List of African-American newspapers in Florida

Last updated

Front page of The Florida Sentinel from 1919. The Florida Sentinel 1919-04-19.jpg
Front page of The Florida Sentinel from 1919.

This is a list of African-American newspapers that have been published in Florida. It includes both current and historical newspapers.

Contents

The earliest known African-American journalists in Florida were John T. Shuften and John Wallace, who both worked for newspapers that were otherwise white. The first newspaper by and for African Americans in Florida was The New Era , which Josiah T. Walls purchased in 1873. [1]

Newspapers

CityTitleBeginningEndFrequencyCall numbersRemarks
Coral Springs [2] / Pompano Beach [3] The Broward Times1983? [2] ? [2] Weekly [2]
  • LCCN   sn92005826, sn9205826
  • OCLC   26515574
  • ISSN   1065-1462
  • Published by Keith A. Clayborne. [2]
Daytona Beach Daytona Times1976 [4] or 1978 [5] currentWeekly [4]
Eatonville Eatonville Ledger1886 [6] 1889 [6]
  • Edited by Reverend Speight. [6]
Eatonville Eatonville Speaker1889 [7] ? [7] Weekly [7]
  • Managed by J.E. Clark. [7]
  • "Published for a black audience, it was edited by Arthur C. Everett, the only white man living in Eatonville." [6]
Fort Lauderdale Florida Spur1947 [8] 1950s? [8]
Fort Lauderdale Westside Gazette1971 [9] currentTwice weekly [9]
Fort Myers The Community Voice1988? [10] ?Weekly [10]
  • Published by Charles P. Weaver. [10]
  • Attested through at least 1993. [10]
Fort Myers
  • People's Press (1978–)
  • Community Voice (1988–) [11]
  • Community Press [12]
1978 [12] currentMonthly newspaper [13]
Fort Pierce The Chronicle1957 [14] 1992 [15] Weekly [14]
Fort Pierce Florida Courier1990s [16] currentWeekly [16]
Gainesville Farmers' Journal1884 [17] 1884 [17]
Gainesville The Gainesville Journal1986? [18] 1900s [19] Weekly [18]
  • Managing editor Sylvia Watson. [19]
Gainesville The New Era 1873 [1] 1874? [20] Weekly [20]
  • Purchased from white former owners in 1873 by Josiah T. Walls. [1] Newspaper originally established in 1865. [20]
Gainesville / Pensacola (1900–1902) [21] / Jacksonville (1919–) [21]
  • The Florida Sentinel
  • The Standard-Sentinel (1917–1919) [22]
1887 [23] 1900s [24] Weekly [24]
Gainesville Gainesville Voice1986? [26] ? [26] Weekly [26]
  • Published by Michael Lewis. [26]
Jacksonville The Jacksonville Advocate1930s [27] 1987 [28] Weekly [28]
  • Revived after going out of business by Isaiah Williams in mid-1970s. [27]
  • Edited by Rita Luffborough Perry. [28]
Jacksonville The Jacksonville Advocate-Free Press1987 [29] 1990 [29] Weekly [29]
Jacksonville Afro-American Gazette1900s1900s
  • Attested from at least 1911–1912. [22]
Jacksonville Daily American1894 [30] 1894 [30] Daily [30]
  • "[A] success in every way but financially." [30]
