Limnonectes | |
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Fanged river frog (Limnonectes macrodon) | |
Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Chordata |
Class: | Amphibia |
Order: | Anura |
Family: | Dicroglossidae |
Subfamily: | Dicroglossinae |
Genus: | Limnonectes Fitzinger, 1843 |
Species | |
More than 74, see text | |
Synonyms | |
TayloranaDubois, 1986 |
Limnonectes is a genus of fork-tongued frogs of about 75 known species, but new ones are still being described occasionally. [1] [2] They are collectively known as fanged frogs because they tend to have unusually large teeth, which are small or absent in other frogs.
These frogs are found throughout East and Southeast Asia, most commonly near forest streams. Multiple species of Limnonectes may occupy the same area in harmony. [3] Large-bodied species cluster around fast rivers, while smaller ones live among leaf-litter or on stream banks. The Indonesian island of Sulawesi is home to at least 15 species of this frog, only four of which have been formally described. [4]
Tadpoles of this genus have adapted to a variety of conditions. Most species (e.g. Blyth's river frog L. blythii or the fanged river frog L. macrodon) develop normally, with free-swimming tadpoles that eat food. [5] The tadpoles of the corrugated frog (L. laticeps) are free-swimming but endotrophic, meaning they do not eat but live on stored yolk until metamorphosis into frogs. [5] Before, L. limborgi was assumed to have direct development (eggs hatching as tiny, full-formed frogs), but more careful observations have showed it has free-swimming but endotrophic larvae; this probably applies to the closely related L. hascheanus , too. [6] L. larvaepartus is the only known species of frog that gives live birth to tadpoles. [4] Parental care is performed by males. [3]
The following phylogeny of Limnonectes is from Pyron & Wiens (2011). [8] 35 species are included. Limnonectes is a sister group of Nanorana . [8]
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The following Limnonectes phylogeny is from Aowphol, et al. (2015). [9] 20 species are included.
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Below is a phylogeny of species within the L. kuhlii species complex (McLeod, et al. 2015). [10] Limnonectes longchuanensis , Limnonectes hikidai , and Limnonectes cintalubang [11] are also part of the L. kuhlii species complex.
Leptobrachella is a genus of frogs in the family Megophryidae. Members of Leptobrachella are found throughout Asia including on Borneo and the Natuna Islands. They are sometimes referred to as Borneo frogs, slender-armed frogs, or dwarf litter frogs. The genus contains over 82 species with 25 found in China alone.
Eastern spadefoot toads comprise a genus of the family Megophryidae in the order Anura, and are found in southern China, northeast India, southeast Asia, and islands of the Sunda Shelf as well as the Philippines. They are characterized by a stocky body with slender, short hindlimbs. In identifying species, iris colour is a valuable diagnostic morphological characteristic ; the iris has uniform colour in some species, whereas in other species the upper half is coloured and the lower half is dark.
Kalophrynus is a genus of microhylid frogs. It is the only genus in the subfamily Kalophryninae. The species in this genus are found in southern China, in Southeast Asia to Java and Philippines, and in Assam, India.
Limnonectes hascheanus is a species of frog in the family Dicroglossidae. It is found in the Malay Peninsula ; its occurrence in the Andaman Islands requires confirmation. It is a small frog, males being 19–25 mm (0.75–0.98 in) and females 21–25 mm (0.83–0.98 in) snout-vent length.
Kuhl's creek frog or large-headed frog is a species of frog in the family Dicroglossidae.
Limnonectes limborgi is a species of frog in the Dicroglossidae. It is found in Burma, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam; it might well occur in Northeast India and Yunnan, China. It is a small frog, males being 30–38 mm (1.2–1.5 in) and females 28–36 mm (1.1–1.4 in) snout-vent length.
Djoko Tjahjono Iskandar is an Indonesian herpetologist who studies the amphibians of Southeast Asia and Australasia. He is a professor of biosystematics and ecology at Bandung Institute of Technology in West Java, Indonesia.
Limnonectes jarujini is a species of frog in the family Dicroglossidae, first described from near Kaeng Krachan Dam, Thailand. It occurs in southwestern and southern, peninsular Thailand, and likely in adjacent southern Myanmar. It has been recorded from Kanchanaburi, Surat Thani, and Nakhon Si Thammarat provinces.
Limnonectes taylori is a species of frogs in the family Dicroglossidae, first described from Doi Inthanon, Thailand. It occurs in northwestern Thailand and into northern Laos and extreme east-central Myanmar, possibly into adjacent Vietnam. In Thailand, it occurs in the provinces Chiang Mai, Mae Hong Son, Lampang, Nan, and Tak.
Limnonectes isanensis is a species of fanged frogs in the family Dicroglossidae. It was discovered in Phu Luang Wildlife Sanctuary, Loei Province, Thailand in 2012. It belongs to the Limnonectes kuhlii species complex.
Limnonectes lauhachindai, also known as Lauhachinda's fanged frog, is a species of frog in the family Dicroglossidae. As currently known, it is endemic to Ubon Ratchathani Province, Thailand, where it has been recorded from Na Chaluai and Sirindhorn Districts. However, its true range is expected to be wider, also extending into adjacent Laos and Cambodia. It is the sister taxon of Limnonectes dabanus and Limnonectes gyldenstolpei. It is one of the five caruncle-bearing Limnonectes species.
Limnonectes longchuanensis is a species of fanged frogs in the family Dicroglossidae. It is endemic to Yunnan, China and Myanmar.
Limnonectes nguyenorum is a species of fanged frog in the family Dicroglossidae. It is endemic to northern Vietnam and only known from the area of its type locality in Vi Xuyen District, northwestern Ha Giang Province, northern Vietnam. It is part of the Limnonectes kuhlii species complex.
Limnonectes bannaensis is a species of frogs in the family Dicroglossidae. It is found in southern China, Laos, Thailand and Vietnam.
Limnonectes deinodon is a species of fanged frogs in the family Dicroglossidae. It is endemic to peninsular Malaysia and likely also southern Thailand. It was previously confused with Limnonectes laticeps and Limnonectes khasianus.
Limnonectes selatan is a species of fanged frogs in the family Dicroglossidae. It is endemic to peninsular Malaysia, in the states of Pahang and Selangor.
Limnonectes utara is a species of fanged frogs in the family Dicroglossidae. It can be found in Malaysia and Thailand.
Limnonectes sisikdagu is a species of fanged frogs in the family Dicroglossidae. It is endemic to West Sumatra, Indonesia, where its holotype was found near Solok. It is part of the Limnonectes kuhlii species complex.
Limnonectes quangninhensis is a species of fanged frog in the family Dicroglossidae. Its type locality is Quảng Sơn Commune, Hải Hà District, Quảng Ninh Province, Vietnam, where it was found in an evergreen forest near Tai Chi Village. It is found in islands of the Gulf of Tonkin, and is also likely found across the border in Fangchenggang, Guangxi, China. It is a sister taxon to Limnonectes fujianensis.
Niane Sivongxay is a zoologist and herpetologist from Laos, who is Director of the South East Asian Ministers of Education Organisation (SEAMEO) Regional Centre for Community Education Development and is Assistant Professor of Biology at the National University of Laos. She specialises in the study of zooplankton, amphibians and reptiles.