Lima Liturgy

The Lima Liturgy is a Christian ecumenical Eucharistic liturgy. It was written for the 1982 Plenary Session of the Faith and Order Commission of the World Council of Churches (WCC) in Lima, Peru and reflects the theological convergences of the meeting's Baptism, Eucharist and Ministry (BEM) document as expressed in liturgy. The liturgy was used again at the closing of a 1982 meeting of the Central Committee of the WCC in Geneva, Switzerland, in 1983 during the Sixth Assembly of the WCC in Vancouver, Canada, in 1991 at the Seventh Assembly of the WCC in Canberra, Australia, and, albeit unofficially, in 1993 at the fifth world conference on Faith and Order in Santiago de Compostela, Spain. Although the Eucharist has not been celebrated at WCC Assemblies after 1991 using the Lima or any other liturgy, the Lima Liturgy has been used in ecumenical events all over the world. For instance, many churches in North America use it on World Communion Sunday.

Another goal of the liturgy is to allow as many Christians as possible to take part in a joint celebration of the Eucharist. Due to church discipline, members of some traditions, such as the Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches, are not allowed to receive the Eucharist when the Lima Liturgy is celebrated. The liturgy has received both praise and criticism. The Orthodox, in particular, have criticized the liturgy for not being able to resolve the issue of ecclesiology and the Eucharist. For example, one female Oriental Orthodox member of the Central Committee of the WCC was discredited by her church for having taken part in the celebration of the Lima Liturgy as reader and was ultimately forced to resign.

History

The Lima Liturgy was written for the 1982 Plenary Session of the Faith and Order Commission of the World Council of Churches (WCC) in Lima, Peru. ^[1] The idea was to reflect doctrinal convergences of the WCC's Baptism, Eucharist and Ministry (BEM) document, ^[2] although it had been first and foremost a document on doctrine, not liturgy. ^[3] Another ecumenical goal was to allow as many Christians as possible to take part in the celebration. ^[4] The principal drafter of the liturgy was Max Thurian, ^[5] who had also played a key role in the group that produced BEM. ^[1] When he was asked to write the liturgy in October 1981, he had "considerable reservations". ^[6] Thurian was mindful of the rootedness of liturgy in tradition rather than what the Lima Liturgy was intended to be: an expression of certain theological ideas at hand. ^[6] Ultimately, Thurian agreed to draft the liturgy, seeking to write it based on traditional liturgical documents that he thought corresponded to the theology of BEM. ^[6] The Lima Liturgy was not part of the BEM document, and its status was that of an unofficial appendix. ^{[7] [8]} Unlike BEM, it was not sent for comments to WCC member churches or approved by the Faith and Order Commission. ^[7]

The Lima Liturgy was first celebrated in Lima on 15 January 1982. ^[9] The celebrant was J. Robert Wright of the Episcopal Church of the United States. ^[10] Present were participants from all Christian traditions ^[2] and "the widest ecumenical range of concelebrants canonically allowed". ^[11] Catholic and Orthodox members were, however, not allowed to receive the Eucharist due to church discipline in their traditions. In this initial celebration, the text of the liturgy focused on the themes of the BEM document – baptism, Eucharist, and ministry – and would be modified to better suit the themes of further uses. ^[11] The Lima Liturgy was used again on 28 July 1982 at the closing of a meeting of the Central Committee of the WCC in the Ecumenical Centre chapel in Geneva, Switzerland, with WCC general secretary Philip Potter as the celebrant. ^{[9] [11]} The third time the Lima Liturgy was celebrated was during the Sixth Assembly of the WCC in Vancouver, Canada, in 1983, ^[12] with Archbishop of Canterbury Robert Runcie as the celebrant. Runcie was assisted by six priests representing diverse traditions: a Lutheran from Denmark, a Reformed Indonesian, a Methodist from Benin, a Baptist from Hungary, a Moravian Church minister from Jamaica, and a minister of the United Church of Canada. ^[13] Most of the 3,500 participants received communion. ^{[14] [15]} Since the Assembly is the highest organizational level of the WCC, the celebration of the Lima Liturgy in Vancouver can be seen as an indication of its significance as a "well-worked and comprehensive liturgy" despite its unofficial status. ^[7] The celebration was considered by many as the high point of the Assembly, which was dubbed "the worshiping assembly". ^[16] Janet Crawford and Thomas F. Best describe this breakthrough: "No longer was worship a problem to be addressed by the assembly; it was now a vital and vibrant experience to be celebrated at the assembly." ^[16] Myra Blyth concludes: "The feeling generated in Vancouver was that worship has more power to unite and reconcile than do documents and negotiations." ^[17] The liturgy was again celebrated at the Seventh Assembly of the WCC in Canberra, Australia, in 1991. ^[15] At the fifth world conference on Faith and Order in 1993 in Santiago de Compostela, Spain, the use of the Lima Liturgy in a shortened form during morning services was encouraged, although these were not part of the official conference program. ^[18]