Jacksonville Florida Baptist1887 [31] 1888 [31]
  • Edited by John Henry Ballou, who previously founded the first African-American newspaper in Rhode Island, the Eastern Review. [31]
Jacksonville Florida Cyclone1888 [31] 1888 [31]
  • Dedicated to the Republican presidential campaign. [31]
Jacksonville The Florida Evangelist1896 [32] 1902 [32] Weekly [32]
  • Managing editor J. Martin Waldron. [22]
Jacksonville
  • The Jacksonville Advocate [33]
  • The Jacksonville Advocate-Free Press [34]
  • The Jacksonville Free Press [35]
1979 [35] or 1986 [36] currentWeekly [35]
Jacksonville Edward Waters Globe1892 [37] ? [37]
Jacksonville Florida Labor Templar1901 [22] ?
  • Edited by D.S.D. Billings, who previously edited the Florida Templar. [22]
  • Continued through at least 1925. [22]
Jacksonville The Northwest Florida Advocate1986? [38] ?Weekly [38]
  • Published and edited by Isaiah J. Williams III. [38]
  • Attested through 1993. [38]
Jacksonville
  • People's Journal [39]
  • The People's Journal [40]
1883 [41] 1893 [42] Weekly [39]
  • Published by J.W. Thompson, who formerly published the Progressive Age at Columbus, Georgia. [39] [41]
  • Only African-American paper in Jacksonville to survive the 1888 yellow fever epidemic. [41]
Jacksonville Progressive News1938 [27] ?
  • Circulation of 7000 in 1940s, 3200 in 1950s. [27]
  • Published and edited by Albert McKeever. [27]
Jacksonville The Florida Searchlight1937? [43] ? [43] Weekly [43]
  • Edited by Harry Cherry. [43]
Jacksonville The Florida Standard1906 [22] 1917 [22]
  • Edited by A.C. Porter. [22]
  • Circulation of 17,000 in 1910. [22]
  • Absorbed into the Sentinel in 1917. [22]
Jacksonville
1951 [45] currentWeekly [45]
Jacksonville
  • The Tri-weekly Florida Sun (1876)
  • The Florida Sun (1876–1877) [47]
  • The Daily Sun (1877) [48]
1876 [49] ?Triweekly, [49] then daily (except Monday) [48]
Jacksonville Sunday School Lesson1906? [22] ?
  • Continued through at least 1917. [22]
  • Published by H.G. Reed. [22]
Jacksonville The Florida Tattler1934 [50] 1962? [27] Weekly [50]
  • Published by Porcher L. Taylor. [50]
  • Circulation of 10,000 in 1962. [27]
Jacksonville Florida Templar1886 [51] 1888 [51]
Key West / Jacksonville (1885–) [52]
  • News
  • Florida News (1883–) [52]
  • Southern Leader (1886–) [53]
1882 [52] 1888 [54] Weekly, then twice weekly [52]
Lakeland The Weekly Bulletin1969 [55] 1900s [55] Weekly (published on Friday) [55]
  • Edited by Otis Williams. [55]
Marianna West Florida Bugle1880s [56] 1920s [56]
  • Founded by I. Buggs. Edited in 1925 by A. Purdee. [6]
Miami Haiti Vision1994 [57] ?Weekly [57]
Miami Haïti en Marche 1987 [58] currentWeekly [58]
Miami Haitian-American Business Journal1991? [59] ?Biweekly [59]
  • Published by Thomas and Thomas. [59]
  • Attested through at least 1995. [59]
