Liberal Democratic Party (Serbia, 1989)

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Liberal Democratic Party
Либерално демократска странка
Former nameLiberal Party
Abbreviation
  • LS (until 1997)
  • LDS (after 1997)
President
Founded14 December 1989 (1989-12-14)
Registered15 August 1990 (1990-08-15)
Dissolved19 January 2010 (2010-01-19)
Succeeded bySerbian Monarchists
Headquarters
  • Pantićeva 70, Valjevo
  • Njegoševa 1, Belgrade (until 2000)
  • Mutapova 12, Belgrade (after 2000)
Ideology
Political position Syncretic
Colours
  •   Blue
  •   Gray
Slogan
  • "Za obnovu Monarhije – za obnovu sela"
  • ("For the renewal of the monarchy – for the renewal of villages")
Website

The Liberal Democratic Party (Serbian : Либерално демократска странка, romanized: Liberalno demokratska stranka, abbr. LDS), known as the Liberal Party (Serbian : Либерална странка, romanized: Liberalna stranka, abbr. LS) until 1997, was a political party in Serbia. Founded in 1989, its first president was Aleksandar Stefanović  [ sr ]. Stefanović left LS to join Vojislav Šešelj's Serbian Chetnik Movement in June 1990. He was then succeeded as president by Predrag Vuletić.

Contents

LS was opposed to Slobodan Milošević and his Socialist Party of Serbia and organised anti-government protests with other opposition parties in the 1990s. LS achieved its best result in parliamentary elections in 1990, and in all subsequent elections up to 1997, it received less than 1,000 votes. Vuletić also ran three times in presidential elections on behalf of the party, achieving his best result in the December 1997 election. LDS was a member of the Democratic Movement of Serbia and Alliance for Change opposition coalitions, the latter being the predecessor coalition of the Democratic Opposition of Serbia that toppled Milošević in 2000. In the 2000s, LDS contested four local elections, but did not gain any representation. Vuletić also offered Čedomir Jovanović, the founder of the Liberal Democratic Faction inside the Democratic Party, to take over the party in 2004, but Jovanović never responded and formed his Liberal Democratic Party instead. LDS was succeeded by the Serbian Monarchists association in January 2010. Vuletić joined New Serbia in 2011.

A liberal party, LS was mostly ideologically focused on economic issues, favouring a free-market economy, privatisation, and agricultural development. It was also against nationalism, dissolution of Yugoslavia, and autonomism regarding Kosovo. The party was strongly anti-communist, favouring civic democracy instead, and supported the restoration of the monarchy and the lustration of former members of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia. It supported the accession of Serbia to the European Union and NATO and had ambitions to join the Liberal International.

History

1990s

The Liberal Party (LS) was founded on 14 December 1989, in Valjevo by former members of the Socialist Alliance of Working People of Serbia. [1] [2] [3] : 58  Its founders included Aleksandar Stefanović  [ sr ], Predrag Vuletić, Slaven Batoćanin, and Milan Ulm. [3] : 58  [4] Stefanović was the first president. [3] : 58  LS took part in an opposition meeting in February 1990 where they presented their political programmes. [5] Stefanović defected to Vojislav Šešelj's Serbian Chetnik Movement once it was formed on 18 June 1990. [3] : 58  Vuletić then succeeded him as president of LS. [3] : 58  [6] : 393  It was registered as a political party on 15 August 1990. [7]

LS was a member of the United Opposition of Serbia (UOS) opposition coalition. [3] : 69  [6] : 394  With the Democratic Party (DS), People's Radical Party (NRS), Serbian Renewal Movement (SPO), and Social Democratic Party of Yugoslavia, LS was one of the organisers of the 13 June 1990 opposition protest in Belgrade; Vuletić gave a speech during the protest, demanding that Slobodan Milošević, the president of Serbia and the Socialist Party of Serbia, would call early elections, improve electoral conditions, and adopt a new constitution after the first multi-party elections. [6] : 394  [8] A day later, LS expanded its presence to Novi Sad. [6] : 393  LS was also an organiser of the 12 September protest with UOS. [6] : 394  At the protest, LS demanded that the 1990 elections should be free. [6] : 394 

