Limnonectes

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Limnonectes
Limnon macrod 050303 062 pncw.jpg
Fanged river frog (Limnonectes macrodon)
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Amphibia
Order: Anura
Family: Dicroglossidae
Subfamily: Dicroglossinae
Genus: Limnonectes
Fitzinger, 1843
Species

More than 74, see text

Synonyms

TayloranaDubois, 1986

Limnonectes is a genus of fork-tongued frogs of about 75 known species, but new ones are still being described occasionally. [1] [2] They are collectively known as fanged frogs because they tend to have unusually large teeth, which are small or absent in other frogs.

Contents

Habitat

These frogs are found throughout East and Southeast Asia, most commonly near forest streams. Multiple species of Limnonectes may occupy the same area in harmony. [3] Large-bodied species cluster around fast rivers, while smaller ones live among leaf-litter or on stream banks. The Indonesian island of Sulawesi is home to at least 15 species of this frog, only four of which have been formally described. [4]

Lifecycle

Tadpoles of this genus have adapted to a variety of conditions. Most species (e.g. Blyth's river frog L. blythii or the fanged river frog L. macrodon) develop normally, with free-swimming tadpoles that eat food. [5] The tadpoles of the corrugated frog (L. laticeps) are free-swimming but endotrophic, meaning they do not eat but live on stored yolk until metamorphosis into frogs. [5] Before, L. limborgi was assumed to have direct development (eggs hatching as tiny, full-formed frogs), but more careful observations have showed it has free-swimming but endotrophic larvae; this probably applies to the closely related L. hascheanus , too. [6] L. larvaepartus is the only known species of frog that gives live birth to tadpoles. [4] Parental care is performed by males. [3]

Species

Phylogeny

Pyron & Wiens (2011)

The following phylogeny of Limnonectes is from Pyron & Wiens (2011). [8] 35 species are included. Limnonectes is a sister group of Nanorana . [8]

Limnonectes 

Limnonectes microdiscus

Limnonectes kadarsani

Limnonectes laticeps

Limnonectes limborgi

Limnonectes hascheanus

Limnonectes dabanus

Limnonectes gyldenstolpei

Limnonectes asperatus

Limnonectes fragilis

Limnonectes fujianensis

Limnonectes bannaensis

Limnonectes kuhlii

Limnonectes leytensis

Limnonectes acanthi

Limnonectes microtympanum

Limnonectes arathooni

Limnonectes magnus

Limnonectes heinrichi

Limnonectes modestus

Limnonectes woodworthi

Limnonectes macrocephalus

Limnonectes visayanus

Limnonectes leporinus

Limnonectes parvus

Limnonectes palavanensis

Limnonectes ibanorum

Limnonectes grunniens

Limnonectes blythii

Limnonectes poilani

Limnonectes paramacrodon

Limnonectes macrodon

Limnonectes shompenorum

Limnonectes malesianus

Limnonectes ingeri

Limnonectes finchi

Aowphol, et al. (2015)

The following Limnonectes phylogeny is from Aowphol, et al. (2015). [9] 20 species are included.

Limnonectes 

Limnonectes fragilis

Limnonectes leporinus

Limnonectes leytensis

Limnonectes woodworthi

Limnonectes malesianus

Limnonectes poilani

Limnonectes khasianus

Limnonectes kadarsani

Limnonectes microdiscus

Limnonectes bannaensis

Limnonectes fujianensis

Limnonectes lauhachindai

Limnonectes dabanus

Limnonectes gyldenstolpei

Limnonectes kohchangae

Limnonectes plicatellus

Limnonectes doriae

Limnonectes macrognathus

Limnonectes hascheanus

Limnonectes limborgi

McLeod, et al. (2015)

Below is a phylogeny of species within the L. kuhlii species complex (McLeod, et al. 2015). [10] Limnonectes longchuanensis , Limnonectes hikidai , and Limnonectes cintalubang [11] are also part of the L. kuhlii species complex.