Miami Liberty News1961 [60] ? [60] Biweekly [60]
  • Published and edited by Rolle C. Gaylord. [60]
Miami The Miami Times 1923 [61] currentWeekly [61]
Miami Miami Tropical Dispatch1929 [62] 1965? [62] Weekly [63]
  • Published and edited by Daniel R. Frances. [63]
Miami Miami Whip1934 [64] 1950 [64]
Milton Colored Signal1920s [65] 1920s [65]
  • Published by Erskin Williamson. [65]
Ocala Ocala Ledger1887 [6] 1890 [66]
  • Founded by R.B. Brooks. [6]
Ocala Mahogany Revue1988 [67] current [67] Biweekly [67]
Ocala The Florida Watchman1924 [68] ? [68] Twice monthly [68]
  • Attested through at least 1974. [68]
  • Founded by Mattie J. Shaw, who edited it until her death at age 100. [65]
Opa Locka Miami Courier1979? [69] 1983? [69] Weekly [69]
  • Edited by David Alexander. [69]
Orlando
  • Central Florida Advocate
  • Orlando Advocate
1990s [70] currentWeekly [70]
Orlando Afro-Chronicle: A View from the Other Side1972? [71] 1975 [71] Weekly [71]
  • Published by Boss Enterprises. Edited by Harold Troy. [71]
Orlando Central Florida Times1945 [72] 1949 [72]
Orlando Record1910? [8] 1912? [8]
  • First African-American newspaper in Orlando. [8]
Orlando
1922 [8] currentWeekly [73]
  • Official site
  • Founded by H.M. Alexander as the Sun in 1922. [8]
  • Published by Jo Lawrence Boden from 1931 to 1975. [8]
  • Acquired Orlando Mirror around 1950, becoming the Sun and Mirror. [8]
  • Purchased by James Macon in 1975, who also acquired Orlando Review from James Madison, the paper becoming the Sun-Review. [8]
Orlando The Orlando Times 1976 [8] currentWeekly [74]
  • Official site
  • Founded by Norris Woolfork. [8]
  • Published by Calvin Collins. [74]
  • Circulation of 35000 in 1980s. [8]
Palatka The Palatka Advocate1917 [75] 1927? [75]
  • Founded by Clarence C. Walker. [75]
Pensacola
  • The Colored Citizen
  • Pensacola Brotherhood
1910 [76] or 1913 [27] or 1914 [77] 1965Weekly [77]
  • Founded and edited until at least 1942 by F.E. Washington; subsequently edited by Alberta Hannon until the paper's closure in 1965. [27]
Pensacola Pensacola Courier1935 [27] or 1937 [78] 1960s? [79] Weekly [78]
  • Founded by Nathaniel N. Baker. [79]
Pensacola Pensacola Enterprise1887 [30] 1888 [30]
  • Published by W.H. Mixon, formerly of the Selma, Alabama Dallas Post. [30]
Pensacola The Pensacola Exposure1971 [80] ? [80] Weekly [80]
  • Attested through at least 1973. [80]
Pensacola Pensacola Times1888 [30] 1888 [30]
  • Briefly edited by W.H. Mixon between the closure of the Pensacola Enterprise and his return to Alabama. [30]
Pensacola
  • The Pensacola Voice
  • The Gulf Coast Voice [81]
1965 [81] or 1973? [82] 2018 [81] Weekly [82]
  • Founded by Les Humphrey. [82]
Progress Village Progress Village Pioneer1961 [83] 1900s [83] Monthly newspaper [83]
  • Managed by A.D. Gaither. [83]
