he was a partner at Kirkland & Ellis.

Joseph diGenova is an American lawyer, political commentator, and conspiracy theorist who served as the United States Attorney for the District of Columbia from 1983 to 1988. He and his wife, Victoria Toensing, are partners in the Washington, D.C., law firm diGenova and Toensing. He is known for promoting conspiracy theories about the Department of Justice and the FBI. He frequently appears on Fox News and Fox Business channels.

Ulrich Brechbuhl Swiss-American businessman and government official

Thomas Ulrich Brechbuhl is the Counselor of the United States Department of State, holding the position since May 1, 2018. He replaced Maliz E. Beams. He was appointed by Secretary of State Mike Pompeo and reports to him. He serves under President Donald Trump.

Thomas O. Hicks Jr., known as Tommy, is an American private equity investor living in Dallas, Texas. He is the son of Thomas Ollis Hicks, Sr.. Hicks is the Co-chair of the Republican National Committee.. Hicks is a Partner of Hicks Holdings, LLC and a Founding Partner of Scout SSG, LLC. He serves as a Director for Resolute Energy Corporation. He has served on the board of directors for Carol's Daughters Holdings and Berkshire Resources, LLC. Hicks is Chairman of America First Policies and previously served as National Finance Co-Chairman for Donald J. Trump for President. Hicks served with Donald Trump Jr. on the America First SuperPac.

Trump–Ukraine scandal 2019 U.S. political scandal

The Trump–Ukraine scandal is an ongoing political scandal in the United States. It revolves around efforts by U.S. President Donald Trump to coerce Ukraine and other foreign countries into providing damaging narratives about 2020 Democratic Party presidential primary candidate Joe Biden as well as information relating to Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections. Trump enlisted surrogates within and outside his official administration, including his personal lawyer Rudy Giuliani and Attorney General William Barr, to pressure Ukraine and other foreign governments to cooperate in supporting conspiracy theories concerning American politics. Trump blocked but later released payment of a congressionally mandated $400 million military aid package to allegedly obtain quid pro quo cooperation from Volodymyr Zelensky, the president of Ukraine. A number of contacts were established between the White House and the government of Ukraine, culminating in a July 25, 2019, phone call between Trump and Zelensky.

Impeachment inquiry against Donald Trump Inquiry or investigations relating to a possible impeachment of U.S. President Donald Trump

The impeachment inquiry against Donald Trump, the incumbent president of the United States, was initiated by House Speaker Nancy Pelosi on September 24, 2019, after a whistleblower alleged that Donald Trump may have abused the power of the presidency by withholding military aid as a means of pressuring newly elected president of Ukraine Volodymyr Zelensky to pursue investigations of Joe Biden and his son Hunter and to investigate a conspiracy theory that Ukraine, not Russia, was behind interference in the 2016 presidential election. More than a week after Trump had put a hold on the previously approved aid, he made these requests in a July 25 phone call with the Ukrainian president, which the whistleblower said was intended to help Trump's reelection bid.

George P. Kent American diplomat

George P. Kent is an American diplomat serving as Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for European and Eurasian Affairs since September 4, 2018. As a United States Foreign Service officer, his early service has included assignments in the U.S. diplomatic missions to Poland, Thailand and Uzbekistan. In 2004, he was assigned to serve as deputy political counselor in Kyiv, Ukraine, and was deputy chief of mission in Kyiv from 2015 to 2018.

Conspiracy theories related to the Trump–Ukraine scandal Dispute about Russian interference in the 2016 U.S. elections

Since 2016, U.S. president Donald Trump and his allies have promoted several conspiracy theories related to the Trump–Ukraine scandal. One such theory seeks to blame Ukraine, instead of Russia, for interference in the 2016 United States presidential election. Also among the conspiracy theories are baseless accusations against Joe Biden, his son Hunter Biden, and several elements of the right wing Russia investigation origins counter-narrative. American intelligence believes that Russia engaged in a yearslong campaign to frame Ukraine for the 2016 election interference, and that the Kremlin is the prime mover behind promotion of the fictitious alternative narratives, and that these are harmful to the United States. FBI director Christopher A. Wray stated to ABC News that "We have no information that indicates that Ukraine interfered with the 2016 presidential election" and that "as far as the [2020] election itself goes, we think Russia represents the most significant threat."