Vuletić was nominated by the party as its presidential candidate on 12 November. [6] : 394  A day later, LS presented its programme on Radio Television of Belgrade. [9] After the discussions about an election boycott intensified in mid-November, several opposition parties, including LS, proclaimed an election boycott on 23 November. [10] [11] The opposition demanded revisions to the election law, which included demands such as representation of the opposition in RIK and local commissions. [12] : 81  By the end of the month, the government accepted their demands and the boycott was cancelled. [13] In the presidential election, Vuletić won 5,019 votes, while his party won 7,235 votes in the parliamentary election. [14] [15]

LS was later one of the organisers of the 1991 protests in Belgrade and they contested the 1991 Rakovica I by-election. [16] [17] [18] The party was also the founding member of the Democratic Movement of Serbia coalition in 1992. [19] [20] Despite this, LS contested the 1992 and 1993 elections alone. [21] : 122, 125  In the 1992 parliamentary election, LS contested the Belgrade constituency, where it presented 32 candidates, with Vuletić listed first. [22] In the 1993 parliamentary election, LS contested the Belgrade constituency again, this time in a coalition with the Belgrade Party; Vuletić was not a candidate in the election. [23] In both elections, LS was unsuccessful, winning only 632 and 275 votes, respectively. [24] [25]

During the 1996 local elections, LS was supportive of the opposition Together coalition. [4] To avoid confusion between LS and the Serbian Liberal Party (SLS), LS changed its name to the Liberal Democratic Party (LDS) on 15 February 1997. [4] [12] : 98  Later that year, LDS contested the September 1997 general elections. [21] : 129  In the parliamentary elections, LDS contested the Valjevo constituency and received 503 votes. [26] [27] Vuletić was also a candidate in the presidential elections; [28] he won 11,463 votes. [29] [30] Vuletić, despite not publishing an election programme, said he was satisfied with the results. [31] [32] Early presidential elections were then called for December 1997 due to low turnout in the September 1997 elections. [33] Vuletić officially became a candidate on 16 November. He campaigned with the slogan, "Come to your senses, Serbia. Vote for a Serb who was not a communist" (Osvesti se, Srbijo. Glasaj za Srbina koji nije bio komunista). [34] Vuletić was featured on a television programme with Milan Milutinović, the presidential candidate of the SPS, who would also go on to become the president of Serbia, during which they presented their programmes. [33] Vuletić placed last in the election, winning 21,353 votes in total. [35]

LDS was later a member of the Alliance for Change, the predecessor coalition of the Democratic Opposition of Serbia (DOS) that toppled Milošević in the 2000 elections. [4] [36] LDS was an organiser of anti-government protests in Valjevo in February, September, and October 1999. [36] [37] [38] During the protests in September and October, Vuletić was detained and called to answer the violations he committed due to not reporting the protests to the authorities. [37] [38] The newspaper Vreme reported that Vuletić claimed to be a member of DOS. [39]

2000s

Vuletić initially wanted to participate in the presidential election for September 2022 and he called DOS to back his candidacy up. [40] By late August, LDS rescinded that Vuletić would take part in the election and endorsed Vojislav Koštunica of the Democratic Party of Serbia. [41] LDS contested the September 2004 local elections in Barajevo and Valjevo, featuring 13 candidates in total. [42] : 30  In Barajevo, it won 45 votes, and in Valjevo, it won 86 votes. [42] : 40, 73  In Valjevo, LDS nominated Vojislav Andrić as their mayoral candidate. [43] The last elections LDS contested were the 2008 local elections; in Žagubica, LDS contested the elections alone and won 203 votes. [44] : 55  In Valjevo, LDS contested as the Coalition for the Monarchy, which also included the NRS, People's Peasant Party, and the Ravna Gora Movement (RP), and won 265 votes. [44] : 10, 52 