  • Attested through 1962. [83]
Sarasota The Bulletin1959 [84] ?Weekly [84]
  • Published by Fred L. Bacon. [84]
Sarasota Tempo News1986 [36] current
St. Augustine Saint Augustine Post1933 [85] 1900s [86] Weekly [85]
  • Edited by James G. Reddick. [85]
St. Petersburg / Louisville, Kentucky (1978–1980) / Gainesville (1980–1981) / Oakland, California (1981–1986) [87] Burning Spear1969 [88] or 1970 [87] ? [87] Irregular [87]
  • Published by the African People's Socialist Party from 1973 to 1986. [87]
St. Petersburg
  • The Weekly Challenger
  • Tri-county Challenger [89]
1966 [90] currentWeekly [90]
St. Petersburg The Pinellas Negro Weekly1944 [91] 1900s [91] Weekly [91]
  • Edited by T.L.L. Sherman. [91]
St. Petersburg Public Informer1937 [92] ? [92]
St. Petersburg World1930s? [92] 1930s? [92]
Tallahassee Capital Outlook 1975 [93] currentWeekly [93]
Tallahassee The Front1900s [94] 1970s [94] Bimonthly newspaper [94]
  • Attested from 1971. [94]
Tallahassee Haiti Espoir Magazine1994 [95] ? [95] Monthly [95]
  • Published by Mireille L. Denis. Edited by Jean Beaudouin. [95]
Tallahassee Metropolitan1920s? [8] 1920s? [8]
Tallahassee Record-Dispatch1947 [8] ?
  • Circulation of 2000 in 1940s. [8]
Tampa Afro-American Monthly1915 [96] ? [96] Monthly newspaper [96]
Tampa The Black Journal1988 [97] ? [97] Biweekly [97]
  • Published by David Henderson, II. [97]
Tampa
  • Tampa Bulletin [98]
  • The Tampa Bulletin [99]
1914 [98] 1959 [99] Weekly [98]
  • Edited by Marcellus D. Potter. [100]
  • Circulation of 6000 in 1920s. [100]
Tampa Florida Sentinel-Bulletin1945 [101] ? [101] Twice weekly [101]
  • Published by Cyril Blythe Andrews Jr. [101]
Tampa The Tampa Guardian1873 [102] 1886 [102] Weekly [102]
  • Edited by J.T. Magbee and J.A. Magbee from 1874 to 1885. [103]
  • Published by H.J. Cooper and C.H. Baxter from 1885 to 1886. [103]
Tampa The News Reporter1957? [104] ? [104] Weekly [104]
  • Published by James A. Jackson. [104]
Tampa Florida Sentinel Bulletin1959 [105] currentTwice weekly [105]
Tampa Florida Sentinel1945 [24] 1950s [24] Weekly [24]
  • Edited by C. Blythe Andrews. [24]
Tampa Southern Progress1886 [106] ? [106]
  • Tampa's first African-American newspaper. [6]
West Palm Beach Florida Photo News1956? [107] ?Weekly [107]
  • Edited by M.A. Hall Williams from 1987 to 1990, and then by Yasmin R. Cooper. [107]
West Palm Beach Markethhouse Internationale1992? [108] ?Monthly newspaper [108]
  • Haitian-American newspaper. [108]
  • Edited by Ken Anderson and Vincent Lawson. [108]
  • Attested from 1993. [108]
West Palm Beach [109] Palm Beach Gazette1989 [109] ?Weekly [109]
  • Edited by Lee Ivory. [110]
Winter Park Winter Park Advocate 1885 [6] or 1889 [111] 1891? [111]
Winter Park
  • The Recorder
  • The Florida Recorder
  • The Florida Christian Recorder
1891 [37] 1915 [37]