Robert Finley Hyde is an American businessman, lobbyist, and political candidate. Hyde gained attention during the Impeachment of Donald Trump as a figure associated with the Trump–Ukraine scandal. He runs a lobbying firm, Finley Hyde & Associates, in Washington, D.C.

References

  1. 1 2 3 Entous, Adam (October 15, 2019). "How Lev Parnas Became Part of the Trump Campaign's "One Big Family"". The New Yorker.
  2. 1 2 Briman, Shimon (March 6, 2018). "Russian-speaking businessman took part in Trump's meeting with potential donors to his 2020 campaign of the year". ForumDaily. Retrieved November 21, 2019.
  3. ↑ "Two Unofficial US Operatives Reporting To Trump's Lawyer Privately Lobbied A Foreign Government In A Bid To Help The President Win In 2020". BuzzFeed News. July 22, 2019.
  4. ↑ "Two Key Players In The Ukraine Controversy Spent Lavishly As They Dug For Dirt on Biden". BuzzFeed News. October 9, 2019.
  5. ↑ Levin, Bess (October 10, 2019). "Giuliani's Ukraine Goons Arrested Trying to Flee the U.S." Vanity Fair. Condé Nast.
  6. ↑ Viswanatha, Aruna; Ballhaus, Rebecca; Gurman, Sadie; Tau, Byron (October 10, 2019). "Two Giuliani Associates Who Helped Him on Ukraine Charged With Campaign-Finance Violations". The Wall Street Journal.
  7. 1 2 3 Butler, Desmond; Biesekler, Michael; Lardner, Richard (October 6, 2019). "AP sources: Trump allies pressed Ukraine over gas firm". Associated Press. Archived from the original on October 7, 2019. Retrieved October 7, 2019.
  8. 1 2 Berman, Geoffrey S. "United States of America v. Lev Parnas, Igor Fruman, David Correia, and Andrey Kukushkin" (PDF) (Sealed indictment). United States District Court for the Southern District of New York. p. 5. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 12, 2019. Retrieved October 12, 2019– via The Wall Street Journal.
  9. ↑ Vogel, Kenneth P. (October 10, 2019). "Giuliani's Ukraine Team: In Search of Influence, Dirt and Money". The New York Times.
  10. ↑ "Giuliani's arrested associates have tangled past" . Financial Times . October 11, 2019.
  11. ↑ Daugherty, Alex; Smiley, David; Nehamas, Nicholas; Hall, Kevin G. (October 10, 2019). "Florida businessmen with Giuliani, Ukraine ties arrested on campaign finance charges". Miami Herald.
  12. ↑ Weiss, Michael (March 19, 2014). "Married to the Ukrainian Mob". Foreign Policy .
  13. ↑ Fredericks, Bob (October 11, 2019). "A Giuliani associate also worked for indicted Ukrainian oligarch". New York Post.
  14. ↑ McCoy, Kevin (December 18, 2019). "Rudy Giuliani associate Lev Parnas received $1 million from lawyer of indicted Ukrainian oligarch". USA Today. Retrieved December 21, 2019.
  15. ↑ McCall, Rosie (October 11, 2019). "Arrested Giuliani Ukraine Associates Operated Companies Called 'Fraud Guarantee' and 'Mafia Rave'". Newsweek.
  16. ↑ "Giuliani and Former Detroiter Fruman Arrested". The Jewish News. October 11, 2019.
  17. ↑ Weber, Peter (October 16, 2019). "Jeb Bush is disappointed Rudy Giuliani brought now-indicted associate to George H.W. Bush's state funeral". The Week .
  18. ↑ Belford, Aubrey; Melkozerova, Veronika (July 22, 2019). "Meet the Florida Duo Helping Giuliani Investigate for Trump in Ukraine". Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project .
  19. 1 2 Sallah, Michael; Kozyreva, Tanya; Belford, Aubrey (October 1, 2019). "Congress Wants Answers From Two Men Who Led Smear Campaign Against Biden — Under Giuliani's Direction". BuzzFeed News.
  20. ↑ Sales, Ben (October 11, 2019). "Orthodox Synagogue association honored 2 Giuliani associates before arrests". The Times of Israel .
  21. ↑ Tibon, Amir (October 10, 2019). "These arrested Giuliani Associates, Linked to Trump's Ukraine scandal, Have Ties to Israel's Right". Haaretz .
  22. ↑ Helderman, Rosalind S.; Dawsey, Josh; Sonne, Paul; Hamburger, Tom (October 12, 2019). "How two Soviet-born emigres made it into elite Trump circles — and the center of the impeachment storm". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 13, 2019.