After Čedomir Jovanović formed the Liberal Democratic Faction inside the DS in 2004, Vuletić objected to the formation of Jovanović's party as the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) due to its similar name in English. Vuletić offered Jovanović to take over the LDS leadership only if he would support the restoration of the Serbian monarchy in return; Vuletić told the Glas javnosti newspaper in 2005 that Jovanović did not respond to his proposal. [45] Vuletić submitted a request to the Ministry of Public Administration and Local Self-Government in November 2005 to reject LDP from being registered. [46] LDP was eventually registered. [47] Unlike for LDP, Vuletić did not object the registration of SLS due to its similarity. [48]

A new law regarding the registration of political parties was adopted in July 2009. [49] The new law offered already-registered parties the opportunity to re-register in the next six months. [50] [51] Instead of re-registering, LDS merged with RP to create the Serbian Monarchists (SM) association on 19 January 2010. [52] LDS was formally deregistered on 16 April 2010. [53] In 2011, Vuletić joined the New Serbia and remained its member until 2017. [54] [55] SM ceased to exist in 2015. [52]

Ideology and platform

The programme of LS was largely based on liberal principles and it perceived itself to be the continuation of the 19th century Liberal Party. [6] : 393  LS stated that it was against nationalism, instead declaring itself to be a scientific positive and evolutionary party. [6] : 396  [56] Their goal was to "bring all people and nationalities together, advocate for freedoms and rights, [...] develop economic prosperity, and maintain and preserve cultural heritage" (zbližavanje naroda i narodnosti, zalaganje za slobodu i prava, [...] razvijanje ekonomskog prosperiteta, održavanje i očuvanje kulturnih znamenitosti). [6] : 393 

Author Robert Thomas described LS as a hybrid party, stating that Stefanović wrote a book that praised Draža Mihailović, the leader of Chetniks during World War II, but also portrayed LS as "a party of the European left". [3] : 58  LS was strongly anti-communist and anti-Marxist, opposing socialism and favouring civic democracy instead. [4] [5] [6] : 397  They favoured the repeal of the Republic Day holiday. [57] In Novi Sad, they proposed to rename the Marshal Tito Square to the Square of Serbian Soldiers. [6] : 394  In March 1990, LS wanted to organise a fictional trial for Josip Broz Tito but eventually cancelled without a reason. [58] [59] In May 1990, the party wanted to rehabilitate Mihailović and to place a memorial plaque dedicated to him on Ravna Gora, but they were stopped by the police. [4] [54] Additionally, LS supported the restoration of the Serbian monarchy and wanted to organise a referendum on whether Serbia should remain a republic or become a parliamentary monarchy. [4] [6] : 394  They protested against the decision to not let the House of Karađorđević return to Serbia. [6] : 394 

LS was mostly focused on issues related to the economy. [6] : 396  Its economic programme was written by Zoran Popov, a professor at the Faculty of Economics of the University of Belgrade. [4] The party favoured a Western-style free-market economy and privatisation. [6] : 396–397  In the Europa World Year Book , LS is also listed as a party that favoured a free market economy. [1] It had an in-depth plan, stating that generated social capital should be invested in housing construction, that small businesses, such as tourism and agriculture, should be publicly owned, that large enterprises should get transformed into public enterprises, while the rest should be privatised. [6] : 397  Regarding taxation, LS supported establishing a system "based on the experiences of Western Europe" (po ugledu na iskustva Zapadne Evrope), favouring consumption taxes instead of production taxing. [6] : 397  The party also supported higher salaries and benefits for police officers and shorter working hours. [60]