Limnonectes kuhlii (Java)

Limnonectes sisikdagu

Limnonectes fragilis

Limnonectes bannaensis

Limnonectes namiyei

Limnonectes fujianensis

Limnonectes jarujini

Limnonectes nguyenorum

Limnonectes isanensis

Limnonectes taylori

Limnonectes megastomias

Related Research Articles

<i>Leptobrachella</i> Genus of amphibians

Leptobrachella is a genus of frogs in the family Megophryidae. Members of Leptobrachella are found throughout Asia including on Borneo and the Natuna Islands. They are sometimes referred to as Borneo frogs, slender-armed frogs, or dwarf litter frogs. The genus contains over 82 species with 25 found in China alone.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Eastern spadefoot toad</span> Genus of amphibians

Eastern spadefoot toads comprise a genus of the family Megophryidae in the order Anura, and are found in southern China, northeast India, southeast Asia, and islands of the Sunda Shelf as well as the Philippines. They are characterized by a stocky body with slender, short hindlimbs. In identifying species, iris colour is a valuable diagnostic morphological characteristic ; the iris has uniform colour in some species, whereas in other species the upper half is coloured and the lower half is dark.

<i>Kalophrynus</i> Genus of amphibians

Kalophrynus is a genus of microhylid frogs. It is the only genus in the subfamily Kalophryninae. The species in this genus are found in southern China, in Southeast Asia to Java and Philippines, and in Assam, India.

<i>Limnonectes hascheanus</i> Species of frog

Limnonectes hascheanus is a species of frog in the family Dicroglossidae. It is found in the Malay Peninsula ; its occurrence in the Andaman Islands requires confirmation. It is a small frog, males being 19–25 mm (0.75–0.98 in) and females 21–25 mm (0.83–0.98 in) snout-vent length.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kuhl's creek frog</span> Species of amphibian

Kuhl's creek frog or large-headed frog is a species of frog in the family Dicroglossidae.

<i>Limnonectes limborgi</i> Species of frog

Limnonectes limborgi is a species of frog in the Dicroglossidae. It is found in Burma, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam; it might well occur in Northeast India and Yunnan, China. It is a small frog, males being 30–38 mm (1.2–1.5 in) and females 28–36 mm (1.1–1.4 in) snout-vent length.

Djoko Tjahjono Iskandar is an Indonesian herpetologist who studies the amphibians of Southeast Asia and Australasia. He is a professor of biosystematics and ecology at Bandung Institute of Technology in West Java, Indonesia.

Limnonectes jarujini is a species of frog in the family Dicroglossidae, first described from near Kaeng Krachan Dam, Thailand. It occurs in southwestern and southern, peninsular Thailand, and likely in adjacent southern Myanmar. It has been recorded from Kanchanaburi, Surat Thani, and Nakhon Si Thammarat provinces.

Limnonectes taylori is a species of frogs in the family Dicroglossidae, first described from Doi Inthanon, Thailand. It occurs in northwestern Thailand and into northern Laos and extreme east-central Myanmar, possibly into adjacent Vietnam. In Thailand, it occurs in the provinces Chiang Mai, Mae Hong Son, Lampang, Nan, and Tak.

<i>Limnonectes isanensis</i> Species of amphibian

Limnonectes isanensis is a species of fanged frogs in the family Dicroglossidae. It was discovered in Phu Luang Wildlife Sanctuary, Loei Province, Thailand in 2012. It belongs to the Limnonectes kuhlii species complex.

Limnonectes lauhachindai, also known as Lauhachinda's fanged frog, is a species of frog in the family Dicroglossidae. As currently known, it is endemic to Ubon Ratchathani Province, Thailand, where it has been recorded from Na Chaluai and Sirindhorn Districts. However, its true range is expected to be wider, also extending into adjacent Laos and Cambodia. It is the sister taxon of Limnonectes dabanus and Limnonectes gyldenstolpei. It is one of the five caruncle-bearing Limnonectes species.

Limnonectes longchuanensis is a species of fanged frogs in the family Dicroglossidae. It is endemic to Yunnan, China and Myanmar.

Limnonectes nguyenorum is a species of fanged frog in the family Dicroglossidae. It is endemic to northern Vietnam and only known from the area of its type locality in Vi Xuyen District, northwestern Ha Giang Province, northern Vietnam. It is part of the Limnonectes kuhlii species complex.

Limnonectes bannaensis is a species of frogs in the family Dicroglossidae. It is found in southern China, Laos, Thailand and Vietnam.

Limnonectes deinodon is a species of fanged frogs in the family Dicroglossidae. It is endemic to peninsular Malaysia and likely also southern Thailand. It was previously confused with Limnonectes laticeps and Limnonectes khasianus.

Limnonectes selatan is a species of fanged frogs in the family Dicroglossidae. It is endemic to peninsular Malaysia, in the states of Pahang and Selangor.

