| Lichenoides Temporal range: | |
|---|---|
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| 2 specimens of Lichenoides priscus 10mm | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Echinodermata |
| Class: | † Eocrinoidea |
| Order: | † Gogiida |
| Family: | † Lichenoididae |
| Genus: | † Lichenoides Barrande, 1846 |
| Species | |
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Lichenoides is an extinct genus of echinoderms that lived during the Middle Cambrian in what is today the Czech Republic. [1]
Helicoplacus is the earliest well-studied fossil echinoderm. Fossil plates are known from several regions. Complete specimens were found in Lower Cambrian strata of the White Mountains of California.
Gogia is a genus of primitive eocrinoid blastozoan from the early to middle Cambrian.
Edrioasteroidea is an extinct class of echinoderms. The living animal would have resembled a pentamerously symmetrical disc or cushion. They were obligate encrusters and attached themselves to inorganic or biologic hard substrates. A 507 million years old species, Totiglobus spencensis, is actually the first known echinoderm adapted to live on a hard surface after the soft microbial mats that covered the seafloor were destroyed in the Cambrian substrate revolution.
Blastozoa is a subphylum of extinct echinoderms characterized by the presence of specialized respiratory structures and brachiole plates used for feeding. It ranged from the Cambrian to the Permian.
The Eocrinoidea are an extinct class of echinoderms that lived between the Early Cambrian and Late Silurian periods. They are the earliest known group of stalked, arm-bearing echinoderms, and were the most common echinoderms during the Cambrian.
Deuterostomes are bilaterian animals of the superphylum Deuterostomia, typically characterized by their anus forming before the mouth during embryonic development. Deuterostomia is further divided into four phyla: Chordata, Echinodermata, Hemichordata, and the extinct Vetulicolia known from Cambrian fossils. The extinct clade Cambroernida is thought to be a member of Deuterostomia.
The Gogiida are an order of early echinoderms known from late Early to Middle Cambrian deposits.
Kailidiscus is an extinct genus of echinoderms which existed in what is now China during the Middle Cambrian period. It was named by Yuanlong Zhao, Colin D. Sumrall, Ronald L. Parsley and Jin Peng in 2010, and the type and only species is Kailidiscus chinensis. It bears close resemblance to the Burgess Shale fossil Walcottidiscus.
Dibrachicystis is an extinct genus of rhombiferan echinoderm from the early Middle Cambrian. It is a stalked echinoderm within the family Dibrachicystidae which lived in what is now northernmost Iberian Chains, northern Spain. It is known from the holotype MPZ2009/1230 and from the paratypes MPZ2011/2–6. It was found in the uppermost part of the Murero Formation at Purujosa, Moncayo Natural Park, dating to the Lower Languedocian and referred to the Solenopleuropsis thorali Zone. It was first named by Samuel Zamora and A. B. Smith in 2011 and the type species is Dibrachicystis purujoensis.
Vizcainoia is an extinct genus of rhombiferan echinoderms from the early Middle Cambrian. It is a stalked echinoderm within the family Dibrachicystidae which lived in what is now France and Spain.
Stereom is a calcium carbonate material that makes up the internal skeletons found in all echinoderms, both living and fossilized forms. It is a sponge-like porous structure which, in a sea urchin may be 50% by volume living cells, and the rest being a matrix of calcite crystals. The size of openings in stereom varies in different species and in different places within the same organism. When an echinoderm becomes a fossil, microscopic examination is used to reveal the structure and such examination is often an important tool to classify the fossil as an echinoderm or related creature.
Cotyledion tylodes is an extinct, stalked filter-feeder known from the Chengjiang lagerstatten. The living animal reached a couple of centimetres in height, and bore a loose scleritome of ovoid sclerites. Its interpretation has been controversial, and it has been previously identified as a carpoid echinoderm, or as a stem group echinoderm. C. tylodes is now classified as a stem group entoprocta based on new fossils that clearly show a U-shaped gut and a crown of tentacles. This entoproct interpretation of Cotyledion, however, has been questioned by Mark McMenamin, who considers it best interpreted as a stem group echinoderm based on the morphology of its stem sclerites.
Cincta is an extinct class of echinoderms that lived only in the Middle Cambrian epoch. Homostelea is a junior synonym. The classification of cinctans is controversial, but they are probably part of the echinoderm stem group.
Cornuta is an extinct order of echinoderms. Along with the mitrates, they form the Stylophora.
Cambraster is an extinct genus of edrioasteroids with species that existed during the Cambrian.
Henson Glacier, is one of the major glaciers in northern Greenland.
Soluta is an extinct class of echinoderms that lived from the Middle Cambrian to the Early Devonian. The class is also known by its junior synonym Homoiostelea. Soluta is one of the four "carpoid" classes, alongside Ctenocystoidea, Cincta, and Stylophora, which made up the obsolete subphylum Homalozoa. Solutes were asymmetric animals with a stereom skeleton and two appendages, an arm extending anteriorly and a posterior appendage called a homoiostele.
Ctenocystoidea is an extinct clade of echinoderms, which lived during the Cambrian and Ordovician periods. Unlike other echinoderms, ctenocystoids had bilateral symmetry, or were only very slightly asymmetrical. They are believed to be one of the earliest-diverging branches of echinoderms, with their bilateral symmetry a trait shared with other deuterostomes. Ctenocystoids were once classified in the taxon Homalozoa, also known as Carpoidea, alongside cinctans, solutes, and stylophorans. Homalozoa is now recognized as a polyphyletic group of echinoderms without radial symmetry. Ctenocystoids were geographically widespread during the Middle Cambrian, with one species surviving into the Late Ordovician.
Ctenoimbricata is an extinct genus of bilaterally symmetrical echinoderm, which lived during the early Middle Cambrian period of what is now Spain. It contains one species, Ctenoimbricata spinosa. It may be the most basal known echinoderm. It resembles the extinct ctenocystoids and cinctans, particularly the basal ctenocystoid Courtessolea. Ctenoimbricata is interpreted as a deposit-feeding pharyngeal basket feeder. It was relatively small, with a body 20 millimetres (0.79 in) long.
Yorkicystis is a genus of edrioasteroid echinoderm that lived 510 million years ago in the Cambrian aged Kinzers Formation in what is now Pennsylvania. This genus is important as it provides some of the oldest evidence of echinoderms losing their hard mineralized outer skeletons. Yorkicystis also shows that some echinoderms lost their skeletons during the Cambrian, which is a greatly different time as to when most other species lost theirs.
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