Regarding the status of Yugoslavia, LS was opposed to its dissolution and wanted a "democratic federation" to be implemented instead of the confederal system, which was proposed by Slovenia and Croatia. [6] : 395  It saw confederalism as unrealistic. [6] : 395  The party proposed holding a referendum on the matter. [6] : 395  LS supported Serb minority rights in other Yugoslav republics, as well as in other countries. [6] : 395  Regarding Croatia, LS stated that both "[Serbs and Croats] must live in this area with the least amount of problems" ([Srbi i Hrvati] mora da žive na ovom prostoru i to sa najmanje problema). [6] : 395  It favoured the creation of a Serb country inside Croatia, as opposed to a cultural autonomy. [6] : 396  The party opposed the independence of Kosovo and the establishment of the Assembly of Kosovo, as it saw Kosovo as an integral part of Serbia. [6] : 396  LS was opposed to autonomist principles and wanted to encourage settlement of other ethnicities in Kosovo to combat separatism. [6] : 396 

According to its programme declarations, the party also supported regionalism, the lustration of former members of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia, and the accession of Serbia to the European Union and NATO. [61] LS was against particracy. [5] LS also favoured agrarian development, wanting to ensure better conditions for those who lived in rural parts and villages. [6] : 397–398  The party was also in favour of creating a ministry of environmental protection. [6] : 398  LS wanted the English language to be taught mandatory in schools. [6] : 398 

In September 1991, Vuletić was present at the assembly of the Serb Democratic Party of Bosnia and Herzegovina. [62] The party had ambitions to join the Liberal International. [45]

Organisation

LDS only had two presidents during its existence, this being Stefanović and Vuletić. [3] : 58  According to its website from 2003, Vesna Prodanova and Slobodan Jončić served as vice-presidents of the party, while Zoran Bojković was the president of the Belgrade chapter of LDS. [63]

LS had chapters in other Yugoslav constituent republics, except Slovenia and Macedonia, and presented its activities internationally in the Western Europe, United States, Canada, Australia. [6] : 394  In Serbia, LS operated at two headquarters, one in Valjevo at Pantićeva 70 and one in Belgrade at Njegoševa 1. [1] [6] : 393  [61] In 1997, its legal headquarters were moved from Valjevo to Belgrade. [4] In 2000, its headquarters in Belgrade were moved to Mutapova 12. [4] [64] By November 2005, however, Glas javnosti reported that their headquarters in Belgrade were closed. [45] By 2009, LDS claimed to have chapters in 50 municipalities. [65] After the dissolution of LDS in 2010, their headquarters in Valjevo were legally occupied by its successor who illegally ran a café in the building that was owned by the local government. [66] [67] The association was moved out of the premises in March 2015. [52] [66] Regarding its membership, LS had 300 members based in Kragujevac in 1990. [6] : 394 

The party used "for the renewal of the monarchy – for the renewal of villages" (za obnovu Monarhije – za obnovu sela) as its slogan. [4] [61]

List of presidents

#PresidentBirth–DeathTerm startTerm end
1 Aleksandar Stefanović  [ sr ]1953–14 December 198918 June 1990
2 Predrag Vuletić 1952–18 June 199019 January 2010

Electoral performance

Parliamentary elections

National Assembly of Serbia
YearLeaderPopular vote % of popular vote## of seatsSeat changeCoalitionStatusRef.
1990 Predrag Vuletić 7,3250.15%Increase2.svg 22nd
0 / 250
Steady2.svg 0–Extra-parliamentary [15]
1992 6320.01%Decrease2.svg 46th
0 / 250
Steady2.svg 0–Extra-parliamentary [24]
1993 2750.01%Increase2.svg 42nd
0 / 250
Steady2.svg 0–Extra-parliamentary [25]
1997 5030.01%Decrease2.svg 44th
0 / 250
Steady2.svg 0–Extra-parliamentary [27]

Presidential elections

President of Serbia
YearCandidate1st round popular vote % of popular vote2nd round popular vote % of popular voteNotesRef.
1990 Predrag Vuletić 21st5,0190.10%———– [15]
1992 Did not participate–
Sep 1997 Predrag Vuletić 11th11,4630.29%———Election annulled due to low turnout [68]
Dec 1997 7th21,3530.57%———– [35]
Sep–Oct 2002 Vojislav Koštunica 1st1,123,42031.56%1st1,991,94763.38%Supported Koštunica; election annulled due to low turnout [69]

