Lingula anatina

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Lingula anatina
LingulaanatinaAA.JPG
Lingula anatina from Stradbroke Island, Australia.
Scientific classification
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L. anatina
Binomial name
Lingula anatina
Lamarck, 1801

Lingula anatina is a brachiopod species in the genus Lingula . Like others in its genus, L. anatina is a filter feeder that uses a lophophore to extract food from water. They burrow in the sand of their brackish intertidal habitat. [1]

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Bryozoa are a phylum of simple, aquatic invertebrate animals, nearly all living in sedentary colonies. Typically about 0.5 millimetres long, they have a special feeding structure called a lophophore, a "crown" of tentacles used for filter feeding. Most marine bryozoans live in tropical waters, but a few are found in oceanic trenches and polar waters. The bryozoans are classified as the marine bryozoans (Stenolaemata), freshwater bryozoans (Phylactolaemata), and mostly-marine bryozoans (Gymnolaemata), a few members of which prefer brackish water. 5,869 living species are known. Originally all of the crown group Bryozoa were colonial, but as an adaptation to a mesopsammal life or to deep‐sea habitats, secondarily solitary forms have since evolved. Solitary species has been described in four genera; Aethozooides, Aethozoon, Franzenella and Monobryozoon). The latter having a statocyst‐like organ with a supposed excretory function.

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Brachiopods, phylum Brachiopoda, are a phylum of trochozoan animals that have hard "valves" (shells) on the upper and lower surfaces, unlike the left and right arrangement in bivalve molluscs. Brachiopod valves are hinged at the rear end, while the front can be opened for feeding or closed for protection. Two major categories are traditionally recognized, articulate and inarticulate brachiopods. The word "articulate" is used to describe the tooth-and-groove structures of the valve-hinge which is present in the articulate group, and absent from the inarticulate group. This is the leading diagnostic skeletal feature, by which the two main groups can be readily distinguished as fossils. Articulate brachiopods have toothed hinges and simple, vertically oriented opening and closing muscles. Conversely, inarticulate brachiopods have weak, untoothed hinges and a more complex system of vertical and oblique (diagonal) muscles used to keep the two valves aligned. In many brachiopods, a stalk-like pedicle projects from an opening near the hinge of one of the valves, known as the pedicle or ventral valve. The pedicle, when present, keeps the animal anchored to the seabed but clear of sediment which would obstruct the opening.

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The cambroernids are an informally-named clade of unusual Paleozoic animals with coiled bodies and filamentous tentacles. They include a number of early to middle Paleozoic genera noted as "bizarre" or "orphan" taxa, meaning that their affinities with other animals, living or extinct, have long been uncertain. One leading hypothesis is that cambroernids were unusual ambulacrarian deuterostomes, related to echinoderms and hemichordates. Previously some cambroernids were compared to members of the broad invertebrate clade Lophotrochozoa; in particularly they were allied with lophophorates, a subset of lophotrochozoans bearing ciliated tentacles known as lophophores. However, this interpretation has more recently been considered unlikely relative to the deuterostome hypothesis for cambroernid origins.

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References

  1. Temereva, Elena N.; Tsitrin, Eugeni B. (2015-04-22). Hejnol, Andreas (ed.). "Modern Data on the Innervation of the Lophophore in Lingula anatina (Brachiopoda) Support the Monophyly of the Lophophorates". PLOS ONE. 10 (4). Public Library of Science (PLoS): e0123040. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1023040T. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123040 . ISSN   1932-6203. PMC   4406759 . PMID   25901745.

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