After its uses in WCC events, the Lima Liturgy gained a reputation as a usable ecumenical liturgy and has become one of the best-known ecumenical worship resources. ^{[11] [16]} It has since been modified for and celebrated in many local ecumenical events in almost all parts of the world. ^{[13] [19]} For instance, many churches in North America use it on World Communion Sunday. ^[20] According to Geoffrey Wainwright, "its popular reception is at least an indication of the felt need for an instrument whereby a common faith can be confessed, celebrated, proclaimed, and taught together." ^[11] In the words of Gordon Lathrop: "the text became a place in which diverse churches could meet each other." ^[13] Lathrop also credits its success to its high quality. ^[21] Teresa Berger attributes the success to it being an expression of the convergences of BEM. ^[1] While the success of BEM allowed for the Lima Liturgy to succeed, the converse is also true: the Lima Liturgy served to further the significance of BEM, ^[1] particularly its understanding of the Eucharist. ^[5] According to the WCC: "as one prominent German ecumenist put it, more Christians have learned what they know about BEM through participating in the Lima Liturgy than through reading BEM itself." ^[22] There have, however, also been criticisms of the Lima Liturgy, from Catholics, the Orthodox and Protestants and, ^{[19] [23]} according to Frieder Schulz, "Talk of an 'ecumenical Mass' is premature". ^[23] The Orthodox, in particular, have criticized the liturgy for not being able to resolve the issue of ecclesiology and the Eucharist. ^[19] One female Oriental Orthodox member of the Central Committee of the WCC, Mary Thomas, was discredited by her church for having taken part in the celebration of the Lima Liturgy as reader and was ultimately forced to resign. ^[24] Another point of criticism is that the Eucharist has no longer been celebrated in WCC Assemblies after 1991, either with the Lima Liturgy or WCC's former procedures. ^[19] Crawford and Best point out the irony in the fact that "although the Lima liturgy has been the subject of critical study and comment by theologians and liturgists, the Faith and Order Commission itself has yet to engage in any sustained reflection on or revision of one of its most widely known products." ^[16]

Thurian had been a member of the ecumenical Taizé Community. Thus, the Lima Liturgy is sometimes seen as a Taizé-born liturgy. The implications are not only the advancement of ecumenism but also the liturgy as a contribution of the liturgical movement. ^[1]

Some of its prayers have since been incorporated in the Eucharistic liturgy of the Old Catholic Church. ^[25]

Structure

Order of Service

#	Part	Notes
I	Liturgy of Entrance
1	Introit	With antiphon and Gloria Patri. Preferably a psalm, but can also be a hymn.
2	Greeting
3	Confession
4	Absolution
5	Kyrie	A Kyrie litany is used
6	Gloria	With Laudamus Te
II	Liturgy of the Word
7	Collect
8	First lesson	From the Old Testament, Acts or Revelation
9	Psalm of meditation
10	Epistle
11	Alleluja
12	Gospel
13	Homily
14	Silence
15	Credo	Niceno-Constantinopolitan Creed of 381
16	Intercession
III	Liturgy of the Eucharist
17	Offertory
18	Dialogue	Dominus vobiscum and sursum corda
19	Preface
20	Sanctus
21	Epiclesis I
22	Institution	Contains the Words of Institution
23	Anamnesis
24	Epiclesis II
25	Commemorations
26	Conclusion
27	Lord's Prayer
28	Pax	Prayer for peace followed by the sign of peace
29	Fraction
30	Agnus Dei
31	Communion
32	Postcommunion
33	Final hymn
34	Word of mission
35	Dismissal	The Priestly Blessing with a Trinitarian formula
Sources: Thurian 1982; Kotila 2004 , pp. 216, 249, 251