Local elections

DateMunicipalityPopular vote % of popular vote## of seatsSeat changeCoalitionStatusRef.
19 September 2004 Barajevo 450.65%Increase2.svg 11th
0 / 33
Steady2.svg 0–Extra-parliamentary [42] : 40 
Valjevo 860.27%Increase2.svg 20th
0 / 51
Steady2.svg 0–Extra-parliamentary [42] : 73 
11 May 2008 Žagubica 2032.55%Increase2.svg 8th
0 / 33
Steady2.svg 0–Extra-parliamentary [44] : 55 
Valjevo 2650.55%Increase2.svg 10th
0 / 51
Steady2.svg 0–Extra-parliamentary [44] : 52 

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  25. 1 2 "Konačni rezultati prevremenih izbora za narodne poslanike Narodne skupštine Republike Srbije" [Final results of early elections for deputies of the National Assembly of the Republic of Serbia](PDF). Republic Bureau of Statistics (in Serbian). Belgrade. January 1994. p. 13. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 June 2022. Retrieved 8 January 2023.
  26. ↑ "Rešenje o utvrđivanju zbirne izborne liste za izbor narodnih poslanika u Narodnu skupštinu Republike Srbije u izbornoj jedinici 12 - Valjevo" [Decision on determining the collective electoral list for the election of deputies to the National Assembly of the Republic of Serbia in constituency 12 - Valjevo]. Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia (in Serbian). 10 September 1997. p. 3. Archived from the original on 27 July 2024. Retrieved 3 July 2024.
  27. 1 2 "Konačni rezultati izbora za narodne poslanike Narodne skupštine Republike Srbije" [Final results of the elections for deputies of the National Assembly of the Republic of Serbia](PDF) (in Serbian). Belgrade: Republic Bureau of Statistics. November 1997. p. 13. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 October 2022. Retrieved 8 January 2023.
  28. ↑ Cani, B. (6 December 1997). "Srbija bira predsednika, drugi put ove godine" [Serbia will elect a president, for the second time this year]. Naša borba (in Serbian). Archived from the original on 1 September 2023. Retrieved 2 September 2023.
  29. ↑ "Predizborna tišina uoči predsedničkih izbora" [Pre-election silence ahead of the presidential elections]. Naša borba (in Serbian). 4 December 1997. Archived from the original on 27 July 2024. Retrieved 3 July 2024.
  30. ↑ "Drugi krug predsedničkih izbora - 5. oktobra" [Second round of presidential elections - 5 October]. Naša borba (in Serbian). 26 September 1997. Archived from the original on 27 July 2024. Retrieved 3 July 2024.
  31. ↑ Ikonić, Slobodan (12 September 1997). "Predsednički kandidati: Šta ko nudi" [Presidential candidates: Who offers what]. NIN (in Serbian). Archived from the original on 1 September 2023. Retrieved 2 September 2023.
  32. ↑ "Dovoljno za početak" [Enough for the beginning]. Borba (in Serbian). 10 December 1997. p. 2. Retrieved 4 August 2024.
  33. 1 2 "Događaji protekle nedelje" [Events of the past week]. Užice na internetu (in Serbian). No. 48. 3 December 1997. Archived from the original on 27 July 2024. Retrieved 3 July 2024.
  34. ↑ "Prijavljeno 19 kandidata" [19 candidates registered]. Naša borba (in Serbian). 17 November 1997. Archived from the original on 27 July 2024. Retrieved 3 July 2024.
  35. 1 2 "Konačni rezultati izbora za predsednika Republike Srbije" [Final results of the election for the President of the Republic of Serbia](PDF) (in Serbian). Belgrade: Republic Bureau of Statistics. February 1998. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 September 2022. Retrieved 8 January 2023.