Limnonectes utara is a species of fanged frogs in the family Dicroglossidae. It can be found in Malaysia and Thailand.

Limnonectes sisikdagu is a species of fanged frogs in the family Dicroglossidae. It is endemic to West Sumatra, Indonesia, where its holotype was found near Solok. It is part of the Limnonectes kuhlii species complex.

Limnonectes quangninhensis is a species of fanged frog in the family Dicroglossidae. Its type locality is Quảng Sơn Commune, Hải Hà District, Quảng Ninh Province, Vietnam, where it was found in an evergreen forest near Tai Chi Village. It is found in islands of the Gulf of Tonkin, and is also likely found across the border in Fangchenggang, Guangxi, China. It is a sister taxon to Limnonectes fujianensis.

Niane Sivongxay is a zoologist and herpetologist from Laos, who is Director of the South East Asian Ministers of Education Organisation (SEAMEO) Regional Centre for Community Education Development and is Assistant Professor of Biology at the National University of Laos. She specialises in the study of zooplankton, amphibians and reptiles.

References

  1. Frost, Darrel R. (2014). "Limnonectes Fitzinger, 1843". Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0. American Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 26 January 2014.
  2. Stuart, Bryan L.; Schoen, Sara N.; Nelson, Emma E.M.; Maher, Heather; Neang, Thy; Rowley, Jodi J.L.; Mcleod, David S. (2020-12-10). "A new fanged frog in the Limnonectes kuhlii complex (Anura: Dicroglossidae) from northeastern Cambodia". Zootaxa. 4894 (3): 451–473. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4894.3.11. ISSN   1175-5334. PMID   33311078. S2CID   229178977.
  3. 1 2 McLeod, D.S.; S.J. Horner; C. Husted; A. Barley & D.T. Iskandar (2011). "Same-same, but different: An unusual new species of the Limnonectes kuhlii Complex from West Sumatra (Anura: Dicroglossidae)" (PDF). Zootaxa. 2883: 52–64. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.2883.1.4. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-01-03.
  4. 1 2 Iskandar, D. T.; Evans, B. J.; McGuire, J. A. (2014). "A Novel Reproductive Mode in Frogs: A New Species of Fanged Frog with Internal Fertilization and Birth of Tadpoles". PLOS ONE. 9 (12): e115884. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...9k5884I. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115884 . PMC   4281041 . PMID   25551466.
  5. 1 2 Ming, Leong Tzi (2004). "Larval descriptions of some poorly known tadpoles from Peninsular Malaysia (Amphibia: Anura)" (PDF). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology. 52 (2): 609–620. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-06-17.
  6. Rowley, J. J. L.; Altig, R. (2012). "Nidicolous development in Limnonectes limborgi (Anura, Dicroglossidae)". Amphibia-Reptilia. 33: 145–149. doi:10.1163/156853812X626179.
  7. Freaky Fanged Frog Discovered in the Philippines. On: SciTechDaily; August 21, 2021
  8. 1 2 R. Alexander Pyron; John J. Wiens (2011). "A large-scale phylogeny of Amphibia including over 2800 species, and a revised classification of extant frogs, salamanders, and caecilians". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 61 (2): 543–583. doi: 10.1016/j.ympev.2011.06.012 . PMID   21723399.
  9. Aowphol, Rujirawan, Taksintum, Chuaynkern, and Stuart, 2015, Zootaxa, 3956: 259. Holotype: NCSM 80222, by original designation. Type locality: "Thailand, Ubon Ratchathani Province, Sirindhorn District, Kham Khuen Kaew Subdistrict, 15°17’47.6”N 105°28’22.0”E, 131 m elev." zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:270500F3-C33E-434B-B5F1-1FDB7A856AD9
  10. McLeod, Kurlbaum & Hoang, 2015 : More of the same: a diminutive new species of the Limnonectes kuhlii complex from northern Vietnam (Anura: Dicroglossidae). Zootaxa, No. 3947, p. 201–214.
  11. Matsui, Nishikawa, and Eto, 2014, Raffles Bull. Zool., Singapore, 62: 681. Holotype: KUHE 47859, by original designation. Type locality: "Ranchan, Serian, Samarahan Division, Sarawak, East Malaysia (01° 08′ 30″ N, 110° 34′ 57″ E, 64 m asl)". http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:9C21B7C4-27AD-4103-89C0-513D2E80106C