Limnatis nilotica

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Limnatis nilotica
Limnatis nilotica movement.png
Limnatis nilotica movement
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Annelida
Clade: Pleistoannelida
Clade: Sedentaria
Class: Clitellata
Subclass: Hirudinea
Order: Arhynchobdellida
Family: Hirudinidae
Genus: Limnatis
Species:
L. nilotica
Binomial name
Limnatis nilotica
(Savigny, 1822)

Limnatis nilotica is a species of leech in the family Hirudinidae. [1] It is hematophagous (feeding on blood), living on the mucous membranes of mammals.

Contents

Description

Limnatis nilotica grows to a length of about 10 cm (4 in). It has powerful jaws and a sucker at both the anterior and the posterior end. The general colour is dark green and there are green spots in rows on the dorsal surface and bands of yellowish-orange and green on the sides. [2]

Distribution and habitat

Limnatis nilotica is native to Southern Europe, North Africa and the Middle East. It inhabits stagnant ponds and shallow lakes. [3]

Biology

Limnatis nilotica is unable to pierce skin with its jaws which are relatively small, soft and rounded; there are about thirty flat teeth with rough surfaces on the jaws, and small papillae which probably secrete saliva. Instead it enters its mammalian host through an orifice and sucks blood from mucous membranes inside the host, often the pharynx. The ingested blood is granular in nature, perhaps because the leech has scraped the tissues as it fed. The volume of blood consumed at any one time is much smaller than is typical for the European medicinal leech, but L. nilotica may stay in place for several weeks, feeding at intervals. [4]

Limnatis nilotica is periodically reported as affecting humans and livestock, entering the host through the mouth, nose, and occasionally through the eye socket, the urethra or vagina. [5] In Iran, a pregnant cow showed respiratory distress and anaemia and was found to have a leech attached to the inside of the cheek and tongue; the cow was said to have drunk from a local pond. In another instance, a camel in Iraq had leeches inside its nasal cavity. There have been other reports from Iraq of affected cattle, sheep, donkeys and dogs. [2] Two young dogs in Iran with symptoms including anorexia, anaemia, hyper-salivation, retching, and bleeding from the mouth, were found to have leeches under their tongues. If left untreated animals may die, but these dogs recovered after the leeches were removed. [5]

Related Research Articles

<i>Hirudo medicinalis</i> Species of annelid worm

Hirudo medicinalis, or the European medicinal leech, is one of several species of leeches used as medicinal leeches.

<i>Rhynchobdellida</i> Order of annelids

Rhynchobdellida, the jawless leeches or freshwater leeches, are an order of aquatic leeches. Despite the common name "freshwater leeches", species are found in both sea and fresh water. They are defined by the presence of a protrusible proboscis instead of jaws, and having colourless blood. They move by "inchworming" and are found worldwide. The order contains 110 species, divided into 41 genera and three families. Members of the order range widely in length, usually between 7 and 40 mm. They are hermaphrodite. The order is not monophyletic.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Clitellata</span> Class of annelid worms

The Clitellata are a class of annelid worms, characterized by having a clitellum – the 'collar' that forms a reproductive cocoon during part of their life cycles. The clitellates comprise around 8,000 species. Unlike the class of Polychaeta, they do not have parapodia and their heads are less developed.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Haemadipsidae</span> Family of land leeches

Haemadipsidae are a family of jawed leeches. They are a monophyletic group of hirudiniform proboscisless leeches. These leeches have five pairs of eyes, with the last two separated by two eyeless segments. The family is monotypic, containing only the subfamily Haemadipsinae, though as the family can apparently be divided into two or three distinct lineages, at least one of the proposed splits, while not a distinct family, might be a valid subfamily.

Erpobdella obscura is a freshwater ribbon leech common in North America. It is a relatively large leech and is commonly used as bait by anglers for walleye and other sport fish. In Minnesota, live bait dealers annually harvest over 45,000 kg of bait-leeches, raising concerns of over-harvest.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Leech</span> Parasitic or predatory annelid worms

Leeches are segmented parasitic or predatory worms that comprise the subclass Hirudinea within the phylum Annelida. They are closely related to the oligochaetes, which include the earthworm, and like them have soft, muscular segmented bodies that can lengthen and contract. Both groups are hermaphrodites and have a clitellum, but leeches typically differ from the oligochaetes in having suckers at both ends and ring markings that do not correspond with their internal segmentation. The body is muscular and relatively solid; the coelom, the spacious body cavity found in other annelids, is reduced to small channels.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pharynx</span> Part of the throat that is behind the mouth and nasal cavity

The pharynx is the part of the throat behind the mouth and nasal cavity, and above the esophagus and trachea. It is found in vertebrates and invertebrates, though its structure varies across species. The pharynx carries food to the esophagus and air to the larynx. The flap of cartilage called the epiglottis stops food from entering the larynx.

<i>Tyrannobdella</i> Genus of annelid worms

Tyrannobdella is a monotypic genus of leech, of family Praobdellidae, found in South America in the upper reaches of the Amazon. This newly found genus of leech takes sustenance from the mucous membranes of the mammalian upper respiratory tract, and is known to feed upon humans. It has eight teeth. Tyrannobdella rex was discovered feeding upon the mucous membrane of a girl who had recently bathed in the upper Amazon in Peru.