  36. 1 2 "Batić: Potpisan sporazum - protesti u novoj formi" [Batić: Agreement signed - protests in a new form]. B92 (in Serbian). 22 October 1999. Archived from the original on 27 July 2024. Retrieved 3 July 2024.
  37. 1 2 "Nastavljeni protesti u Valjevu i Kragujevcu" [Protests are continuing in Valjevo and Kragujevac]. B92 (in Serbian). 9 February 1999. Archived from the original on 2 September 2023. Retrieved 2 September 2023.
  38. 1 2 "Saslušani aktivisti Građanskog otpora Valjeva" [Activists of the Civil Resistance of Valjevo detained]. B92 (in Serbian). 27 October 1999. Archived from the original on 3 July 2024. Retrieved 3 July 2024.
  39. ↑ "Međuvreme" [In between]. Vreme (in Serbian). 2 August 2002. Archived from the original on 3 July 2024. Retrieved 3 July 2024.
  40. ↑ "Predrag Vuletić kandidat LDS za predsednika" [Predrag Vuletić the presidential candidate of LDS]. Borba (in Serbian). 25 July 2002. p. 3. Retrieved 4 August 2024.
  41. ↑ "Povlačenje Vuletića" [The withdrawal of Vuletić]. Borba (in Serbian). 24–25 August 2002. p. 3. Retrieved 4 August 2024.
  42. 1 2 3 4 Vukmirović, Dragan (2005). Izbori 2004 za odbornike skupština opština i gradova [Elections 2004 for councillors of municipal and city assemblies](PDF) (in Serbian). Belgrade: Republic Bureau of Statistics. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 October 2022. Retrieved 3 July 2024.
  43. ↑ Vićentijević, Branko (August 2004). "Dvadeset kandidata za gradonačelnika" [Twenty candidates for mayor]. Revija Kolubara (in Serbian). Archived from the original on 30 November 2020. Retrieved 3 July 2024.
  44. 1 2 3 4 Vukmirović, Dragan. Lokalni izbori 2008 [2008 local elections](PDF) (in Serbian). Belgrade: Republic Bureau of Statistics. ISBN   978-86-84433-87-1. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 August 2023. Retrieved 3 July 2024.
  45. 1 2 3 "Vuletić: Nudio sam Čedi stranku" [Vuletić: I offered my party to Čeda]. Glas javnosti (in Serbian). 3 November 2005. Archived from the original on 2 September 2023. Retrieved 2 September 2023.
  46. ↑ "Dopis Liberalno-demokratske stranke Ministarstvu za državnu upravu Srbije" [Letter from the Liberal Democratic Party to the Ministry of State Administration of Serbia]. RTV Marš Valjevo (in Serbian). 3 November 2005. Archived from the original on 2 September 2023. Retrieved 2 September 2023.
  47. ↑ "Osnovan LDP" [LDP has been formed]. B92 (in Serbian). 11 May 2005. Archived from the original on 2 September 2023. Retrieved 2 September 2023.
  48. ↑ Dragićević, Nataša (6 August 1992). "Ime nije sporno" [The name is not disputed]. Borba (in Serbian). p. 21. Retrieved 3 August 2024.
  49. ↑ "Marković: Temelj za reforme preregistracija stranaka" [Marković: Foundation for party re-registration reforms]. Radio Television of Vojvodina (in Serbian). 17 July 2009. Archived from the original on 3 July 2024. Retrieved 3 July 2024.
  50. ↑ "Preregistracija stranaka" [Re-registration of parties]. Radio Television of Serbia (in Serbian). 23 July 2009. Archived from the original on 3 July 2024. Retrieved 3 July 2024.
  51. ↑ "U registru upisano 29 stranaka" [29 parties entered in the register]. Politika (in Serbian). 22 January 2010. Archived from the original on 3 July 2024. Retrieved 3 July 2024.