See also

Works cited

References

  1. 1 2 3 Shofner 1983, p. 92.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 Danky & Hady 1998, p. 118, ¶ 1223.
  3. ↑ "About The Broward times. (Pompano Beach, FL) 19??-current". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-20.
  4. 1 2 3 Danky & Hady 1998, p. 187, ¶ 1950.
  5. ↑ Shedden 2019, p. 78.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Shofner 1983, p. 104.
  7. 1 2 3 4 "About Eatonville speaker. [volume] (Eatonville, Orange County, Fla.) 1889-1???". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-20.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 Shofner 1983, p. 111.
  9. 1 2 Danky & Hady 1998, p. 613, ¶ 6403.
  10. 1 2 3 4 Danky & Hady 1998, p. 170, ¶ 1772.
  11. ↑ Shedden 2019, p. 83.
  12. 1 2 Shedden 2019, p. 77.
  13. ↑ "Community Press Media Kit No. 001B" (PDF). 2015. Retrieved 2020-02-21. The Community Press is published on the first Friday of the month.
  14. 1 2 Danky & Hady 1998, p. 151, ¶ 1572.
  15. 1 2 3 "Former Chronicle Newspaper Building: Printing the Lives and History of African Americans in St. Lucie County". Florida Stories. Retrieved 2020-02-20.
  16. 1 2 3 "About Florida courier. [volume] (Fort Pierce, Fla.) 199?-current". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-20.
  17. 1 2 3 Shofner 1983, p. 97.
  18. 1 2 Danky & Hady 1998, p. 245, ¶ 2566.
  19. 1 2 "About The Gainesville journal. (Gainesville, Fla.) 19??-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-20.
  20. 1 2 3 "About The new era. [volume] (Gainesville, Fla.) 1865-1874 « Chronicling America « Library of Congress" . Retrieved 2020-02-21.
  21. 1 2 "About The Florida sentinel. [volume] (Gainesville, Fla.) 18??-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-20.
  22. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Shofner 1983, p. 105.
  23. 1 2 3 Danky & Hady 1998, p. 229, ¶ 2400.
  24. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "About The Florida sentinel. [online resource] (Gainesville, Fla.) 18??-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-20.
  25. ↑ Shofner 1983, pp. 97, 105.
  26. 1 2 3 4 Danky & Hady 1998, p. 245, ¶ 2567.
  27. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Shofner 1983, p. 110.
  28. 1 2 3 "About The Jacksonville advocate. [microfilm reel] (Jacksonville, Fla.) 19??-1987". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-20.
  29. 1 2 3 "About The Jacksonville advocate-free press. [microfilm reel] (Jacksonville, Fla.) 1987-1990". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-20.
  30. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Shofner 1983, p. 103.
  31. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Shofner 1983, p. 102.
  32. 1 2 3 Danky & Hady 1998, p. 229, ¶ 2392.
  33. ↑ "About The Jacksonville advocate. [volume] (Jacksonville, Fla.) 19??-1987". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-20.
  34. ↑ "About The Jacksonville advocate-free press. (Jacksonville, Fla.) 1987-1990". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-20.
  35. 1 2 3 4 Danky & Hady 1998, p. 310, ¶ 3256.
  36. 1 2 Shedden 2019, p. 82.
  37. 1 2 3 4 5 Shedden 2019, p. 30.
  38. 1 2 3 4 Danky & Hady 1998, p. 432, ¶ 4492.
  39. 1 2 3 Danky & Hady 1998, p. 459, ¶ 4787.
  40. ↑ "About The people's journal. [volume] (Jacksonville, Fla.) 18??-1???". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-20.
  41. 1 2 3 Shofner 1983, p. 100.
  42. ↑ Shedden 2019, p. 25.
  43. 1 2 3 4 Danky & Hady 1998, p. 229, ¶ 2399.
  44. ↑ "About Florida star. [volume] (Jacksonville, Fla.) 1962-current". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-20.
  45. 1 2 3 4 Danky & Hady 1998, p. 230, ¶ 2403.
  46. ↑ "About Florida star and news. (Jacksonville, Fla.) 195?-1961". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-20.
  47. ↑ "About The Florida sun. [volume] (Jacksonville, Fla.) 1876-1877" . Retrieved 2020-02-20.
  48. 1 2 "About The daily sun. [volume] (Jacksonville, Fla.) 1877-1877". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-20.
  49. 1 2 3 Danky & Hady 1998, p. 568, ¶ 5933.
  50. 1 2 3 Danky & Hady 1998, p. 230, ¶ 2406.
  51. 1 2 3 4 Shofner 1983, p. 101.
  52. 1 2 3 4 5 Shofner 1983, p. 93.
  53. ↑ Shofner 1983, p. 94.
  54. ↑ Shofner 1983, p. 96.