Elements from various Christian traditions are included in the liturgy. ^[9] Similarly, ministers from diverse traditions are intended to officiate the service. ^[22]

The Absolution is based on those in the liturgies of Lutheran churches in the United States. It is decidedly declarative (instead of indicative or optative). It is tied to the ministry of the church. ^[26]

The Kyrie and Gloria have been particularly rich since the Vancouver and Canberra meetings, although in Thurian's original text they are, according to Martien Brinkman, "wanting". ^[15] The diverse Kyrie and Gloria prayers have since become the hallmark of celebrations during WCC meetings. According to Brinkman, it is for this reason that "the real significance of the Lima liturgy can always be appropriately judged only on the basis of a concrete celebration of the liturgy". ^[15]

The Offertory draws from the Jewish roots of Christianity by taking the form of a berakhah (thanksgiving prayer) grace said before a meal. ^[27] The Offertory not only gives thanks for the bread and the wine, as is common across liturgies, but also includes a prayer derived from the liturgical texts of the Didache that prays for the unity of the Christian Church and the coming of the Kingdom. This adds to the themes of creation and thanksgiving commonly found in Offertories a third, eschatological dimension. ^[28]

The wording of the Anamnesis is based on Protestant theology of the mass and avoids evoking the Catholic understanding of the sacrificial nature of mass. Thus, instead of calling the mass a sacrifice by the congregation, it says "Remember the sacrifice of your Son". ^{[29] [22]} The same interpretation can also be found in the wording of the first Epiclesis, which reads: "Behold, Lord, this eucharist which you yourself gave to the Church and graciously receive it, as you accept the offering of your Son whereby we are reinstated in your Covenant. As we partake of Christ's body and blood, fill us with the Holy Spirit that we may be one single body and one single spirit in Christ, a living sacrifice to the praise of your glory." ^{[29] [22]} The first Epiclesis is relatively broad and focuses on remembrance of the works of the Holy Spirit in salvation history. ^[30]

The Pax consists of a prayer for peace followed by the actual sign of peace. This follows the practice of the Catholic mass. The prayer, too, is modified from that in the Roman Missal. ^[31]

As is common with new liturgies, Fraction is now an independent part of the liturgy. This is not the case, for instance, in Anglican liturgy where it takes place during and in context of the Words of Institution. ^[32] In the Lima Liturgy, Fraction is accompanied by words modified from the First Epistle to the Corinthians: "The bread which we break is the communion of the Body of Christ, the cup of blessing for which we give thanks is the communion in the Blood of Christ." ^{[32] [22]}

In Vancouver, the service began and ended with meditative chants similar to those used by the Taizé Community. ^[33]

The structure of the liturgy has also been criticized. ^[21] Lathrop asks:

Can the diverse lay and ordained leadership roles, so important to Christian assembly, be more clearly indicated? Might the penitential rite be better placed before the entrance hymn or psalm rather than in the main body of the liturgy itself? Can the kyrie be used as a clear – and, perhaps, more extensive – litany of entrance? Can the collect function more strongly as the prayer of entrance? Can the text itself give some ecumenical attention to lectionary suggestions? Might hymnody play a more important role? Might there be alternate forms for intercessions with the possibility of free and local prayers included? Is the place of the peace in the communion rite really a good choice for ecumenical assemblies? Could the offertory prayers be eliminated, granted the presence of a strong anaphora and, therefore, the absence of the necessity of any further prayer over the gifts? Can the strongly thematic character of the prayer texts be avoided or reduced, yielding more attention to the always central yet perpetually changing theme of the scriptures of the day in relationship to our salvation in Christ? In general, could there be fewer words? ^[34]

According to Jacobus Bezuidenhoudt, questions like this are not simply criticism, but "will help any celebrant of the Lima liturgy to adapt it to a particular circumstance. The questions indicate that the Lima liturgy is not stagnant, but that there is a freedom to make changes to the order of the liturgy, provided that these changes are theologically sound and justifiable." ^[4] Lathrop's solution is to move from the Lima understanding of text as the center of ecumenical liturgy to form (Ordo) as the common nexus. ^[35]

Recordings

• Kovalevsky, M. (2000). Lima-Liturgie (Ensemble Officium). Christophorus. OCLC   884903807. Catalogue No.: CHR77231.