  23. ↑ O'Brien, Joe Palazzolo and Rebecca Davis. "Giuliani Associate Left Trail of Troubled Businesses Before Ukraine Probe Push". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved December 8, 2019.
  24. ↑ Eaton, Joshua; Timms, Ed (October 17, 2019). "State officials dissolved company long before $500K deal with Giuliani". Roll Call. Retrieved October 20, 2019.
  25. ↑ Vogel, Kenneth P.; Protess, Ben; Nir, Sarah Maslin (November 6, 2019). "Behind the Deal That Put Giuliani Together With a Dirt-Hunting Partner". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved November 23, 2019.
  26. ↑ Freifeld, Karen (November 8, 2019). "New York lawyer is source of $500,000 paid to Trump attorney Giuliani". Reuters. Retrieved November 23, 2019.
  27. 1 2 3 Vogel, Kenneth P. (October 10, 2019). "Giuliani's Ukraine Team: In Search of Influence, Dirt and Money". The New York Times . Archived from the original on October 11, 2019.
  28. ↑ Orden, Erica; Scannell, Kara (January 15, 2020). "Trump supporter and Giuliani associate discussed surveilling Yovanovitch". CNN .
  29. ↑ Sommer, Will; Swan, Betsy (January 25, 2020). "Meet the Trump Donor Who Allegedly Stalked America's Ambassador in Ukraine". The Daily Beast .
  30. ↑ Katersky, Aaron; Margolin, Josh (October 11, 2019). "Rudy Giuliani's relationship with arrested men is subject of criminal investigation: Sources". ABC News . Archived from the original on October 11, 2019. Retrieved October 11, 2019.
  31. ↑ Schmidt, Michael S.; Protess, Ben; Vogel, Kenneth P.; Rashbaum, William K. (October 11, 2019). "Giuliani Is Said to Be Under Investigation for Ukraine Work". The New York Times . Retrieved October 12, 2019.
  32. ↑ Derysh, Igor (November 22, 2019). "Lev Parnas offers impeachment investigators "hard evidence" of Trump administration wrongdoing". Salon .
  33. ↑ Bump, Philip (October 21, 2019). "It's not just Giuliani: The intertwining team focused on Trump and Ukraine". The Washington Post.
  34. ↑ Ward, Vicky (November 23, 2019). "Exclusive: Giuliani associate willing to tell Congress Nunes met with ex-Ukrainian official to get dirt on Biden". CNN. Retrieved November 23, 2019.
  35. ↑ Parton, Jon (November 22, 2019). "New Records Show Contact Between Pompeo and Giuliani". Courthouse News .
  36. ↑ Scannell, Kara (January 13, 2020). "Giuliani associate Lev Parnas turns over thousands of pages of documents to impeachment investigators". CNN. Retrieved January 16, 2020.
  37. ↑ Frias, Lauren (January 15, 2020). "Text messages show a Giuliani associate discussing how to stalk 'that b---h' Marie Yovanovitch in Ukraine in a bid to get her fired". Business Insider. Retrieved January 16, 2020.
  38. ↑ Stracqualursi, Veronica; LeBlanc, Paul; Kelly, Caroline (January 16, 2020). "Who is Robert Hyde, the latest figure to emerge in Ukraine scandal?". CNN. Retrieved January 16, 2020.
  39. ↑ Helsel, Phil (January 16, 2020). "Giuliani associate Parnas says Trump 'knew exactly what was going on'". NBC News. Retrieved January 16, 2020.
  40. 1 2 Barrett, Devlin; Wagner, John; Helderman, Rosalind S. (October 10, 2018). "Two business associates of Trump's personal attorney Giuliani have been arrested on campaign finance charges" . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on October 12, 2019. Retrieved October 10, 2018.
  41. 1 2 3 Mazzetti, Mark; Sullivan, Eileen; Goldman, Adam; Rashbaum, William K. (October 10, 2019). "2 Giuliani Associates Tied to Ukraine Scandal Arrested on Campaign Finance Charges". The New York Times . Archived from the original on October 11, 2019.
  42. ↑ Shapiro, Ari (October 23, 2019). "How A Complicated Web Connects 2 Soviet-Born Businessmen With The Impeachment Inquiry". NPR.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.