  55. 1 2 3 4 "About The weekly bulletin. (Lakeland, Fla.) 1969-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-20.
  56. 1 2 Shedden 2019, p. 105.
  57. 1 2 Danky & Hady 1998, p. 262, ¶ 2747.
  58. 1 2 3 Danky & Hady 1998, p. 261, ¶ 2734.
  59. 1 2 3 4 Danky & Hady 1998, p. 262, ¶ 2749.
  60. 1 2 3 4 Danky & Hady 1998, p. 338, ¶ 3540.
  61. 1 2 Danky & Hady 1998, p. 362, ¶ 3791.
  62. 1 2 Shofner 1983, p. 113.
  63. 1 2 Danky & Hady 1998, p. 362, ¶ 3792.
  64. 1 2 Shedden 2019, p. 50.
  65. 1 2 3 4 Shofner 1983, p. 107.
  66. ↑ Shedden 2019, p. 28.
  67. 1 2 3 4 5 "About Mahogany revue. (Ocala, Fla.) 1988-current". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-20.
  68. 1 2 3 4 "About The Florida watchman. (Ocala, Fla.) 1924-????". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-20.
  69. 1 2 3 4 Danky & Hady 1998, p. 362, ¶ 3790.
  70. 1 2 "About Central Florida advocate. (Orlando, FL) 199?-current". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-20.
  71. 1 2 3 4 Danky & Hady 1998, p. 27, ¶ 275.
  72. 1 2 Shedden 2019, p. 56.
  73. 1 2 3 Danky & Hady 1998, p. 230, ¶ 2404.
  74. 1 2 Danky & Hady 1998, p. 446, ¶ 4653.
  75. 1 2 3 Shedden 2019, p. 42.
  76. ↑ Shedden 2019, p. 39.
  77. 1 2 "About The colored citizen. (Pensacola, Fla.) 1914-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-20.
  78. 1 2 "About Pensacola courier. (Pensacola, Fla.) 1937-????". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-20.
  79. 1 2 Shedden 2019, p. 51.
  80. 1 2 3 4 "About The Pensacola exposure. (Pensacola, Fla.) 1971-????". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-20.
  81. 1 2 3 Jasmine Anderson (2018-04-25). "Pensacola Voice closing its doors after 54 years". WEAR TV. Retrieved 2020-02-20.
  82. 1 2 3 Danky & Hady 1998, p. 458, ¶ 4771.
  83. 1 2 3 4 5 "About Progress Village pioneer. (Progress Village, Tampa, Fla.) 1961-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-20.
  84. 1 2 3 Danky & Hady 1998, p. 122, ¶ 1263.
  85. 1 2 3 Danky & Hady 1998, p. 499, ¶ 5205.
  86. ↑ "About Saint Augustine post. (St. Augustine, Fla.) 1933-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-20.
  87. 1 2 3 4 5 "About Burning spear. [microfilm reel] (St. Petersburg, Fla.) 1970-????". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-20.
  88. ↑ "About Burning spear. [online resource] (St. Petersburg, Fla.) 1969-current". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-20.
  89. ↑ "About Tri-county challenger. [volume] (St. Petersburg, FL) 19??-current". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-20.
  90. 1 2 "About The Weekly challenger. [volume] (St. Petersburg ;) 1966-current". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-20.
  91. 1 2 3 4 "About The Pinellas Negro weekly. (St. Petersburg, Fla.) 1944-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-20.
  92. 1 2 3 4 Shedden 2019, p. 52.
  93. 1 2 Danky & Hady 1998, p. 134, ¶ 1388.
  94. 1 2 3 4 "About The front / [volume] (Tallahassee, Fla.) 19??-197?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-20.
  95. 1 2 3 4 Danky & Hady 1998, p. 261, ¶ 2735.
  96. 1 2 3 Shedden 2019, p. 41.
  97. 1 2 3 4 "About The Black journal. (Tampa, FL) 1988-????". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-20.
  98. 1 2 3 Danky & Hady 1998, p. 554, ¶ 5778.
  99. 1 2 "About The Tampa bulletin. (Tampa, Fla.) 1914-1959". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-20.
  100. 1 2 Shofner 1983, p. 109.
  101. 1 2 3 4 Danky & Hady 1998, p. 229, ¶ 2402.
  102. 1 2 3 Danky & Hady 1998, p. 554, ¶ 5779.
  103. 1 2 "About The Tampa guardian. [volume] (Tampa, Fla.) 1873-1886". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-20.
  104. 1 2 3 4 Danky & Hady 1998, p. 420, ¶ 4367.
  105. 1 2 "About Florida sentinel bulletin. [volume] (Tampa, Fla.) 1959-current". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-20.
  106. 1 2 Shedden 2019, p. 27.
  107. 1 2 3 Danky & Hady 1998, p. 229, ¶ 2398.
  108. 1 2 3 4 5 Danky & Hady 1998, p. 352, ¶ 3690.
  109. 1 2 3 Danky & Hady 1998, p. 451, ¶ 4701.
  110. ↑ "About Palm Beach gazette. (Orlando, Fla.) 198?-current". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-20.
  111. 1 2 3 Shedden 2019, p. 29.
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