References

1. Bezuidenhoudt 2010, p. 161.
2. Heller 2002, p. 164.
3. Kotila 2004, p. 45.
4. Bezuidenhoudt 2010, p. 165.
5. Wainwright 2006, p. 745.
6. Bezuidenhoudt 2010, p. 162n532.
7. Bezuidenhoudt 2010, p. 162.
8. Blyth 2016, p. 269.
9. The Church Service Society Record 1990, p. 31.
10. Wainwright 2006, pp. 745–746.
11. Wainwright 2006, p. 746.
12. Ibebuike 1989, p. 440.
13. Bezuidenhoudt 2010, p. 163.
14. Leuenberger 2004, p. 315.
15. Brinkman 1995, p. 115.
16. Crawford & Best 1994, p. 87.
17. Blyth 2016, p. 273.
18. Crawford & Best 1994, p. 89.
19. Ross & Jones 2011, p. 315.
20. Huyser-Honig 2007.
21. Bezuidenhoudt 2010, p. 164.
22. Thurian 1982.
23. Schulz 1987, p. 151.
24. Liveris 2005, pp. 176–177.
25. Schnitker 2002, p. 189.
26. Kotila 2004, pp. 181–182.
27. Anderson 2002, pp. 33–34.
28. Kotila 2004, p. 216.
29. Kotila 2004, p. 238.
30. Kotila 2004, p. 230.
31. Kotila 2004, p. 249.
32. Kotila 2004, p. 251.
33. The Church Service Society Record 1990, p. 46.
34. Bezuidenhoudt 2010, pp. 164–165.
35. Ross & Jones 2011, p. 319.

Works cited

• Anderson, E. Byron (2002). "Liturgical Prayer in a Post-Holocaust Church". Encounter. 63 (1–2): 27–36. ISSN   0013-7081.
• Bezuidenhoudt, Jacobus (March 2010). Liturgy and Spirituality in the Ecumenical Movement: A Systematic-theological Evaluation (DTh thesis). SUNScholar Research Repository. Stellenbosch: University of Stellenbosch. hdl:10019.1/3978. ISSN   2310-7855.
• Blyth, Myra N. (2016). "Ecumenism". In Gordon-Taylor, Benjamin; Day, Juliette (eds.). The Study of Liturgy and Worship: An Alcuin Guide. Collegeville: Liturgical Press. pp. 267–278. ISBN   978-0-8146-6335-6.
• Brinkman, Martien E. (1995). Progress in Unity?: Fifty Years of Theology Within the World Council of Churches. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. ISBN   978-0-8028-0557-7.
• "The Lima Liturgy" (PDF). The Church Service Society Record. 22 (1): 31–46. 1990. OCLC   877683243.
• Crawford, Janet; Best, Thomas F. (1994). "Praise the Lord with the Lyre... and the Gamelan?: Towards Koinonia in Worship". The Ecumenical Review. 46 (1): 78–96. doi:10.1111/j.1758-6623.1994.tb02909.x. ISSN   0013-0796.
• Heller, Dagmar (2002). "Ecumenical Worship". In Bradshaw, Paul F. (ed.). The New SCM Dictionary of Liturgy and Worship. London: SCM Press. pp. 163–165. ISBN   978-0-334-02883-3.
• Huyser-Honig, Joan (24 July 2007). "Lord's Supper Practice in the Reformed and Presbyterian Tradition". Calvin Institute of Christian Worship. Retrieved 16 March 2020.
• Ibebuike, Polycarp C. (1989). The Eucharist: The Discussion on the Eucharist by the Faith and Order Commission of the World Council of Churches, Lausanne 1927–Lima 1982. Peter Lang Publishing. ISBN   978-3-631-42119-2.
• Kotila, Heikki (2004). Liturgian lähteillä: Johdatus jumalanpalveluksen historiaan ja teologiaan (in Finnish) (3rd ed.). Helsinki: Kirjapaja. ISBN   951-607-132-5.
• Leuenberger, Samuel (2004). Archbishop Cranmer's Immortal Bequest: The Book of Common Prayer of the Church of England: An Evangelistic Liturgy. Translated by Leuenberger, Samuel; Lewis J., Gorin Jr. Eugene: Wipf and Stock Publishers. ISBN   978-1-59244-679-7.
• Liveris, Leonie B. (2005). Ancient Taboos and Gender Prejudice: Challenges for Orthodox Women and the Church. London: Routledge. doi:10.4324/9781315262574. ISBN   0-7546-8245-5 – via ProQuest Ebook Central.
• Ross, Melanie; Jones, Simon, eds. (2011). The Serious Business of Worship: Essays in Honour of Bryan D. Spinks. London: Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN   978-0-567-00609-7.
• Schnitker, Thaddeus A. (2002). "Eucharist: Old Catholic". In Bradshaw, Paul F. (ed.). The New SCM Dictionary of Liturgy and Worship. London: SCM Press. pp. 188–189. ISBN   978-0-334-02883-3.
• Schulz, Frieder (1987). "Zur Rezeption der 'Lima-Liturgie'". Studia Liturgica (in German). 17 (1–4): 151–156. doi:10.1177/0039320787017001-417. ISSN   0039-3207. S2CID   192838478.
• Thurian, Max (1 January 1982). "The Eucharistic Liturgy of Lima". Oikoumene. World Council of Churches. Retrieved 28 August 2019.
• Wainwright, Geoffrey (2006). "Ecumenical Convergences". In Wainwright, Geoffrey; Westerfield Tucker, Karen B. (eds.). The Oxford History of Christian Worship . Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 721–754. ISBN   978-0-19-513886-3.