  52. 1 2 3 "Srpski monarhisti više ne postoje" [Serbian Monarchists no longer exist]. VAMedia (in Serbian). 27 May 2015. Archived from the original on 3 August 2021. Retrieved 3 July 2024.
  53. ↑ "Spisak brisanih političkih organizacija" [List of removed political organisations]. Ministry of Justice and Public Administration (in Serbian). p. 4. Archived from the original on 27 July 2024. Retrieved 8 July 2024. 210. LIBERALNO DEMOKRATSKA STRANKA Beograd, Mutapova 12 Predrag Vuletić 130-00-00-00301/2010-08 16.04.2010.
  54. 1 2 "Lider Liberalne stranke Predrag Vuletić postao član NS" [Leader of the Liberal Party, Predrag Vuletić, became a member of NS]. Blic (in Serbian). 6 July 2011. Archived from the original on 2 September 2023. Retrieved 2 September 2023.
  55. ↑ "Vuletić podneo ostavku, NS se cepa" [Vuletić resigned, NS is splitting itself]. VAMedia (in Serbian). 31 January 2017. Archived from the original on 27 July 2024. Retrieved 19 July 2024.
  56. ↑ "LDS danas" [LDS today]. Liberal Democratic Party (in Serbian). Archived from the original on 2 August 2009. Retrieved 3 July 2024.
  57. ↑ "Liberalna stranka protiv "Dana Republike"" [Liberal Party against "Republic Day"]. Borba (in Serbian). 21 November 1990. p. 2. Retrieved 3 August 2024.
  58. ↑ "Zašto ne ukradu A-otpad" [Why don't they steal the A-waste]. Borba (in Serbian). 28 March 1990. p. 3. Retrieved 2 August 2024.
  59. ↑ Todorović, D. (4 September 1991). "Suđenje srpskom komunizmu" [Trial of Serbian Communism]. Borba (in Serbian). p. 9. Retrieved 3 August 2023.
  60. ↑ Lekić, Slaviša (6 June 1990). "Batina (ne)kuca na vrata srpskog raja" [Beating (doesn't)knock on the door of the Serbian paradise]. Borba (in Serbian). p. 5. Retrieved 30 July 2024.
  61. 1 2 3 "Programski ciljevi LDS" [LDS programme goals]. Liberal Democratic Party (in Serbian). Archived from the original on 8 July 2007. Retrieved 2 September 2003.
  62. ↑ "Bez novog predsednika" [Without a new president]. Borba (in Serbian). 30 September 1991. p. 6. Retrieved 3 August 2023.
  63. ↑ "Rukovodstvo LDS-a" [LDS leadership]. Liberal Democratic Party (in Serbian). Archived from the original on 22 October 2004. Retrieved 2 September 2023.
  64. ↑ "Kontakt" [Contact]. Liberal Democratic Party (in Serbian). Archived from the original on 2 August 2009. Retrieved 2 September 2023.
  65. ↑ "Odbori" [Boards]. Liberal Democratic Party (in Serbian). Archived from the original on 2 August 2009. Retrieved 2 September 2003.
  66. 1 2 "Monarhisti držali kafić u gradskom lokalu" [The Monarchists held a cafe in the city bar]. VAMedia (in Serbian). 3 March 2015. Archived from the original on 26 July 2021. Retrieved 3 July 2024.
  67. ↑ Vićentijević, Branko (10 July 2014). "Ko krčmi narodnu imovinu" [Who destroys the people's property]. Kolubarske (in Serbian). Archived from the original on 3 July 2024. Retrieved 3 July 2024.
  68. ↑ "Konačni rezultati izbora za predsednika Republike Srbije" [Final results of the election for the President of the Republic of Serbia](PDF) (in Serbian). Belgrade: Republic Bureau of Statistics. February 1998. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 September 2022. Retrieved 8 January 2023.
  69. ↑ "Izbori za predsednika Republike Srbije 2002" (PDF) (in Serbian). Belgrade: Republic Bureau of Statistics. January 2003. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 June 2022. Retrieved 8 January 2023.
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