<i>Erpobdella</i> Genus of leeches

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<i>Haemopis sanguisuga</i> Species of annelid

Haemopis sanguisuga is a species of freshwater leech in the family Haemopidae. It is commonly called the horse-leech, but that is due to the similarity of its appearance to the leech Limnatis nilotica, which sometimes enters the nasal cavities of livestock. Haemopis sanguisuga does not behave in this way. Another synonym for this leech is Aulastomum gulo.

<i>Hirudo</i> Genus of annelids

Hirudo is a genus of leeches of the family Hirudinidae. It was described by Carl Linnaeus in his landmark 1758 10th edition of Systema Naturae.

<i>Babesia canis</i> Species of single-celled organism

Babesia canis is a parasite that infects red blood cells and can lead to anemia. This is a species that falls under the overarching genus Babesia. It is transmitted by the brown dog tick and is one of the most common piroplasm infections. The brown dog tick is adapted to warmer climates and is found in both Europe and the United States, especially in shelters and greyhound kennels. In Europe, it is also transmitted by Dermacentor ticks with an increase in infections reported due to people traveling with their pets.

<i>Erpobdella octoculata</i> Species of leech

Erpobdella octoculata is a freshwater leech in the Erpobdellidae family. This species can be found in Europe, the Mediterranean, and the Middle East.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Piscicolidae</span> Family of annelid worms

The Piscicolidae are a family of jawless leeches in the order Rhynchobdellida that are parasitic on fish. They occur in both freshwater and seawater, have cylindrical bodies, and typically have a large, bell-shaped, anterior sucker with which they cling to their host. Some of the leeches in this family have external gills, outgrowths of the body wall projecting laterally, the only group of leeches to exchange gases in this way.

<i>Acanthobdella peledina</i> Species of annelid worm

Acanthobdella peledina is a species of leech-like clitellate in the order Acanthobdellida. It feeds on the skin and blood of freshwater fishes in the boreal regions of northern Europe, Asia and North America.

<i>Piscicola geometra</i> Species of annelid worm

Piscicola geometra is a species of leech in the family Piscicolidae. It is an external parasite of marine, brackish and freshwater fishes. It was first described as Hirudo geometra by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in his Systema Naturae in 1758.

<i>Placobdelloides siamensis</i> Species of leeches

Placobdelloides siamensis is a species of blood-feeding jawless leech in the family Glossiphoniidae. It is commonly known as the Siam shield leech and is a prevalent ectoparasite on Malayemys turtles but has a range of Geoemydidae hosts. In high numbers it can cause severe anaemia and malnutrition which can lead to the death of its host.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Praobdellidae</span> Family of hematophagous leeches which live on the mucous membranes of mammals

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<i>Dinobdella ferox</i> Leech species

Dinobdella ferox is a species of leech in the family Praobdellidae. The species is found widely in Southeast Asia and mainly feeds on the mucosal membranes of the mammalian upper respiratory tract. It has been documented to feed on humans.

<i>Macrobdella decora</i> Species of leech

Macrobdella decora, also known as the North American medicinal leech, is a species of freshwater leech. It is found in much of eastern North America in freshwater habitats, although there is one disjunct population in northern Mexico. M. decora is both a parasite of vertebrates, including humans, and an aquatic predator of eggs, larvae, and other invertebrates.

References

  1. "Limnatis nilotica (Savigny, 1822)". EUNIS. European Environment Agency. Retrieved 17 April 2020.
  2. 1 2 Bahmani, M.; Eftekhari, Z.; Mohsezadeghan, A.; Ghotbian, Freidon; Alighazi, Nafise (2012). "Leech (Limnatis nilotica) causing respiratory distress in a pregnant cow in Ilam province in Iran". Comparative Clinical Pathology. 21 (4): 501–503. doi: 10.1007/s00580-011-1236-1 .
  3. Khaled, I.; Ferjani, Hanen; Ben Ahmed, Raja; Harrath, Abdel Halim (2017). "Effects of oil-related environmental pollutants on gonads of the freshwater leech Limnatis nilotica (Annelida, Hirudinea)". The European Zoological Journal. 84 (1): 263–270. doi:10.1080/07924259.2016.1208118.
  4. Orevi, Miriam; Eldor, Amiram; Giguzin, Ida; Rigbi, Meir (2000). "Jaw anatomy of the blood-sucking leeches, Hirudinea Limnatis nilotica and Hirudo medicinalis, and its relationship to their feeding habits". Journal of Zoology. 250 (1): 121–127. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2000.tb00583.x.
  5. 1 2 Rajaei, S.M.; Khorram, H.; Mood, M. Ansari; Rafie, S. Mashhadi; Williams, David (2014). "Oral infestation with leech Limnatis nilotica in two mixed-breed dogs". Journal of Small Animal Practice. 55 (12): 648–651. doi:10.1111/jsap.12166. PMID   24320198.