Further reading

• Best, Thomas F.; Heller, Dagmar, eds. (1998). Eucharistic Worship in Ecumenical Contexts: The Lima Liturgy and Beyond. Geneva: WCC Publications. ISBN   978-2-8254-1232-9.
• Berger, Teresa (2002). "Lima Liturgy". In Lossky, Nicolas; Bonino, Jose Miguez; Pobee, John; et al. (eds.). Dictionary of the Ecumenical Movement. Geneva: WCC Publications. ISBN   978-2-8254-1354-8.
• Buchanan, Colin (1983). ARCIC and Lima on Baptism and Eucharist: Including the Lima Eucharistic Liturgy. Worship (86). Bramcote: Grove. ISBN   978-0-907536-58-1.
• "Celebrations of the Eucharist in Ecumenical Contexts: A Proposal" (PDF). Oikoumene. Geneva: Commission on Faith and Order, World Council of Churches. 21 June 2005.
• Holze, H. (1991). "Non-reformational Public Worship: Celebration of the Holy-eucharist from the Lima-liturgy from the Perspective of Early Reformational Liturgies". Zeitschrift für Theologie und Kirche. 88 (3). ISSN   0044-3549.
• Osb, Placid Murray (1987). "'A Proposed Text for a Common Eucharist': A Fruit of the Glenstal Ecumenical Conference". Studia Liturgica. 17 (1–4): 118–132. doi:10.1177/0039320787017001-414. ISSN   0039-3207. S2CID   171940214.
• Searcy, Ed (29 October 2013). "Remembering the 6th Assembly". Holy Scribbler.
• Thurian, Max, ed. (1985). Ecumenical Perspectives on Baptism, Eucharist and Ministry . Geneva: World Council of Churches. ISBN   2825407585.
• Thurian, Max; Wainwright, Geoffrey, eds. (1986). Baptism and Eucharist: Ecumenical Convergence in Celebration. Eerdmans: Grand Rapids. ISBN   0-8028-0005-X.
• Watkins, Keith (1984). "The Lima Liturgy: When Theology becomes Liturgy". Mid-Stream. 23 (3): 285–289. ISSN   0544-0653.

External links

• The original Lima Liturgy (1982) at Oikoumene. World Council of Churches.
• The Vancouver version of the Lima Liturgy (1983) with music (PDF) at Church Service Society